Gem 01b1861db023a225d01a4d5a519cf54f09f631f5 linux/amd64

built 'master:01b1861db023a225d01a4d5a519cf54f09f631f5' for linux/amd64

28 files changed, 4969 insertions, 4969 deletions

diff --git a/Gem/COPYING.txt b/Gem/COPYING.txt
index e54306d..07811fe 100644
--- a/Gem/COPYING.txt
+++ b/Gem/COPYING.txt
@@ -1,48 +1,48 @@
-GEM - Graphics Environment for Multimedia

-Copyright © 1997-2000 Mark Danks

-Copyright © Günter Geiger

-Copyright © 2001-2011 IOhannes m zmölnig, 

-Copyright © 2003-2007 James Tittle II, 

-Copyright © 2003-2008 Chris Clepper

-

-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or

-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License

-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2

-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

-

-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

-GNU General Public License for more details.

-

-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

-with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-

-In the official GEM distribution, the GNU General Public License is

-in the file GnuGPL.LICENSE

-

----------------------------------------------------------

-

-             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

-

----------------------------------------------------------

-Not all of the source code provided here has entirely been written by me.

-I would like to point at the great openGL-tutorials at http://nehe.gamedev.net

-Since these are tutorials, there is no copyright notice here.

-Some of the pix_fx code is borrowed from effecTV by Kentarou Fukuchi et al.

-at http://effectv.sourceforge.net released under the Gnu GPL, some other pix_fx

-code has been ported from Pete Warden's fine collection of FreeFrame plugins at

-http://petewarden.com released under the Gnu GPL.

-

----------------------------------------------------------

-

-             OTHER COPYRIGHT NOTICES

-

----------------------------------------------------------

-

-particle:

-    Author: David McAllister

-            davemc[AT]cs.unc.edu

-            http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/

-    Copyright (c) 1998 David K. McAllister

-

+GEM - Graphics Environment for Multimedia
+Copyright © 1997-2000 Mark Danks
+Copyright © Günter Geiger
+Copyright © 2001-2019 IOhannes m zmölnig,
+Copyright © 2003-2007 James Tittle II,
+Copyright © 2003-2008 Chris Clepper
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
+with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+In the official GEM distribution, the GNU General Public License is
+in the file GnuGPL.LICENSE
+
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+             ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+---------------------------------------------------------
+Not all of the source code provided here has entirely been written by me.
+I would like to point at the great openGL-tutorials at http://nehe.gamedev.net
+Since these are tutorials, there is no copyright notice here.
+Some of the pix_fx code is borrowed from effecTV by Kentarou Fukuchi et al.
+at http://effectv.sourceforge.net released under the Gnu GPL, some other pix_fx
+code has been ported from Pete Warden's fine collection of FreeFrame plugins at
+http://petewarden.com released under the Gnu GPL.
+
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+             OTHER COPYRIGHT NOTICES
+
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+particle:
+    Author: David McAllister
+            davemc[AT]cs.unc.edu
+            http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/
+    Copyright (c) 1998 David K. McAllister
+    License: GNU Lesser General Public License, version 2.1 or later
diff --git a/Gem/Gem.pd_linux b/Gem/Gem.pd_linux
index d4e2fa4..843c785 100755
--- a/Gem/Gem.pd_linux
+++ b/Gem/Gem.pd_linux
diff --git a/Gem/GnuGPL.LICENSE.txt b/Gem/GnuGPL.LICENSE.txt
index fa0bef4..838e31a 100644
--- a/Gem/GnuGPL.LICENSE.txt
+++ b/Gem/GnuGPL.LICENSE.txt
@@ -1,290 +1,290 @@
-GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

-

-Version 2, June 1991 

-

-Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  

-59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA

-

-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

-of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

-

-Preamble

-

-The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom

-to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is

-intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free

-software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General

-Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's

-software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.

-(Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the

-GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your

-programs, too. 

-

-When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not

-price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you

-have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for

-this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you

-want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free

-programs; and that you know you can do these things. 

-

-To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone

-to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These

-restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute

-copies of the software, or if you modify it. 

-

-For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis

-or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You

-must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And

-you must show them these terms so they know their rights. 

-

-We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and

-(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,

-distribute and/or modify the software. 

-

-Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain

-that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free

-software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on,

-we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so

-that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original

-authors' reputations. 

-

-Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.

-We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will

-individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program

-proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must

-be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 

-

-The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and

-modification follow. 

-

-TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR

-COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND

-MODIFICATION

-

-0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a

-notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under

-the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers

-to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"

-means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:

-that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either

-verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

-(Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term

-"modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". 

-

-Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not

-covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running

-the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is

-covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program

-(independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether

-that is true depends on what the Program does. 

-

-1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's

-source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you

-conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate

-copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices

-that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give

-any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the

-Program. 

-

-You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and

-you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 

-

-2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion

-of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and

-distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1

-above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 

-

-     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices

-     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 

-

-     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in

-     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any

-     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third

-     parties under the terms of this License. 

-

-     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively

-     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such

-     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an

-     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a

-     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a

-     warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under

-     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this

-     License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does

-     not normally print such an announcement, your work based on

-     the Program is not required to print an announcement.) 

-

-These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If

-identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and

-can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in

-themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those

-sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you

-distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on

-the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this

-License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire

-whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 

-

-Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your

-rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the

-right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based

-on the Program. 

-

-In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the

-Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a

-volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other

-work under the scope of this License. 

-

-3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,

-under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of

-Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: 

-

-     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding

-     machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under

-     the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily

-     used for software interchange; or, 

-

-     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three

-     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost

-     of physically performing source distribution, a complete

-     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be

-     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a

-     medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 

-

-     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer

-     to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is

-     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you

-     received the program in object code or executable form with

-     such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 

-

-The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for

-making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source

-code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any

-associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control

-compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special

-exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is

-normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major

-components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on

-which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the

-executable. 

-

-If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to

-copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy

-the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source

-code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source

-along with the object code. 

-

-4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program

-except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise

-to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will

-automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties

-who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not

-have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full

-compliance. 

-

-5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not

-signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or

-distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are

-prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by

-modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the

-Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all

-its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the

-Program or works based on it. 

-

-6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the

-Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original

-licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms

-and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the

-recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible

-for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 

-

-7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent

-infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),

-conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or

-otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not

-excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute

-so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and

-any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not

-distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not

-permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who

-receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you

-could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from

-distribution of the Program. 

-

-If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any

-particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply

-and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. 

-

-It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents

-or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims;

-this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free

-software distribution system, which is implemented by public license

-practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide

-range of software distributed through that system in reliance on

-consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to

-decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other

-system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. 

-

-This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be

-a consequence of the rest of this License. 

-

-8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain

-countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original

-copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an

-explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so

-that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus

-excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if

-written in the body of this License. 

-

-9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new

-versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new

-versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in

-detail to address new problems or concerns. 

-

-Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program

-specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any

-later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions

-either of that version or of any later version published by the Free

-Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number

-of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free

-Software Foundation. 

-

-10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free

-programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author

-to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free

-Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we

-sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the

-two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free

-software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 

-

-NO WARRANTY

-

-11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF

-CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM,

-TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT

-WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT

-HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE

-PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,

-EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

-LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF

-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

-PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND

-PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD

-THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE

-COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR

-CORRECTION. 

-

-12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW

-OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT

-HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY

-AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED

-ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING

-ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR

-CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR

-INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT

-LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED

-INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD

-PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE

-WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR

-OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY

-OF SUCH DAMAGES. 

-

-END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

+GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+
+Version 2, June 1991
+
+Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA
+
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+Preamble
+
+The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
+to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
+intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
+software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General
+Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's
+software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
+(Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the
+GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your
+programs, too.
+
+When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
+programs; and that you know you can do these things.
+
+To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone
+to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
+restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute
+copies of the software, or if you modify it.
+
+For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis
+or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You
+must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And
+you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
+
+We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
+(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
+distribute and/or modify the software.
+
+Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
+that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
+software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on,
+we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
+that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
+authors' reputations.
+
+Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
+We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
+individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
+proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must
+be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
+
+The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR
+COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND
+MODIFICATION
+
+0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
+notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under
+the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers
+to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
+means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
+that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either
+verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
+(Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term
+"modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
+
+Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
+covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running
+the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is
+covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program
+(independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether
+that is true depends on what the Program does.
+
+1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
+source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
+conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
+copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices
+that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give
+any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the
+Program.
+
+You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
+you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
+
+2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
+of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
+distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
+above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
+
+     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
+     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
+
+     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
+     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
+     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
+     parties under the terms of this License.
+
+     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
+     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
+     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
+     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
+     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a
+     warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
+     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
+     License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does
+     not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
+     the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
+
+These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
+identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and
+can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
+themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
+sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
+distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on
+the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this
+License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire
+whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
+
+Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your
+rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the
+right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based
+on the Program.
+
+In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
+Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a
+volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other
+work under the scope of this License.
+
+3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
+under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
+Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
+
+     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding
+     machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under
+     the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily
+     used for software interchange; or,
+
+     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
+     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost
+     of physically performing source distribution, a complete
+     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
+     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a
+     medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
+
+     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
+     to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
+     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
+     received the program in object code or executable form with
+     such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
+
+The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
+making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
+code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
+associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control
+compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special
+exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is
+normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major
+components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on
+which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the
+executable.
+
+If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to
+copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy
+the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source
+code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source
+along with the object code.
+
+4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
+except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise
+to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
+automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
+who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not
+have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
+compliance.
+
+5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
+signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
+distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
+prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
+modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
+Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all
+its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the
+Program or works based on it.
+
+6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
+Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original
+licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms
+and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the
+recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible
+for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
+
+7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
+infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
+conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
+otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
+excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute
+so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and
+any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not
+distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not
+permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
+receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you
+could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from
+distribution of the Program.
+
+If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any
+particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply
+and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
+
+It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents
+or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims;
+this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
+software distribution system, which is implemented by public license
+practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide
+range of software distributed through that system in reliance on
+consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to
+decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other
+system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
+
+This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be
+a consequence of the rest of this License.
+
+8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain
+countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original
+copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an
+explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so
+that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus
+excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if
+written in the body of this License.
+
+9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
+versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new
+versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
+detail to address new problems or concerns.
+
+Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
+specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
+later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
+either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
+Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number
+of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free
+Software Foundation.
+
+10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
+programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
+to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
+Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
+sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the
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+software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
+
+NO WARRANTY
+
+11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF
+CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM,
+TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT
+WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE
+PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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+PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
+PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD
+THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE
+COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
+CORRECTION.
+
+12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW
+OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY
+AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED
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+WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR
+OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
+OF SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
diff --git a/Gem/LICENSE.txt b/Gem/LICENSE.txt
index ad1cd50..7a7225f 100644
--- a/Gem/LICENSE.txt
+++ b/Gem/LICENSE.txt
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-pix_hit : hit-test over user defined hit_areads...

-Copyright (c) 2005 Davide Morelli

-Copyright (c) 2005-2012 IOhannes m zmölnig

-

-based on:

- GEM - Graphics Environment for Multimedia

- Copyright (C) 1997-2000 Mark Danks, Günter Geiger, 

- Copyright (c) 2001-2012 IOhannes m zmölnig

- Copyright (c) 2003-2007 James Tittle II, 

- Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Chris Clepper et al.

-

-This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or

-modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License

-as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2

-of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

-

-This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

-but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

-MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

-GNU General Public License for more details.

-

-You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

-along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

-

-In the official GEM distribution, the GNU General Public License is

-in the file GnuGPL.LICENSE

-

+pix_hit : hit-test over user defined hit_areads...
+Copyright (c) 2005 Davide Morelli
+Copyright (c) 2005-2012 IOhannes m zmölnig
+
+based on:
+ GEM - Graphics Environment for Multimedia
+ Copyright (C) 1997-2000 Mark Danks, Günter Geiger,
+ Copyright (c) 2001-2012 IOhannes m zmölnig
+ Copyright (c) 2003-2007 James Tittle II,
+ Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Chris Clepper et al.
+
+This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+In the official GEM distribution, the GNU General Public License is
+in the file GnuGPL.LICENSE
+
diff --git a/Gem/cMatrix.html b/Gem/cMatrix.html
index fe4cd04..0181fc1 100644
--- a/Gem/cMatrix.html
+++ b/Gem/cMatrix.html
@@ -1,270 +1,270 @@
-<html>

-<head>

-<title>Matrix Operations for Image Processing</title>

-</head>

-<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">

-<!--no_print--><br><center><table width=564><tr><td>

-<h2>Matrix Operations for Image Processing</h2>

-<!--no_print--><h3>Paul Haeberli</h3>

-<h3>Nov 1993</h3>

-<img src=../tribar.gif alt="Horiz Bar" width=561 height=3>

-<h3>Introduction</h3>

-<p>

-Four by four matrices are commonly used to transform geometry for 3D

-rendering.  These matrices may also be used to transform RGB colors, to scale

-RGB colors, and to control hue, saturation and contrast.  The most important

-advantage of using matrices is that any number of color transformations

-can be composed using standard matrix multiplication.

-<p>

-Please note that for these operations to be correct, we really must operate 

-on linear brightness values.  If the input image is in a non-linear brightness 

-space RGB colors must be transformed into a linear space before these 

-matrix operations are used.

-

-<h3>Color Transformation</h3>

-RGB colors are transformed by a four by four matrix as shown here:

-

-<pre>

-    xformrgb(mat,r,g,b,tr,tg,tb)

-    float mat[4][4];

-    float r,g,b;

-    float *tr,*tg,*tb;

-    {

-        *tr = r*mat[0][0] + g*mat[1][0] +

-		    b*mat[2][0] + mat[3][0];

-        *tg = r*mat[0][1] + g*mat[1][1] +

-		    b*mat[2][1] + mat[3][1];

-        *tb = r*mat[0][2] + g*mat[1][2] +

-		    b*mat[2][2] + mat[3][2];

-    }

-</pre>

-

-<h3>The Identity</h3>

-This is the identity matrix:

-<pre>

-    float mat[4][4] = {

-        1.0,    0.0,    0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    1.0,    0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    1.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,

-    };

-</pre>

-Transforming colors by the identity matrix will leave them unchanged.

-

-<h3>Changing Brightness</h3>

-To scale RGB colors a matrix like this is used:

-<pre>

-    float mat[4][4] = {

-        rscale, 0.0,    0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    gscale, 0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    bscale, 0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,

-    };

-</pre>

-Where rscale, gscale, and bscale specify how much to scale the r, g, and b

-components of colors.  This can be used to alter the color balance of an image.

-<p>

-In effect, this calculates:

-<pre>

-	tr = r*rscale;

-	tg = g*gscale;

-	tb = b*bscale;

-</pre>

-

-<h3>Modifying Saturation</h3>

-

-

-<h3>Converting to Luminance</h3>

-To convert a color image into a black and white image, this matrix is used:

-<pre>

-    float mat[4][4] = {

-        rwgt,   rwgt,   rwgt,   0.0,

-        gwgt,   gwgt,   gwgt,   0.0,

-        bwgt,   bwgt,   bwgt,   0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,

-    };

-</pre>

-Where rwgt is 0.3086, gwgt is 0.6094, and bwgt is 0.0820. This is the

-luminance vector.  Notice here that we do not use the standard NTSC weights

-of 0.299, 0.587, and 0.114.  The NTSC weights are only applicable to RGB

-colors in a gamma 2.2 color space.  For linear RGB colors the values above

-are better.

-<p>

-In effect, this calculates:

-<pre>

-	tr = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;

-	tg = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;

-	tb = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;

-</pre>

-

-<h3>Modifying Saturation</h3>

-

-To saturate RGB colors, this matrix is used:

-

-<pre>

-     float mat[4][4] = {

-        a,      b,      c,      0.0,

-        d,      e,      f,      0.0,

-        g,      h,      i,      0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,

-    };

-</pre>

-Where the constants are derived from the saturation value s

-as shown below:

-

-<pre>

-    a = (1.0-s)*rwgt + s;

-    b = (1.0-s)*rwgt;

-    c = (1.0-s)*rwgt;

-    d = (1.0-s)*gwgt;

-    e = (1.0-s)*gwgt + s;

-    f = (1.0-s)*gwgt;

-    g = (1.0-s)*bwgt;

-    h = (1.0-s)*bwgt;

-    i = (1.0-s)*bwgt + s;

-</pre>

-One nice property of this saturation matrix is that the luminance

-of input RGB colors is maintained.  This matrix can also be used

-to complement the colors in an image by specifying a saturation

-value of -1.0.

-<p>

-Notice that when <code>s</code> is set to 0.0, the matrix is exactly

-the "convert to luminance" matrix described above.  When <code>s</code>

-is set to 1.0 the matrix becomes the identity.  All saturation matrices

-can be derived by interpolating between or extrapolating beyond these

-two matrices.

-<p> 

-This is discussed in more detail in the note on 

-<a href="../interp/index.html">Image Processing By Interpolation and Extrapolation</a>.

-<h3>Applying Offsets to Color Components</h3>

-To offset the r, g, and b components of colors in an image this matrix is used:

-<pre>

-    float mat[4][4] = {

-        1.0,    0.0,    0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    1.0,    0.0,    0.0,

-        0.0,    0.0,    1.0,    0.0,

-        roffset,goffset,boffset,1.0,

-    };

-</pre>

-This can be used along with color scaling to alter the contrast of RGB

-images.

-

-<h3>Simple Hue Rotation</h3>

-To rotate the hue, we perform a 3D rotation of RGB colors about the diagonal

-vector [1.0 1.0 1.0].  The transformation matrix is derived as shown here:

-<p>

-  If we have functions:<br><br>

-<dl>

-<dt><code>identmat(mat)</code> 

-<dd>that creates an identity matrix.

-</dl>

-<dl>

-<dt><code>xrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>

-<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the x (red) axis.

-</dl>

-<dl>

-<dt><code>yrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>

-<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the y (green) axis.

-</dl>

-<dl>

-<dt><code>zrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>

-<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the z (blue) axis.

-</dl>

-Then a matrix that rotates about the 1.0,1.0,1.0 diagonal can be

-constructed like this:

-<br>

-First we make an identity matrix

-<pre>

-    identmat(mat);

-</pre>

-Rotate the grey vector into positive Z

-<pre>

-    mag = sqrt(2.0);

-    xrs = 1.0/mag;

-    xrc = 1.0/mag;

-    xrotatemat(mat,xrs,xrc);

-

-    mag = sqrt(3.0);

-    yrs = -1.0/mag;

-    yrc = sqrt(2.0)/mag;

-    yrotatemat(mat,yrs,yrc);

-</pre>

-Rotate the hue

-<pre>

-    zrs = sin(rot*PI/180.0);

-    zrc = cos(rot*PI/180.0);

-    zrotatemat(mat,zrs,zrc);

-</pre>

-Rotate the grey vector back into place

-<pre>

-    yrotatemat(mat,-yrs,yrc);

-    xrotatemat(mat,-xrs,xrc);

-</pre>

-The resulting matrix will rotate the hue of the input RGB colors.  A rotation

-of 120.0 degrees will exactly map Red into Green, Green into Blue and

-Blue into Red.  This transformation has one problem, however,  the luminance

-of the input colors is not preserved.  This can be fixed with the following

-refinement:

-

-<h3>Hue Rotation While Preserving Luminance</h3>

-

-We make an identity matrix

-<pre>

-   identmat(mmat);

-</pre>

-Rotate the grey vector into positive Z 

-<pre>

-    mag = sqrt(2.0);

-    xrs = 1.0/mag;

-    xrc = 1.0/mag;

-    xrotatemat(mmat,xrs,xrc);

-    mag = sqrt(3.0);

-    yrs = -1.0/mag;

-    yrc = sqrt(2.0)/mag;

-    yrotatemat(mmat,yrs,yrc);

-    matrixmult(mmat,mat,mat);

-</pre>

-Shear the space to make the luminance plane horizontal

-<pre>

-    xformrgb(mmat,rwgt,gwgt,bwgt,&lx,&ly,&lz);

-    zsx = lx/lz;

-    zsy = ly/lz;

-    zshearmat(mat,zsx,zsy);

-</pre>

-Rotate the hue

-<pre>

-    zrs = sin(rot*PI/180.0);

-    zrc = cos(rot*PI/180.0);

-    zrotatemat(mat,zrs,zrc);

-</pre>

-Unshear the space to put the luminance plane back

-<pre>

-    zshearmat(mat,-zsx,-zsy);

-</pre>

-Rotate the grey vector back into place

-<pre>

-    yrotatemat(mat,-yrs,yrc);

-    xrotatemat(mat,-xrs,xrc);

-</pre>

-<h3>Conclusion</h3>

-I've presented several matrix transformations that may be applied 

-to RGB colors. Each color transformation is represented by 

-a 4 by 4 matrix, similar to matrices commonly used to transform 3D geometry. 

-<p>

-<a href="matrix.c">Example C code</a>

-that demonstrates these concepts is provided for your enjoyment.

-<p>

-These transformations allow us to adjust image contrast, brightness, hue and 

-saturation individually.  In addition, color matrix transformations concatenate 

-in a way similar to geometric transformations.  Any sequence of 

-operations can be combined into a single matrix using 

-matrix multiplication.

-<!--no_print--><p>

-<!--no_print--><center>

-<!--no_print--><a href=../index.html#matrix><img src=../gobot.gif width=564 height=25 border=0></a>

-<!--no_print--><br>

-<!--no_print--></center>

-<!--no_print--></td></tr></table></center>

-</body>

-</html>

-

+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Matrix Operations for Image Processing</title>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
+<!--no_print--><br><center><table width=564><tr><td>
+<h2>Matrix Operations for Image Processing</h2>
+<!--no_print--><h3>Paul Haeberli</h3>
+<h3>Nov 1993</h3>
+<img src=../tribar.gif alt="Horiz Bar" width=561 height=3>
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+<p>
+Four by four matrices are commonly used to transform geometry for 3D
+rendering.  These matrices may also be used to transform RGB colors, to scale
+RGB colors, and to control hue, saturation and contrast.  The most important
+advantage of using matrices is that any number of color transformations
+can be composed using standard matrix multiplication.
+<p>
+Please note that for these operations to be correct, we really must operate
+on linear brightness values.  If the input image is in a non-linear brightness
+space RGB colors must be transformed into a linear space before these
+matrix operations are used.
+
+<h3>Color Transformation</h3>
+RGB colors are transformed by a four by four matrix as shown here:
+
+<pre>
+    xformrgb(mat,r,g,b,tr,tg,tb)
+    float mat[4][4];
+    float r,g,b;
+    float *tr,*tg,*tb;
+    {
+        *tr = r*mat[0][0] + g*mat[1][0] +
+		    b*mat[2][0] + mat[3][0];
+        *tg = r*mat[0][1] + g*mat[1][1] +
+		    b*mat[2][1] + mat[3][1];
+        *tb = r*mat[0][2] + g*mat[1][2] +
+		    b*mat[2][2] + mat[3][2];
+    }
+</pre>
+
+<h3>The Identity</h3>
+This is the identity matrix:
+<pre>
+    float mat[4][4] = {
+        1.0,    0.0,    0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    1.0,    0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    1.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,
+    };
+</pre>
+Transforming colors by the identity matrix will leave them unchanged.
+
+<h3>Changing Brightness</h3>
+To scale RGB colors a matrix like this is used:
+<pre>
+    float mat[4][4] = {
+        rscale, 0.0,    0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    gscale, 0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    bscale, 0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,
+    };
+</pre>
+Where rscale, gscale, and bscale specify how much to scale the r, g, and b
+components of colors.  This can be used to alter the color balance of an image.
+<p>
+In effect, this calculates:
+<pre>
+	tr = r*rscale;
+	tg = g*gscale;
+	tb = b*bscale;
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Modifying Saturation</h3>
+
+
+<h3>Converting to Luminance</h3>
+To convert a color image into a black and white image, this matrix is used:
+<pre>
+    float mat[4][4] = {
+        rwgt,   rwgt,   rwgt,   0.0,
+        gwgt,   gwgt,   gwgt,   0.0,
+        bwgt,   bwgt,   bwgt,   0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,
+    };
+</pre>
+Where rwgt is 0.3086, gwgt is 0.6094, and bwgt is 0.0820. This is the
+luminance vector.  Notice here that we do not use the standard NTSC weights
+of 0.299, 0.587, and 0.114.  The NTSC weights are only applicable to RGB
+colors in a gamma 2.2 color space.  For linear RGB colors the values above
+are better.
+<p>
+In effect, this calculates:
+<pre>
+	tr = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;
+	tg = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;
+	tb = r*rwgt + g*gwgt + b*bwgt;
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Modifying Saturation</h3>
+
+To saturate RGB colors, this matrix is used:
+
+<pre>
+     float mat[4][4] = {
+        a,      b,      c,      0.0,
+        d,      e,      f,      0.0,
+        g,      h,      i,      0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    0.0,    1.0,
+    };
+</pre>
+Where the constants are derived from the saturation value s
+as shown below:
+
+<pre>
+    a = (1.0-s)*rwgt + s;
+    b = (1.0-s)*rwgt;
+    c = (1.0-s)*rwgt;
+    d = (1.0-s)*gwgt;
+    e = (1.0-s)*gwgt + s;
+    f = (1.0-s)*gwgt;
+    g = (1.0-s)*bwgt;
+    h = (1.0-s)*bwgt;
+    i = (1.0-s)*bwgt + s;
+</pre>
+One nice property of this saturation matrix is that the luminance
+of input RGB colors is maintained.  This matrix can also be used
+to complement the colors in an image by specifying a saturation
+value of -1.0.
+<p>
+Notice that when <code>s</code> is set to 0.0, the matrix is exactly
+the "convert to luminance" matrix described above.  When <code>s</code>
+is set to 1.0 the matrix becomes the identity.  All saturation matrices
+can be derived by interpolating between or extrapolating beyond these
+two matrices.
+<p>
+This is discussed in more detail in the note on
+<a href="../interp/index.html">Image Processing By Interpolation and Extrapolation</a>.
+<h3>Applying Offsets to Color Components</h3>
+To offset the r, g, and b components of colors in an image this matrix is used:
+<pre>
+    float mat[4][4] = {
+        1.0,    0.0,    0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    1.0,    0.0,    0.0,
+        0.0,    0.0,    1.0,    0.0,
+        roffset,goffset,boffset,1.0,
+    };
+</pre>
+This can be used along with color scaling to alter the contrast of RGB
+images.
+
+<h3>Simple Hue Rotation</h3>
+To rotate the hue, we perform a 3D rotation of RGB colors about the diagonal
+vector [1.0 1.0 1.0].  The transformation matrix is derived as shown here:
+<p>
+  If we have functions:<br><br>
+<dl>
+<dt><code>identmat(mat)</code>
+<dd>that creates an identity matrix.
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><code>xrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>
+<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the x (red) axis.
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><code>yrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>
+<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the y (green) axis.
+</dl>
+<dl>
+<dt><code>zrotatemat(mat,rsin,rcos)</code>
+<dd>that multiplies a matrix that rotates about the z (blue) axis.
+</dl>
+Then a matrix that rotates about the 1.0,1.0,1.0 diagonal can be
+constructed like this:
+<br>
+First we make an identity matrix
+<pre>
+    identmat(mat);
+</pre>
+Rotate the grey vector into positive Z
+<pre>
+    mag = sqrt(2.0);
+    xrs = 1.0/mag;
+    xrc = 1.0/mag;
+    xrotatemat(mat,xrs,xrc);
+
+    mag = sqrt(3.0);
+    yrs = -1.0/mag;
+    yrc = sqrt(2.0)/mag;
+    yrotatemat(mat,yrs,yrc);
+</pre>
+Rotate the hue
+<pre>
+    zrs = sin(rot*PI/180.0);
+    zrc = cos(rot*PI/180.0);
+    zrotatemat(mat,zrs,zrc);
+</pre>
+Rotate the grey vector back into place
+<pre>
+    yrotatemat(mat,-yrs,yrc);
+    xrotatemat(mat,-xrs,xrc);
+</pre>
+The resulting matrix will rotate the hue of the input RGB colors.  A rotation
+of 120.0 degrees will exactly map Red into Green, Green into Blue and
+Blue into Red.  This transformation has one problem, however,  the luminance
+of the input colors is not preserved.  This can be fixed with the following
+refinement:
+
+<h3>Hue Rotation While Preserving Luminance</h3>
+
+We make an identity matrix
+<pre>
+   identmat(mmat);
+</pre>
+Rotate the grey vector into positive Z
+<pre>
+    mag = sqrt(2.0);
+    xrs = 1.0/mag;
+    xrc = 1.0/mag;
+    xrotatemat(mmat,xrs,xrc);
+    mag = sqrt(3.0);
+    yrs = -1.0/mag;
+    yrc = sqrt(2.0)/mag;
+    yrotatemat(mmat,yrs,yrc);
+    matrixmult(mmat,mat,mat);
+</pre>
+Shear the space to make the luminance plane horizontal
+<pre>
+    xformrgb(mmat,rwgt,gwgt,bwgt,&lx,&ly,&lz);
+    zsx = lx/lz;
+    zsy = ly/lz;
+    zshearmat(mat,zsx,zsy);
+</pre>
+Rotate the hue
+<pre>
+    zrs = sin(rot*PI/180.0);
+    zrc = cos(rot*PI/180.0);
+    zrotatemat(mat,zrs,zrc);
+</pre>
+Unshear the space to put the luminance plane back
+<pre>
+    zshearmat(mat,-zsx,-zsy);
+</pre>
+Rotate the grey vector back into place
+<pre>
+    yrotatemat(mat,-yrs,yrc);
+    xrotatemat(mat,-xrs,xrc);
+</pre>
+<h3>Conclusion</h3>
+I've presented several matrix transformations that may be applied
+to RGB colors. Each color transformation is represented by
+a 4 by 4 matrix, similar to matrices commonly used to transform 3D geometry.
+<p>
+<a href="matrix.c">Example C code</a>
+that demonstrates these concepts is provided for your enjoyment.
+<p>
+These transformations allow us to adjust image contrast, brightness, hue and
+saturation individually.  In addition, color matrix transformations concatenate
+in a way similar to geometric transformations.  Any sequence of
+operations can be combined into a single matrix using
+matrix multiplication.
+<!--no_print--><p>
+<!--no_print--><center>
+<!--no_print--><a href=../index.html#matrix><img src=../gobot.gif width=564 height=25 border=0></a>
+<!--no_print--><br>
+<!--no_print--></center>
+<!--no_print--></td></tr></table></center>
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/Toon.frag b/Gem/examples/data/Toon.frag
index 268bdab..d806cbe 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/Toon.frag
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/Toon.frag
@@ -1,61 +1,61 @@
-//

-// Fragment shader for cartoon-style shading

-//

-// Author: Philip Rideout

-//

-// Copyright (c) 2005 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.

-//

-/************************************************************************

-*                                                                       *

-*               Copyright (C) 2002-2006  3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.               *

-*                                                                       *

-*                        All rights reserved.                           *

-*                                                                       *

-* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without    *

-* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions    *

-* are met:                                                              *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright    *

-*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.     *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above           *

-*     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following       *

-*     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided   *

-*     with the distribution.                                            *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Neither the name of 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd. nor the names of its         *

-*     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived   *

-*     from this software without specific prior written permission.     *

-*                                                                       *

-* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS   *

-* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT     *

-* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS     *

-* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE        *

-* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, *

-* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,  *

-* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;      *

-* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER      *

-* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT    *

-* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN     *

-* ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE       *

-* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                           *

-*                                                                       *

-************************************************************************/

-

-const vec3 DiffuseColor= vec3( 0.1,0.1,0.1);

-const vec3 PhongColor = vec3( 0.5,0.5,0.5);

-const float Edge= 0.2;

-uniform float Phong;

-varying vec3 Normal;

-

-void main (void)

-{

-	vec3 color = DiffuseColor;

-	float f = dot(vec3(0,0,1),Normal);

-	if (abs(f) < Edge)

-		color = vec3(0);

-	if (f > Phong)

-		color = PhongColor;

-

-	gl_FragColor = vec4(color, 1);

-}

+//
+// Fragment shader for cartoon-style shading
+//
+// Author: Philip Rideout
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2005 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.
+//
+/************************************************************************
+*                                                                       *
+*               Copyright (C) 2002-2006  3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.               *
+*                                                                       *
+*                        All rights reserved.                           *
+*                                                                       *
+* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without    *
+* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions    *
+* are met:                                                              *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright    *
+*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.     *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above           *
+*     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following       *
+*     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided   *
+*     with the distribution.                                            *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Neither the name of 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd. nor the names of its         *
+*     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived   *
+*     from this software without specific prior written permission.     *
+*                                                                       *
+* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS   *
+* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT     *
+* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS     *
+* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE        *
+* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, *
+* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,  *
+* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;      *
+* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER      *
+* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT    *
+* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN     *
+* ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE       *
+* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                           *
+*                                                                       *
+************************************************************************/
+
+const vec3 DiffuseColor= vec3( 0.1,0.1,0.1);
+const vec3 PhongColor = vec3( 0.5,0.5,0.5);
+const float Edge= 0.2;
+uniform float Phong;
+varying vec3 Normal;
+
+void main (void)
+{
+	vec3 color = DiffuseColor;
+	float f = dot(vec3(0,0,1),Normal);
+	if (abs(f) < Edge)
+		color = vec3(0);
+	if (f > Phong)
+		color = PhongColor;
+
+	gl_FragColor = vec4(color, 1);
+}
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/Toon.vert b/Gem/examples/data/Toon.vert
index 2f7d51c..d2f6dbe 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/Toon.vert
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/Toon.vert
@@ -1,54 +1,54 @@
-//

-// Vertex shader for cartoon-style shading

-//

-// Author: Philip Rideout

-//

-// Copyright (c) 2005 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.

-//

-// 

-//

-/************************************************************************

-*                                                                       *

-*               Copyright (C) 2002-2006  3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.               *

-*                                                                       *

-*                        All rights reserved.                           *

-*                                                                       *

-* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without    *

-* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions    *

-* are met:                                                              *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright    *

-*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.     *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above           *

-*     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following       *

-*     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided   *

-*     with the distribution.                                            *

-*                                                                       *

-*     Neither the name of 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd. nor the names of its         *

-*     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived   *

-*     from this software without specific prior written permission.     *

-*                                                                       *

-* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS   *

-* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT     *

-* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS     *

-* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE        *

-* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, *

-* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,  *

-* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;      *

-* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER      *

-* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT    *

-* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN     *

-* ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE       *

-* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                           *

-*                                                                       *

-************************************************************************/

-

-

-varying vec3 Normal;

-

-void main(void)

-{

-	Normal = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal);

-	gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;

-}

+//
+// Vertex shader for cartoon-style shading
+//
+// Author: Philip Rideout
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2005 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.
+//
+//
+//
+/************************************************************************
+*                                                                       *
+*               Copyright (C) 2002-2006  3Dlabs Inc. Ltd.               *
+*                                                                       *
+*                        All rights reserved.                           *
+*                                                                       *
+* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without    *
+* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions    *
+* are met:                                                              *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright    *
+*     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.     *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above           *
+*     copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following       *
+*     disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided   *
+*     with the distribution.                                            *
+*                                                                       *
+*     Neither the name of 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd. nor the names of its         *
+*     contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived   *
+*     from this software without specific prior written permission.     *
+*                                                                       *
+* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS   *
+* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT     *
+* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS     *
+* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE        *
+* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, *
+* INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,  *
+* BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;      *
+* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER      *
+* CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT    *
+* LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN     *
+* ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE       *
+* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.                                           *
+*                                                                       *
+************************************************************************/
+
+
+varying vec3 Normal;
+
+void main(void)
+{
+	Normal = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal);
+	gl_Position = gl_ModelViewProjectionMatrix * gl_Vertex;
+}
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/valcolor.tab b/Gem/examples/data/valcolor.tab
index 43a8523..1f26455 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/valcolor.tab
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/valcolor.tab
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-0. 0. 0.

-1. 1. 1.

-.5 .0 1.

-0. 1. 0.

-1. 1. 1.

-0. 0. 0.

+0. 0. 0.
+1. 1. 1.
+.5 .0 1.
+0. 1. 0.
+1. 1. 1.
+0. 0. 0.
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/valmotion.tab b/Gem/examples/data/valmotion.tab
index 1a3f2ac..be2eebe 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/valmotion.tab
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/valmotion.tab
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-0. 0. 0.

-0. 0. 0.

-2. 2. -2.

--3. -1. .5

--2. 4. -1.

-.5 -.5 0.

-0. 0. 0.

-0. 0. 0.

+0. 0. 0.
+0. 0. 0.
+2. 2. -2.
+-3. -1. .5
+-2. 4. -1.
+.5 -.5 0.
+0. 0. 0.
+0. 0. 0.
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/venus.mtl b/Gem/examples/data/venus.mtl
index dc43199..cee90ff 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/venus.mtl
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/venus.mtl
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#

-#  venus.mtl

-#

-

-newmtl vskin

-Ka 0.6 0.6 0.45

-Kd 0.6 0.6 0.45

-Ks 0.2 0.1 0.1

-Ns 5.0

+#
+#  venus.mtl
+#
+
+newmtl vskin
+Ka 0.6 0.6 0.45
+Kd 0.6 0.6 0.45
+Ks 0.2 0.1 0.1
+Ns 5.0
diff --git a/Gem/examples/data/venus.obj b/Gem/examples/data/venus.obj
index 1dc1749..1ac1ab0 100644
--- a/Gem/examples/data/venus.obj
+++ b/Gem/examples/data/venus.obj
@@ -1,2147 +1,2147 @@
-# Tue Oct 22 14:45:37 1991

-#

-#

-

-mtllib venus.mtl

-

-g default

-v -27.430000 147.320007 -3.300000

-v -30.480000 135.380005 -9.400000

-v -21.590000 150.619995 -15.490000

-v -26.670000 129.789993 3.300000

-v -24.129999 142.490005 13.460000

-v -15.240000 124.459999 12.450000

-v -13.970000 135.889999 19.049999

-v -18.799999 114.050003 6.350000

-v -31.500000 120.400002 -1.520000

-v -35.810001 128.020004 -13.720000

-v -27.180000 138.429993 -22.610001

-v -35.310001 130.809998 -28.959999

-v -23.879999 140.460007 -27.690001

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-v -8.130000 143.000000 -26.670000

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-v -5.840000 149.610001 -15.490000

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-v 0.250000 134.369995 -39.119999

-v -6.100000 142.750000 2.540000

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-v -6.100000 138.940002 11.680000

-v -14.990000 143.759995 4.060000

-v -12.950000 138.679993 16.260000

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-v 3.050000 129.289993 -45.209999

-v 18.030001 127.250000 -43.430000

-v 31.500000 124.970001 -35.560001

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-v 38.610001 123.699997 -20.070000

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-v 0.760000 121.410004 1.270000

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-v 38.099998 114.809998 -4.830000

-v 24.889999 110.489998 -1.780000

-v 10.670000 109.220001 4.830000

-v 8.890000 100.330002 9.400000

-v -5.840000 99.059998 11.680000

-v -13.720000 105.160004 9.650000

-v -32.770000 107.190002 5.590000

-v -24.639999 103.629997 9.400000

-v -22.350000 93.980003 13.460000

-v -34.290001 98.040001 9.650000

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-v -51.820000 111.760002 -9.140000

-v -52.070000 114.550003 -17.270000

-v -60.709999 108.709999 -16.000000

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-v -58.419998 111.250000 -27.180000

-v -50.040001 118.110001 -34.290001

-v -46.480000 118.110001 -43.689999

-v -55.880001 112.519997 -36.070000

-v -34.799999 117.860001 -52.320000

-v -59.180000 98.550003 0.510000

-v -63.750000 103.120003 -5.840000

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-v -47.500000 86.610001 -52.070000

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-v -56.130001 60.709999 -12.950000

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-v -49.020000 54.360001 -6.100000

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-v -45.209999 62.990002 2.540000

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-v -4.060000 66.550003 15.750000

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-v -17.020000 68.580002 22.860001

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+# Tue Oct 22 14:45:37 1991
+#
+#
+
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+f 590 586 585
+f 590 585 527
+f 585 528 527
+f 527 544 590
+f 591 584 583
+f 583 592 591
+f 593 591 592
+f 592 594 593
+f 592 595 594
+f 596 594 595
+f 596 595 597
+f 597 595 598
+f 598 595 599
+f 595 580 599
+f 580 578 599
+f 600 578 574
+f 574 601 600
+f 575 601 574
+f 580 595 602
+f 579 580 602
+f 592 579 602
+f 579 592 581
+f 583 581 592
+f 581 583 582
+f 595 592 602
+f 603 561 562
+f 604 561 603
+f 605 561 604
+f 606 561 605
+f 560 561 606
+f 606 559 560
+f 606 607 559
+f 608 606 605
+f 605 609 608
+f 608 609 610
+f 610 611 608
+f 611 612 608
+f 608 612 613
+f 608 613 607
+f 607 606 608
+f 607 558 559
+f 558 607 613
+f 613 614 558
+f 558 614 552
+f 552 614 551
+f 615 551 614
+f 551 615 550
+f 550 615 576
+f 576 615 616
+f 617 616 615
+f 617 615 612
+f 612 615 618
+f 618 613 612
+f 618 614 613
+f 614 618 615
+f 616 588 576
+f 588 616 617
+f 617 619 588
+f 612 619 617
+f 622 621 620
+f 612 620 619
+f 619 623 588
+f 621 625 624
+f 621 624 623
+f 622 625 621
+f 620 611 622
+f 620 612 611
+f 626 611 610
+f 626 622 611
+f 626 627 622
+f 610 627 626
+f 622 627 625
+f 627 628 625
+f 624 629 623
+f 629 575 623
+f 588 623 589
+f 630 575 629
+f 629 624 630
+f 625 630 624
+f 631 630 625
+f 631 625 628
+f 628 632 631
+f 631 632 633
+f 633 630 631
+f 634 630 633
+f 630 634 601
+f 630 601 575
+f 634 600 601
+f 578 600 599
+f 600 635 599
+f 635 636 599
+f 636 598 599
+f 636 597 598
+f 635 600 634
+f 634 637 635
+f 636 635 637
+f 636 637 638
+f 637 634 638
+f 633 638 634
+f 639 638 633
+f 640 639 633
+f 632 640 633
+f 639 640 641
+f 641 642 639
+f 642 641 643
+f 643 644 642
+f 644 643 645
+f 645 643 646
+f 645 647 644
+f 644 648 636
+f 636 642 644
+f 638 642 636
+f 639 642 638
+f 648 597 636
+f 647 648 644
+f 596 648 647
+f 648 596 597
+f 647 649 596
+f 596 649 650
+f 651 596 650
+f 651 594 596
+f 593 594 651
+f 651 652 593
+f 650 652 651
+f 652 650 653
+f 650 649 653
+f 649 654 653
+f 649 655 654
+f 655 649 647
+f 655 647 656
+f 656 647 645
+f 658 645 657
+f 645 646 657
+f 646 659 657
+f 620 621 623
+f 620 623 619
+f 660 487 584
+f 660 584 591
+f 661 660 591
+f 591 593 661
+f 661 593 652
+f 661 652 653
+f 662 660 653
+f 660 661 653
+f 662 485 660
+f 485 487 660
+f 662 663 476
+f 664 476 663
+f 654 664 663
+f 654 663 653
+f 663 662 653
+f 476 664 665
+f 666 476 665
+f 476 666 474
+f 485 662 475
+f 662 476 475
+f 655 664 654
+f 664 655 665
+f 655 658 665
+f 656 658 655
+f 647 656 655
+f 645 658 656
+f 623 575 589
+f 667 658 657
+f 668 667 657
+f 669 668 657
+f 659 669 657
+f 668 669 670
+f 670 667 668
+f 672 670 671
+f 670 673 671
+f 670 674 673
+f 675 674 670
+f 670 669 675
+f 676 666 665
+f 677 676 665
+f 676 677 468
+f 468 464 676
+f 667 468 677
+f 677 678 667
+f 678 677 665
+f 658 678 665
+f 658 667 678
+f 670 672 667
+f 468 667 672
+f 468 672 467
+f 672 470 467
+f 470 672 671
+f 470 679 469
+f 679 470 671
+f 680 679 671
+f 673 680 671
+f 680 673 674
+f 674 681 680
+f 474 666 465
+f 465 666 676
+f 464 465 676
+f 679 454 469
+f 679 682 454
+f 454 682 453
+f 451 452 453
+f 683 451 453
+f 684 683 453
+f 685 684 453
+f 453 682 685
+f 685 682 686
+f 682 679 686
+f 679 680 686
+f 680 687 686
+f 680 681 687
+f 687 681 688
+f 688 689 687
+f 690 687 689
+f 687 690 686
+f 690 691 686
+f 691 685 686
+f 685 691 692
+f 684 685 692
+f 683 684 692
+f 449 451 683
+f 683 693 449
+f 693 683 692
+f 694 693 692
+f 691 694 692
+f 691 695 694
+f 695 691 696
+f 691 690 696
+f 690 697 696
+f 697 690 689
+f 689 698 697
+f 698 700 699
+f 697 698 699
+f 701 697 699
+f 697 701 696
+f 701 702 696
+f 702 695 696
+f 702 703 695
+f 703 694 695
+f 704 694 703
+f 693 694 704
+f 693 704 448
+f 449 693 448
+f 704 446 448
+f 446 704 705
+f 446 705 443
+f 705 442 443
+f 563 442 705
+f 437 442 563
+f 563 435 437
+f 564 707 706
+f 566 564 706
+f 708 566 706
+f 563 707 564
+f 707 563 709
+f 563 705 709
+f 705 703 709
+f 703 705 704
+f 703 702 709
+f 702 710 709
+f 701 710 702
+f 701 711 710
+f 711 701 699
+f 700 711 699
+f 711 708 706
+f 710 711 706
+f 707 710 706
+f 710 707 709
+f 603 562 566
+f 610 689 627
+f 698 689 610
+f 698 610 609
+f 609 700 698
+f 711 700 609
+f 711 609 605
+f 605 708 711
+f 708 605 604
+f 604 566 708
+f 566 604 603
+f 627 689 688
+f 688 628 627
+f 628 688 681
+f 681 632 628
+f 632 681 674
+f 674 640 632
+f 641 640 674
+f 674 643 641
+f 643 674 675
+f 675 646 643
+f 669 646 675
+f 659 646 669
+# 1419 elements
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Advanced.html b/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
index 5c2a5f2..e23b090 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Advanced</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Advanced objects</u></h2></center>

-

-<p><br>Todo:

-<p>more than 8 lights

-<br>pix_imageInPlace

-<br>accumrotate

-<br>camera

-<br>polygon and curve

-<br>text3d

-<br>pix_data

-<br>linear_path

-<br>spline_path

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Advanced</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Advanced objects</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Todo:
+<p>more than 8 lights
+<br>pix_imageInPlace
+<br>accumrotate
+<br>camera
+<br>polygon and curve
+<br>text3d
+<br>pix_data
+<br>linear_path
+<br>spline_path
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html b/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
index 80e5d84..b65dc68 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
@@ -1,115 +1,115 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-   <title>Basic Objects</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Basic Objects</u></h2></center>

-

-<p><br>There are a number of objects which are the foundation for GEM. 

-These objects are used in every patch and control the graphics and rendering.

-<p><a href="#gemwin">[gemwin]</a> - The window manager

-<br><a href="#gemhead">[gemhead]</a> - The start of a rendering chain

-<br><a href="#manips">manips</a> - Move an object in the window

-<br><a href="#geos">geos</a> - Render a shape

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="gemwin"></a>[gemwin]</h3>

-The graphics window is created and destroyed with the <i>[gemwin]</i> object. 

-With the <i>[gemwin]</i> object, you can set the default size of the graphics

-window, create and destroy the graphics window, turn on and off rendering,

-etc.  All basic GEM patches will have the following <i>[gemwin]</i>

-object with these messages:

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="gemwin.jpg" BORDER=1 height=128 width=78></center>

-The create and destroy messages will display and remove the graphics window. 

-The 1 and 0 messages start and stop rendering.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="gemhead"></a>[gemhead]</h3>

-The <i>[gemhead]</i> object is the start of every rendering chain. 

-A simple patch, which is located in examples/gem_basic/gem1.redSquare.pd

-looks like:

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" BORDER=1 height=138 width=91></center>

-

-<p>This patch will render a red square.  The <i>[gemhead]</i> object

-signifies the start of rendering. The <i>[color]</i> object sets the color

-for all objects after it in the chain.  The <i>[square]</i> object renders

-a square into the graphics window based on the current color, texturing,

-and transformations.  In this case, there is no texturing and no transformation.

-<p>Every rendering chain <b>MUST</b> start with a [gemhead].  If you

-do not put a <i>[gemhead]</i> at the beginning of the chain, then nothing

-will be rendered for that part of the patch.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="manips"></a>manips</h3>

-In the patch 01.basic/02.cube.pd, the <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is

-introduced.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="basicCube.jpg" BORDER=1 height=133 width=93></center>

-

-<p>The graphics are transformed and moved by the <i>manipulator</i> objects,

-or the manips.  GEM has the following manips:

-<p><i>[color]</i> - set the color with a vector

-<br><i>[colorRGB]</i> - set the color with 3 discrete values

-<br><i>[rotate]</i> - rotate with an angle and vector

-<br><i>[rotateXYZ]</i> - rotate with 3 discrete values

-<br><i>[scale]</i> - scale with a vector

-<br><i>[scaleXYZ]</i> - scale with 3 discrete values

-<br><i>[translate]</i> - translate with a vector

-<br><i>[translateXYZ]</i> - translate with 3 discrete values

-<p>To understand the difference between the vector and discrete values

-version, realize that everything in is defined in 3 dimensions.  These

-dimensions can be XYZ values, or RGB colors.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="transXYZ.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=201></center>

-

-<p>The two translate objects above will do exactly the same thing in a

-patch, but they provide two different ways to do it. <i>[translate]</i> accepts

-a scalar and vector.  <i>[translateXYZ]</i> accepts three floats which

-specify a point in space.  The manips will transform any object which

-appears after it in the rendering chain.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="geos"></a>geos</h3>

-Up above, we saw the <i>[square]</i> and <i>[cube]</i> objects.  The other

-primary geos are:

-<p><i>[square]</i> - render a square

-<br><i>[circle]</i> - render a circle

-<br><i>[triangle]</i> - render a triangle

-<br><i>[cube]</i> - render a cube

-<br><i>[sphere]</i> - render a sphere

-<br><i>[cone]</i> - render a cone

-<p>The <i>[square]</i>, <i>[circle]</i>, <i>[cube]</i>, and <i>[triangle]</i> objects

-have a right-hand inlet to set the size of the shape.  The default

-size is 1.

-<p>The <i>[cone]</i> and <i>[sphere]</i> objects are not perfectly smooth. 

-They are actually composed of a number of polygons.  In order to control

-the rendering better, the middle inlet is the size of the object, while

-the right-hand inlet is the number of slices to define the shape. 

-Take a look at the patch gem_basic/gem3.sphere.pd to see how the number

-of slices can change the look of a sphere.  Don't worry about the

-<i><a href="Lighting.html#world_light">[world_light]</a></i>

-object, it is just there to make it easier to see the difference in the

-number of slices.  Make sure to click the 'lighting 0' message before

-closing the patch (if you don't, then other patches will probably be completely

-black until you quit and restart pd/GEM).

-<p>Your graphics window should look like this for 5 and 15 slices:

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="sphere5.jpg" BORDER=0 height=150 width=150><img SRC="sphere15.jpg" height=150 width=150></center>

-Obviously, the more slices that you use, the better the sphere looks. 

-However, each slice adds more polygons, which can slow down your frame

-rate.  In computer graphics, there is always a trade off between resolution

-and speed.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+   <title>Basic Objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Basic Objects</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>There are a number of objects which are the foundation for GEM.
+These objects are used in every patch and control the graphics and rendering.
+<p><a href="#gemwin">[gemwin]</a> - The window manager
+<br><a href="#gemhead">[gemhead]</a> - The start of a rendering chain
+<br><a href="#manips">manips</a> - Move an object in the window
+<br><a href="#geos">geos</a> - Render a shape
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="gemwin"></a>[gemwin]</h3>
+The graphics window is created and destroyed with the <i>[gemwin]</i> object.
+With the <i>[gemwin]</i> object, you can set the default size of the graphics
+window, create and destroy the graphics window, turn on and off rendering,
+etc.  All basic GEM patches will have the following <i>[gemwin]</i>
+object with these messages:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="gemwin.jpg" BORDER=1 height=128 width=78></center>
+The create and destroy messages will display and remove the graphics window.
+The 1 and 0 messages start and stop rendering.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="gemhead"></a>[gemhead]</h3>
+The <i>[gemhead]</i> object is the start of every rendering chain.
+A simple patch, which is located in examples/gem_basic/gem1.redSquare.pd
+looks like:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" BORDER=1 height=138 width=91></center>
+
+<p>This patch will render a red square.  The <i>[gemhead]</i> object
+signifies the start of rendering. The <i>[color]</i> object sets the color
+for all objects after it in the chain.  The <i>[square]</i> object renders
+a square into the graphics window based on the current color, texturing,
+and transformations.  In this case, there is no texturing and no transformation.
+<p>Every rendering chain <b>MUST</b> start with a [gemhead].  If you
+do not put a <i>[gemhead]</i> at the beginning of the chain, then nothing
+will be rendered for that part of the patch.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="manips"></a>manips</h3>
+In the patch 01.basic/02.cube.pd, the <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is
+introduced.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="basicCube.jpg" BORDER=1 height=133 width=93></center>
+
+<p>The graphics are transformed and moved by the <i>manipulator</i> objects,
+or the manips.  GEM has the following manips:
+<p><i>[color]</i> - set the color with a vector
+<br><i>[colorRGB]</i> - set the color with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[rotate]</i> - rotate with an angle and vector
+<br><i>[rotateXYZ]</i> - rotate with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[scale]</i> - scale with a vector
+<br><i>[scaleXYZ]</i> - scale with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[translate]</i> - translate with a vector
+<br><i>[translateXYZ]</i> - translate with 3 discrete values
+<p>To understand the difference between the vector and discrete values
+version, realize that everything in is defined in 3 dimensions.  These
+dimensions can be XYZ values, or RGB colors.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="transXYZ.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=201></center>
+
+<p>The two translate objects above will do exactly the same thing in a
+patch, but they provide two different ways to do it. <i>[translate]</i> accepts
+a scalar and vector.  <i>[translateXYZ]</i> accepts three floats which
+specify a point in space.  The manips will transform any object which
+appears after it in the rendering chain.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="geos"></a>geos</h3>
+Up above, we saw the <i>[square]</i> and <i>[cube]</i> objects.  The other
+primary geos are:
+<p><i>[square]</i> - render a square
+<br><i>[circle]</i> - render a circle
+<br><i>[triangle]</i> - render a triangle
+<br><i>[cube]</i> - render a cube
+<br><i>[sphere]</i> - render a sphere
+<br><i>[cone]</i> - render a cone
+<p>The <i>[square]</i>, <i>[circle]</i>, <i>[cube]</i>, and <i>[triangle]</i> objects
+have a right-hand inlet to set the size of the shape.  The default
+size is 1.
+<p>The <i>[cone]</i> and <i>[sphere]</i> objects are not perfectly smooth.
+They are actually composed of a number of polygons.  In order to control
+the rendering better, the middle inlet is the size of the object, while
+the right-hand inlet is the number of slices to define the shape.
+Take a look at the patch gem_basic/gem3.sphere.pd to see how the number
+of slices can change the look of a sphere.  Don't worry about the
+<i><a href="Lighting.html#world_light">[world_light]</a></i>
+object, it is just there to make it easier to see the difference in the
+number of slices.  Make sure to click the 'lighting 0' message before
+closing the patch (if you don't, then other patches will probably be completely
+black until you quit and restart pd/GEM).
+<p>Your graphics window should look like this for 5 and 15 slices:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="sphere5.jpg" BORDER=0 height=150 width=150><img SRC="sphere15.jpg" height=150 width=150></center>
+Obviously, the more slices that you use, the better the sphere looks.
+However, each slice adds more polygons, which can slow down your frame
+rate.  In computer graphics, there is always a trade off between resolution
+and speed.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html b/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
index fe2e175..1fe41cd 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
@@ -1,667 +1,667 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Gem FAQ</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>GEM FAQ</u></h2></center>

-

-<p><br>* : new question

-<br>+ : changed question

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h2>

-<u>QUESTIONS</u></h2>

-<i><a href="#General">GENERAL</a></i>

-<br><a href="#1.1">1.1) What is GEM?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.2">1.2) What is Pd?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.3">1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.4.0">1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.4.1">1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.4.2">1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.7">1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.8">1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.9">1.9) What libraries does GEM use? (aka: Who does Mark

-want to thank?)</a>

-<br><a href="#1.10">1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?</a>

-<br><a href="#1.11">1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?</a>

-<p><i><a href="#UsingGem">USING GEM</a></i>

-<br><a href="#2.1">2.1) How do I (???)</a>

-<br><a href="#2.2">2.2) How do I make GEM run?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.3">2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.4">2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.5">2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.6">2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.7">2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.8">2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.9">2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.10">2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.11">2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.</a>

-<br><a href="#2.12">2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.13">2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting

-(T&amp;L) ?</a>

-<br><a href="#2.14">2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual support".</a>

-<p><i><a href="#ViewingObjects">VIEWING OBJECTS</a></i>

-<br><a href="#3.1">3.1) Why does everything seem dim?</a>

-<br><a href="#3.2">3.2) Why does everything seem dark?</a>

-<p><i><a href="#TextureMapping">TEXTURE MAPPING</a></i>

-<br><a href="#4.1">4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going on?</a>

-<br><a href="#4.2">4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going on?</a>

-<br><a href="#4.3">4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray image?</a>

-<br><a href="#4.4">4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?</a>

-<br><a href="#4.5">4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?</a>

-<br><a href="#4.6">4.6) Why is pix_draw so slow?</a>

-<p><i><a href="#WorkingWithPd">WORKING WITH PD</a></i>

-<br><a href="#5.1">5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?</a>

-<br><a href="#5.2">5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?</a>

-<br><a href="#5.3">5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?</a>

-<br><a href="#5.4">5.4) How can I optimize my patches?</a>

-<p><i><a href="#NewGemObjects">WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</a></i>

-<br><a href="#6.1">6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?</a>

-<br><a href="#6.2">6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?</a>

-<p><i><a href="#ObjectSpecific">OBJECT SPECIFIC</a></i>

-<br><a href="#7.1">7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?</a>

-<br><a href="#7.2">7.2) Why doesn't gemtablet work?</a>

-<br><a href="#7.3">7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet. 

-How do I stop it?</a>

-<br><a href="#7.4">7.4) Why doesn't gemmouse work in IRIX/Linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#7.5">7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?</a>

-<br><a href="#7.6">7.6) What is wrong with pix_video in WinNT?</a>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h2>

-<u>ANSWERS</u></h2>

-<a NAME="General"></a><h3>GENERAL</h3>

-<br><a NAME="1.1"></a>1.1) What is GEM?

-<p>GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. 

-It was originally written by <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer

-graphics, especially for audio-visual compositions. It originally ran under

-FTS/Max (which is why you might see some papers reference it), but all

-new development is under Pd.

-<p>You can get GEM at <a href="http://www.iem.at/GEM">http://gem.iem.at/</a>

-<p>GEM was sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)

-<p>GEM was ported to <a href="http://www.linux.org">linux</a> by <a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>

-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.

-<p>the core-development team consists of<ul>

-<li>chris clepper</li>

-<li>günter geiger</li>

-<li>daniel heckenberg</li>

-<li>james tittle</li>

-<li>IOhannes m zmölnig</li></ul>

-lots of contributions are made by various people (thanks to all of them)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.2"></a>1.2) What is Pd?

-<p>Pd is a real-time environment for audio and MIDI. 

-It was written by <a href="mailto:msp@ucsd.edu">Miller Puckette</a>, who created FTS/Max when

-he was at IRCAM.  Basically, Pd can be seen as the next generation

-of real-time visual programming languages.  GEM runs inside of the

-Pd environment.

-<p>You can get Pd at <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html</a>

-<p>Pd is sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.3"></a>1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?

-<p>GEM and Pd run on Windows (95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP), linux and macOS-X (&gt;10.2).

-SGI-Irix (&gt; 6.2) used to be supported but i don't have any prove that it still works).

-<a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>

-has done an initial port of GEM and Pd to Linux <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at</a>).

-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">me</a> and

-developed by a team of several independent programmers (see <a href="1.1">section 1.1</a>)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.4"></a>1.4) How do I install GEM ?

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?

-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>GEM should be at

-<p>pd/gem

-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example files and documention

-should be put in the correct locations.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.4.1"></a>1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?

-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>GEM should be at

-<p>chdir to &lt;gem&gt;/src/Gnu and build Gem following the instructions in the README.build

-(<tt>./configure; make</tt>)

-<p>If you then <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documention

-should be put in the correct locations.

-<p>if you are using debian, Gem should be available via apt</p>

-<p>if you are using an rpm-based distribution, check out the builds at planetCCRMA</p>

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.4.2"></a>1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?

-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>unzip GEM so that it is at

-<p>pd\gem

-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation

-should be put in the correct locations.

-<p>there is also an installer for windows.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.4.3"></a>1.4.3) How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS?

-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>there is also an installer for macOS.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.7"></a>1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?

-<p>The best book is the <u>OpenGL Programming Manual</u>

-by Mason and Woo. This is also called the "Red Book".  If you search

-the web, there are many sites on OpenGL.  A good starting point is

-<a href="http://www.opengl.org">http://www.opengl.org</a>.

-Also, Mark Kilgard (who used to work for SGI) has a wonderful site with

-lots of links (<a href="http://reality.sgi.com/mjk">http://reality.sgi.com/mjk</a>)

-Also, Normal Lin has written another great book on <u>3D-graphics under linux</u>

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.8"></a>1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?

-<p>Except for the ones noted above, there is the Japanese

-installation page at

-<br><a href="http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm">http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm</a>

-<p>There is a Pd mailing list.  Subscription info

-is on IEM's site <a href="http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list">http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list</a>

-<p>One of pd's unofficial home-pages is at <a href="http://pd.iem.at">http://pd.iem.at</a> hosted by the 

-<a href="http://iem.at">Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, Graz, Austria</a>

-<p>Also hosted by the <a href="http://iem.at">iem</a> is the site of the pd-community

-<a href="http://www.puredata.info">http://www.puredata.info</a>

-<p>An interesting place might also be G&uuml;nter Geiger's size <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at/</a>

-<p>there are lot's of other cool pages (search the net...)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.9"></a>1.9) What libraries does GEM use? 

-(aka: Who does Mark want to thank?)

-<p>All copyrights and license info can be found in

-<br>  GEM.LICENSE.TERMS

-<br> Thanks to Sam Leffner for libTiff, the TIFF image

-loader.

-<br>  

-sam@engr.sgi.com

-<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/">ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/</a>

-<br> Thanks to Masayuki Matsumoto for fstimage for OpenGL,

-the SGI

-<br>  image loader.

-<br>  

-matumot@dst.nk-exa.co.jp

-<br> Thanks to the Independent JPEG Group for libjpeg,

-the JPEG image loader.

-<br>  

-jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net

-<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/">ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/</a>

-<br> Thanks to Mark Kilgard at al. (and SGI) for glut, the openGL Utility Toolkit

-<br>  <a href="http://www.pobox.com/~ndr">http://www.pobox.com/~ndr</a>

-<br> Thanks to Stephane Rehel for GLTT, the OpenGL TrueType

-render.

-<br>  

-rehel@worldnet.fr

-<br>  <a href="http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html">http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html</a>

-<br> Thanks to David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner

-Lemberg for

-<br>  Freetype, a TrueType font

-rendering engine.

-<br>  

-turner@enst.fr

-<br>  

-robert@physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de

-<br>  

-a7971428@unet.univie.ac.at

-<br>  <a href="http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html">http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html</a>

-<br> Thanks to the MPEG Software Simulation Group, for

-libmpeg, the

-<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder

-<br>  

-mssg@mpeg.org

-<br>  <a href="http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/">http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/</a>

-<br> Thanks to Heroine for quicktime4linux 

-a quickime Decoder

-and libmpeg3, another MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder

-<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder

-<br>  

-mssg@mpeg.org

-<br>  <a href="http://heroinewarrior.com/">http://heroinewarrior.com/</a>

-<br> Thanks to LCS/Telegraphics for Wintab, the Windows

-tablet library.

-<br>  

-wintab@pointing.com

-<br> Thanks to David McAllister for the Particle System

-library.

-<br>  

-davemc@cs.unc.edu

-<br>  <a href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/</a>

-<br> Thanks to John Stone for the Space Orb library,

-libOrb

-<br>  

-j.stone@acm.org

-<br>  <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/">http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/</a>

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.10"></a>1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?

-<p>GEM is under the Gnu Public License.  This basically

-means that it will always be free software.Check out <a href="http://www.gnu.org">http://www.gnu.org</a>

-for more information and read the full license in GnuGPL.LICENSE in the GEM release.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="1.11"></a>1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?

-<p>This is a constant problem, because there is no consistent

-way to display video on any platform.  Also, you usually do not want

-to send the entire screen, but only the GEM window.  It is also useful

-to be able to edit/control the Pd patch window while the patch is actually

-running.

-<p>On SGIs, the best way is to get a video out option. 

-On the SGI O2, Impact, and Onyx (Mark has used all of these), there is a

-simple connector or breakout box to do video.

-If you run the video out program, then you will get a rectangle on your screen 

-which shows what is being sent out the video connector. 

-Make your GEM window a little larger than 640x480 and center it in the rectangle. 

-You can now project this with a standard video projector.

-<p>On PCs it is a bit harder.

-Several modern video-cards have the possibility to output several screens

-(either 2 (or more) VGA-screens or 1 VGA-screen and 1 TV (Composite or S-HVS)

-or a combination with DFTs)

-If you have a Canopus Voodoo2 card it has a video and s-video output on it.  As described

-in <a href="#2.12">question 2.12</a>, you can get a Voodoo to work with

-GEM.  If any one else has a better solution, please let me know. 

-The nVidia Riva TNTs require that you output the full screen, so this is

-not a very good option.  You can use a video scan convertor. 

-Some of them only display a part of the scene, which is exactly what you

-want.

-<p>With modern multi-headed cards it is more simple:

-Configure your card to display the desktop spread over your multiple screens

-(e.g.: from left-to-right). 

-On windows and macOS you can do this via the display-properties dialog.

-On linux you will have to edit your /etc/X11/XF86Config-4 file either by hand or

-(if your system supports it) via an appropriate editor (yes, nowadays there are some).

-Now create your gem-window on the second screen: 

-it should have the same dimensions as the 2nd screen (e.g: "[dimen 800 600(").

-to place it at the second screen use the offset (e.g: if your primary sreen

-(the one you want for patch-editing) has the dimension 1024x768 use "[offset 1024 0(",

-which will create the gem-window 1024 pixels right of the upper-left corner 

-of the total screen (and 0 pixels below it),

-which is exactly the upper-left corner of the 2nd screen.

-You most probably want to turn off the borders with "[border 0(".<br>

-<em>Note:</em> some grafix-card have openGL-hardware-acceleration only on the 1st screen

-(so you should create the gem-window on the 1st screen and move 

-your patches to the 2nd screen)

-<p>If you are using an XServer for displaying (under linux) you can also use another

-computer for rendering. 

-You can specify the place where the gem-window should be created with something like 

-"create &lt;<em>render.host</em>&gt;:0.0"

-

-<p>If you are doing audio with graphics, the only solution

-to prevent clicking (<a href="#5.1">question 5.1</a>) is to run 2 computers

-and have them communicate with netsend/netreceive.  We are working

-on making Pd/GEM multi-processor friendly, so if you have a multi-processor

-system, you can run everything on one machine eventually.

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="UsingGem"></a><h3><i>USING GEM</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="2.1"></a>2.1)How do I (???)

-<p>Many of the general usage questions are probably

-answered in the manual or release notes.  The pd mailing list is also

-a good place to find answers as well.

-<p><a NAME="2.2"></a>2.2) How do I make GEM run?

-<p>GEM is not an executable.  It requires Pd to

-work and is loaded in at run time.  For example, I have an alias on

-the SGI which does

-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem

-<p>and on WinNT

-<p>\pdDir\pd\bin\pd -lib /pdDir/pd/gem/Gem

-<p>on UNIX-systems you will probably want to use a <tt>.pdrc</tt> file,

- where you can put the command-line arguments for pd that you "always" need.

-<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.

-<p>Most people use use the command shell to start Pd. 

-It is not very difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.3"></a>2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?

-<p><b>Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix

-styles slashes</b>.  This is the case even on Windows.

-<p>You may also want to use the -nosound flag. 

-For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just

-turn off the audio part of Pd.  However, other people can't get GEM

-to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).  You can also try the

--dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion

-only).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.4"></a>2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?

-<p>Try out the manual.  It will step you through

-the basics.

-<br> You will also want to look at the example files. 

-Assuming that everything is installed correctly, you can get to the examples

-by going to the Help menu in Pd and selecting examples.  A bunch of

-the patches should start with gem&lt;something>.  The best one is

-<i>gem/01.basic/01.redSquare.pd</i> 

-It puts a red square up on the screen and allows you to rotate it. <i>gemImage.pd</i>

-shows how to load in a TIFF file.  <i>gem/03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd</i>

-moves two spheres around the screen. Try the other ones.

-<br> Most of the GEM objects have test patches which

-give some information about the various controls for the object.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.5"></a>2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?

-<p>GEM only works under IRIX 6.2+.  The rld error

-is probably something about not having glBindTextureEXT (or something). 

-OpenGL 1.0 has some extensions to speed up texture mapping (which are an

-integral part of OpenGL 1.1).  However, these don't exist on IRIX

-5.3.  If you recompile GEM (see the next question), things should

-work fine.

-<br> I don't have access to an IRIX machine, so don't

-expect any builds from me.  Upgrading to IRIX 6.2+ is worth it.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.6"></a>2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?

-<p>There was probably an error saying that the compiler

-couldn't find the file "dmedia/vl_vino.h" in pix_videoSGI.cpp.  IRIX

-6.2+ adds new functionality to the media libraries which makes life much

-easier. You cannot compile pix_video or pix_indycam as is under 5.3. 

-You can remove them from the Pix/Makefile and from the linker part of the

-global Makefile.  You will also need to recompile the Td and Tiff

-libraries.

-<p>There shouldn't be any problems doing this.  I haven't tried any

-of this, so if it works for someone, please let me know.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.7"></a>2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?

-<p>Examine what you are doing.  If you are constantly

-changing textures, then this is probably your problem.  If you have

-models with a million triangles, then this is probably the problem. 

-Compare what you are doing with realistic specs on your system.  Some

-systems slow down when they have to draw very large polygons (slow fill

-rate).

-<br> You can also turn on profiling to see how long it

-takes to render a frame.  Send a profile message to the gemwin object.

-The number that is printed is the number of milliseconds one frame takes

-to render.  50 milliseconds is 20 frames per second. 'profile 2' is

-good if you want to see how long the image processing is taking.

-<br>  profile 0 - turn off profiling

-<br>  profile 1 - turn on profiling

-<br>  profile 2 - turn on profiling

-and don't cache pixes

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.8"></a>2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?

-<p>If you are having major slowdowns, then please let

-me know.  I have gotten very good performance on most machines (Indy,

-O2, Impact, Onyx2).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.9"></a>2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?

-<p>You probably don't have hardware acceleration. 

-You can use software rendering, but it basically useless except for extremely

-basic patches.  You can get a good graphics accelerator for really

-cheap these days.  I recommend a card based on nVidia's chipsets,

-such as the TNT2 or GeForce, but there are other companies such as 3dfx

-and Matrox.  Make sure that you are running the latest drivers for

-your card.  The basic drivers that come with the cards are usually

-very bad.

-<br> Also, PCs don't deal with lots of texture maps very

-well (they are bus limited, at least until AGP), so if you are trying to

-use lots of constantly changing texture maps

-(especially with [pix_multiimage], [pix_video] or [pix_film]), that will cause problems.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.10"></a>2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?

-<p>It is because you have to use Mesa, which might be

-running iin software. Mesa (<a href="http://www.mesa.org">http://www.mesa.org</a>)

-is an awesome package by Brian Paul (brianp@avid.com) which "emulates"

-OpenGL.  Basically, it is a fully compliant OpenGL package, but it

-isn't officially sanctioned by the OpenGL ARB, such, it is doesn't have

-the OpenGL name.  There is an acceleration package for the many graphics

-card, but I don't know anything about it.

-<br>nVidia is being very supportive of Linux: 

-their TNT2 and GeForce cards work under Linux with hardware-acceleration of openGL.

-(but the drivers are proprietary)

-<br>radeon cards should also be supported very well under linux (even with open-source drivers)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.11"></a>2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.

-<p>GEM doesn't trap resize events in IRIX or Linux (this

-is not a problem in WinNT).  This means that OpenGL doesn't have the

-correct information to render properly.  If you want to resize the

-window, send a 'dimen x y' message to gemwin before you create the window.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.12"></a>2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?

-<p>I (this is: Mark Danks) have a Voodoo2 card, which runs fine under WinNT. 

-I use the OpenGL beta driver from 3Dfx at work all the time without any

-problems and, except that the Voodoo takes over the full screen, it seems

-to work fine.  You will need to download the OpenGL Beta driver from

-3Dfx's web site at http://www.3dfx.com and put the OpenGL32.dll into the

-same directory as pd.exe (NOT gem.dll).  Debugging patches is much

-easier if you have two monitors, one for the 3-D card and one for the 2-D

-card.

-<p>IMPORTANT: You MUST set the environment variable

-<p>GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT = 1

-<p>to make the Voodoo card work.  It will make a window 640x480 (which

-is the correct size for TV video out on my Canopus V2 card).  On WinNT,

-right click "My Computer" and go to "Properties".  On the "Environment"

-tab, you need to add the variable "GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT" with a value of

-1.

-<br>Resizing the GEM window with a Voodoo card is not

-a great idea. The Voodoo card can only display certain window sizes and

-will clip the graphics.

-<p>For the tech heads in the audience...I create an

-OpenGL context at startup and never actually display its associated window. 

-This means that GEM objects can create display lists, call OpenGL commands,

-etc. in their constructors, even if no window is actually being displayed. 

-However, with the Voodoo card, there can only be one OpenGL context. 

-So, instead of creating one context and just holding onto it in the background,

-I create the normal GEM window and associate the OpenGL context with it...and

-the user can never destroy or close that window.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="2.13"></a>2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting

-(T &amp; L)?

-<p>Absolutely!  Unlike some other APIs, OpenGL

-will automatically use hardware accelerated transform and lighting if the

-card has it.  GEM gets great performance from cards like nVidia's

-GeForce.

-<p><a NAME="2.14"></a>2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual

-support".

-<p>This error means that your X display is running with

-paletted colors, which is the result of limited color depth.  If you

-start the X display with

-<p>startx -- -bpp 16

-<p>or some higher number, then it should work fine.  32-bit color

-is the best.

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ViewingObjects"></a><h3><i>VIEWING OBJECTS</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="3.1"></a>3.1)Why does everything seem dim?<

-<p>You probably turned on lighting but don't have any

-lights in the world.  Either add a light with <i>world_light</i> or

-<i>light</i>

-or turn lighting off by sending a message 'lighting 0' to the <i>gemwin</i>. 

-You can also send a reset message to <i>gemwin</i> to set it back to the

-startup state (which doesn't have any lighting).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="3.2"></a>3.2) Why does everything seem dark?

-<p>See question 3.1.

-<br> If you are using <tt>view</tt> in your patch to change the viewpoint,

-you may not be pointing in the correct direction.  You also might have translated

-everything outside of the current viewport.

-<br> Also, if you have been using single buffering ('buffer

-1' message to <i>gemwin</i>), then you might still be in that mode. 

-Either send a 'buffer 2' message or a 'reset' message to <i>gemwin</i>. 

-Then, destroy and create your window.

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="TextureMapping"></a><h3><i>TEXTURE MAPPING</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="4.1"></a>4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going

-on?

-<p>Normally images have to be texture-mapped onto Geos.

-You have to use [pix_texture] to map the current image onto a Geo.

-"Current" means that any pix-manipulation that is done after texturing will not be displayed.

-<p>Any Geo has a color (which is initially set to white).

-If you have set the color to black, your Geo (including the image) might be very dark.

-If you are using alpha-blending, make sure that the Geo is not invisible.

-<p>Normally images that want to be texture mapped with openGL should have dimensions that are a power of 2 in both height and width.

-Now [pix_texture] will make this totally transparent to you (so normally you don't have to care about the size of the image). 

-However with non-power-of-2 images <i>pix_coordinate</i> might not behave as expected,

-because these images need absolute texture-coordinates rather than normalized ones

-(as are used with power-of-2 images): so if the texture-coordinates are set to "(0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,1)" you might see only the first pixel of the image (which might be black).

-<p>Also, make sure that GEM can find your image (ie,

-that the path name is correct).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="4.2"></a>4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going

-on?

-<p>GEM supports gray8, YUV, and RGBA images.  If

-it sees that the number of bits per channel and the number of channels

-is something that it should be able to handle, it tries to load the raw

-data.  If you have compressed or stored the pixel data in some "strange"

-format, then GEM will probably not read the information correctly.

-<br> Also, if it is an RGBA image, then make sure that

-the alpha channel is something useful (this only matters if you are using

-the alpha channel, like in the alpha object or pix_mask).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="4.3"></a>4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray

-image?

-<p>This error message occurs whenever a pix object receives

-a gray8 image and the implementor hasn't provided a way to deal with that

-format of image. (Implementors often only provide functions for GEM's <i>native</i>

-color-format RGBA. Any other color-format (like BGR) will try to call the function

-for gray8 images, which might not be supported.)

-  If you do not want to change the image format with some extern image-programm

-(like Photoshop or the Gimp) you might want to try <i>pix_rgba</a>

-or harass whoever made the object to add the functionality.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="4.4"></a>4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?

-<p>GEM can read in TIFF, JPEG, and SGI images. 

-These can be in any color format.  Gray scale images are loaded in

-as gray scale (ie, one byte per pixel).  Everything else is loaded

-in or converted to an RGBA image (ie, four bytes per pixel).  If there

-is an alpha channel, then it will be respected.  Otherwise, the alpha

-channel will be set to fully opaque (alpha == 255).

-<p>GEM can write TIFF and JPEG images.

-TIFF-images will be full RGBA-images, wheras JPEG-files only support (compressed) RGB.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="4.5"></a>4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?

-<p>The movie formats GEM can handle (still) depend on the platform

-you are using.

-<p>On Windoze you can read all AVI-files you have codecs for 

-<p>On linux the readable formats depend on the libraries you had installed when you compiled GEM.

-Currently there is (optional) support for AVI,  quicktime (*.MOV) and MPEG (*.MPG) files.

-Not all quicktime-formats are supported. This is unfortunate but is due to linux restrictions.

-I highly recommend that you install the mpeg3-library from Heroine because it is much more stable than mpeg1 (which comes with many linux-distributions).

-If you have compiled in support for libavifile, you will be able to open Micro$oft-AVI-files.

-If you have installed the proper codecs

-(libavifile supports a mechanism for loading codecs from windows-DLLs) you should be able to

-open almost any format.

-

-If you have serious problems, mail them <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">to me</a>.

-(Be ready to upload the movie-file that won't work)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="4.6"></a>4.6) Why is <i>pix_draw</i> so slow?

-<p><i>pix_draw</i> is almost never hardware accelerated

-on PCs graphics accelerator.  This means that it runs <i>extremely</i>

-slowly.  Always use <i>pix_texture</i>, even if you are just displaying

-an image.

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="WorkingWithPd"></a><h3><i>WORKING WITH PD</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="5.1"></a>5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?

-<p>If you are getting a constant stream of clicks in

-your audio, then it is probably because you are trying to do graphics and

-audio in the same process.  Rendering a graphics frame usually takes

-longer than the size of the audio buffer, which is why you get clicks (the

-clicks are usually at 20Hz...the typical frame rate).

-<br> One way around this is to use two computers, one

-for graphics and one for audio.  If you have enough processing power

-(or dual processors), then you can run two versions of Pd, one for graphics

-and one for audio.  Just use <i>netsend</i> and <i>netreceive</i>

-to have the two versions of Pd talk to each other.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="5.2"></a>5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?

-<p>One simple way to get raw audio values right now is

-to use <i>snapshot~</i>.  Just set up a <i>metro</i> which bangs <i>snapshot~</i>

-and use the floating point value.  If you want "musical" information,

-then use objects such as <i>env~</i>.

-You might also have a look at the <i>pix_sig2pix~</i> which interprets audio-data as pixels

-and its counterpart <i>pix_pix2sig~</i>

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="5.3"></a>5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?

-<p>This means that GEM can't locate the file. 

-If you use an absolute path (with / for instance), then GEM will look there. 

-Otherwise, GEM will look in the directory of where the patch is. 

-Then pd/GEM will search the paths you specified at startup with the <i>-path</i> flag.

-<p>Check the following:

-<p>1) Does the file exist?

-<br> 2) Did you make a typo in the filename?

-<br> 3) Is the file in the search-path ?

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="5.4"></a>5.4) How can I optimize my patches?

-<p>One of the biggest performance hits is having UI

-elements in your patch which have to be updated.  The biggest performance

-hog is the number box.  While the number box is great for debugging,

-make sure that they are all gone from your "release" patch.  If you

-run a performance meter, you will see that whenever Tcl/Tk has to update

-the user interface, it sucks the entire processor.  Another examples

-of this is when you move a lot of objects at once, everything jerks and

-slides across the screen.  There are probably ways to improve this...

-<br> Another problem is doing unneccessary calculations. 

-When you are throwing lots of numbers around, especially packing/unpacking,

-doing vector math, etc., they add up.  If the calculations are going

-unused (for instance, that part of the patch is turned off), then do not

-trigger the math objects.  Use <i>spigot</i> or <i>gate</i> and block

-the events early.  This is especially important with objects that

-send a lot of numbers, like ~ objects or <i>line</i>/<i>tripleLine</i>.

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="NewGemObjects"></a><h3><i>WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="6.1"></a>6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?

-<p>For the time being, you have to look at the code. 

-It is fairly well documented and straight forward (if you know C++ and

-OOP).  Start with an object which is similar to what you want and

-derive a new class.  The biggest issue right now is how to load in

-GEM as a DSO/DLL. For SGIs, you will need to setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH. 

-On NT, you will need to have your path include the directory with GEM.

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="6.2"></a>6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?

-<p>GemMan (and by association, gemwin) disables alpha

-testing, alpha blending, culling, and lighting.  Lighting defaults

-to two sided, with GL_COLOR_MATERIAL enabled.  The viewport is set

-to

-<p>float xDivy = (float)m_width / (float)m_height;

-<br> glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);

-<br> glLoadIdentity();

-<br> glFrustum(-xDivy, xDivy, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 20.0);

-<br> gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,

-0.0);

-<br> glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);

-<br> glViewport(0, 0, m_width, m_height);

-<p>which gives a range of about -4 to 4 in X and Y at the origin. 

-This is a small range, but changing it now would break a lot of patches.

-<p>The specific functions to look at are:

-<p>GemMan::windowInit()

-<br>GemMan::resetValues()

-<br>gemhead::renderGL()

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ObjectSpecific"></a><h3><i>OBJECT SPECIFIC</i></h3>

-<br><a NAME="7.1"></a>7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?

-<p>Usually, this is because I don't have the resources

-to get the object running on that platform.  If an object that you

-want doesn't exist on your platform, then ask for it!  However, if

-it is tied to hardware, then it is much less likely that I will be able

-to do anything about it (unless someone donates the hardware to me...)

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="7.2"></a>7.2) Why doesn't <i>gemtablet</i> work?

-<p><i>gemtablet</i> only works on WinNT.  I don't

-have drivers for IRIX or Linux (also, see question 7.4)

-<br> If GEM can find the tablet, then it will print a

-message at window creation time.  If you don't see a message, then

-GEM doesn't think that you have a tablet.

-<br> The tablet is mapped to the size of the GEM graphics

-window.

-<p>---

-<br><a NAME="7.3"></a>7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet. 

-How do I stop it?

-<p>Set the environment variable

-<p>GEM_NO_TABLET = 1

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="7.4"></a>7.4) Why doesn't <i>gemmouse</i> work in IRIX?

-<p>Basically, I don't have physical access to an SGI machine.

-This makes it hard to do some of the OS specific work. 

-It should be straightforward to do the event handling, so if someone gets

-it working, I would love to include it (and give you credit).  All

-you have to do is call the correct event functions from GemEvent.h and

-everything should just start to work (ie, gemmouse doesn't have any OS

-specific code in it).

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="7.5"></a>7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?

-<p>You need to make sure that your SpaceOrb is hooked

-up correctly. I am using a library which isn't supported by SpaceTec so

-there can be problems, although I have not had any.

-<br> &lt;RANT> When will companies wake up and actually

-provide drivers and support for their products under WinNT? &lt;/RANT>

-<p>----

-<br><a NAME="7.6"></a>7.6) What is wrong with <i>pix_video</i> in WinNT?

-<p>I haven't completely figured out how to get access

-to the video stream in WinNT.  I'm using Video for Windows with a

-Connectix QuickCam, as well as an Intel Video Capture Card, and it seems

-to assume that you are only writing to a file or previewing into a window. 

-Windows tries to take over the system and doesn't really provide any stable

-hooks (unlike IRIX).  If anyone knows how to deal with this, please

-let me know.

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br> 

-<br> 

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Gem FAQ</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>GEM FAQ</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>* : new question
+<br>+ : changed question
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h2>
+<u>QUESTIONS</u></h2>
+<i><a href="#General">GENERAL</a></i>
+<br><a href="#1.1">1.1) What is GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.2">1.2) What is Pd?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.3">1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.0">1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.1">1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.2">1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.7">1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.8">1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.9">1.9) What libraries does GEM use? (aka: Who does Mark
+want to thank?)</a>
+<br><a href="#1.10">1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.11">1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#UsingGem">USING GEM</a></i>
+<br><a href="#2.1">2.1) How do I (???)</a>
+<br><a href="#2.2">2.2) How do I make GEM run?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.3">2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.4">2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.5">2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.6">2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.7">2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.8">2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.9">2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.10">2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.11">2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.</a>
+<br><a href="#2.12">2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.13">2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
+(T&amp;L) ?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.14">2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual support".</a>
+<p><i><a href="#ViewingObjects">VIEWING OBJECTS</a></i>
+<br><a href="#3.1">3.1) Why does everything seem dim?</a>
+<br><a href="#3.2">3.2) Why does everything seem dark?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#TextureMapping">TEXTURE MAPPING</a></i>
+<br><a href="#4.1">4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going on?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.2">4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going on?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.3">4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray image?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.4">4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.5">4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.6">4.6) Why is pix_draw so slow?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#WorkingWithPd">WORKING WITH PD</a></i>
+<br><a href="#5.1">5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.2">5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.3">5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.4">5.4) How can I optimize my patches?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#NewGemObjects">WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</a></i>
+<br><a href="#6.1">6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?</a>
+<br><a href="#6.2">6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#ObjectSpecific">OBJECT SPECIFIC</a></i>
+<br><a href="#7.1">7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.2">7.2) Why doesn't gemtablet work?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.3">7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet.
+How do I stop it?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.4">7.4) Why doesn't gemmouse work in IRIX/Linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.5">7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.6">7.6) What is wrong with pix_video in WinNT?</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h2>
+<u>ANSWERS</u></h2>
+<a NAME="General"></a><h3>GENERAL</h3>
+<br><a NAME="1.1"></a>1.1) What is GEM?
+<p>GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia.
+It was originally written by <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer
+graphics, especially for audio-visual compositions. It originally ran under
+FTS/Max (which is why you might see some papers reference it), but all
+new development is under Pd.
+<p>You can get GEM at <a href="http://www.iem.at/GEM">http://gem.iem.at/</a>
+<p>GEM was sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
+<p>GEM was ported to <a href="http://www.linux.org">linux</a> by <a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
+<p>the core-development team consists of<ul>
+<li>chris clepper</li>
+<li>günter geiger</li>
+<li>daniel heckenberg</li>
+<li>james tittle</li>
+<li>IOhannes m zmölnig</li></ul>
+lots of contributions are made by various people (thanks to all of them)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.2"></a>1.2) What is Pd?
+<p>Pd is a real-time environment for audio and MIDI.
+It was written by <a href="mailto:msp@ucsd.edu">Miller Puckette</a>, who created FTS/Max when
+he was at IRCAM.  Basically, Pd can be seen as the next generation
+of real-time visual programming languages.  GEM runs inside of the
+Pd environment.
+<p>You can get Pd at <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html</a>
+<p>Pd is sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.3"></a>1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?
+<p>GEM and Pd run on Windows (95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP), linux and macOS-X (&gt;10.2).
+SGI-Irix (&gt; 6.2) used to be supported but i don't have any prove that it still works).
+<a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
+has done an initial port of GEM and Pd to Linux <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at</a>).
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">me</a> and
+developed by a team of several independent programmers (see <a href="1.1">section 1.1</a>)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4"></a>1.4) How do I install GEM ?
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>GEM should be at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example files and documention
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.1"></a>1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>GEM should be at
+<p>chdir to &lt;gem&gt;/src/Gnu and build Gem following the instructions in the README.build
+(<tt>./configure; make</tt>)
+<p>If you then <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documention
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>if you are using debian, Gem should be available via apt</p>
+<p>if you are using an rpm-based distribution, check out the builds at planetCCRMA</p>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.2"></a>1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>unzip GEM so that it is at
+<p>pd\gem
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>there is also an installer for windows.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.3"></a>1.4.3) How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>there is also an installer for macOS.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.7"></a>1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?
+<p>The best book is the <u>OpenGL Programming Manual</u>
+by Mason and Woo. This is also called the "Red Book".  If you search
+the web, there are many sites on OpenGL.  A good starting point is
+<a href="http://www.opengl.org">http://www.opengl.org</a>.
+Also, Mark Kilgard (who used to work for SGI) has a wonderful site with
+lots of links (<a href="http://reality.sgi.com/mjk">http://reality.sgi.com/mjk</a>)
+Also, Normal Lin has written another great book on <u>3D-graphics under linux</u>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.8"></a>1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?
+<p>Except for the ones noted above, there is the Japanese
+installation page at
+<br><a href="http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm">http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm</a>
+<p>There is a Pd mailing list.  Subscription info
+is on IEM's site <a href="http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list">http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list</a>
+<p>One of pd's unofficial home-pages is at <a href="http://pd.iem.at">http://pd.iem.at</a> hosted by the
+<a href="http://iem.at">Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, Graz, Austria</a>
+<p>Also hosted by the <a href="http://iem.at">iem</a> is the site of the pd-community
+<a href="http://www.puredata.info">http://www.puredata.info</a>
+<p>An interesting place might also be G&uuml;nter Geiger's size <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at/</a>
+<p>there are lot's of other cool pages (search the net...)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.9"></a>1.9) What libraries does GEM use?
+(aka: Who does Mark want to thank?)
+<p>All copyrights and license info can be found in
+<br>  GEM.LICENSE.TERMS
+<br> Thanks to Sam Leffner for libTiff, the TIFF image
+loader.
+<br>
+sam@engr.sgi.com
+<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/">ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Masayuki Matsumoto for fstimage for OpenGL,
+the SGI
+<br>  image loader.
+<br>
+matumot@dst.nk-exa.co.jp
+<br> Thanks to the Independent JPEG Group for libjpeg,
+the JPEG image loader.
+<br>
+jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net
+<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/">ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Mark Kilgard at al. (and SGI) for glut, the openGL Utility Toolkit
+<br>  <a href="http://www.pobox.com/~ndr">http://www.pobox.com/~ndr</a>
+<br> Thanks to Stephane Rehel for GLTT, the OpenGL TrueType
+render.
+<br>
+rehel@worldnet.fr
+<br>  <a href="http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html">http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html</a>
+<br> Thanks to David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner
+Lemberg for
+<br>  Freetype, a TrueType font
+rendering engine.
+<br>
+turner@enst.fr
+<br>
+robert@physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de
+<br>
+a7971428@unet.univie.ac.at
+<br>  <a href="http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html">http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html</a>
+<br> Thanks to the MPEG Software Simulation Group, for
+libmpeg, the
+<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>
+mssg@mpeg.org
+<br>  <a href="http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/">http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Heroine for quicktime4linux
+a quickime Decoder
+and libmpeg3, another MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>
+mssg@mpeg.org
+<br>  <a href="http://heroinewarrior.com/">http://heroinewarrior.com/</a>
+<br> Thanks to LCS/Telegraphics for Wintab, the Windows
+tablet library.
+<br>
+wintab@pointing.com
+<br> Thanks to David McAllister for the Particle System
+library.
+<br>
+davemc@cs.unc.edu
+<br>  <a href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/</a>
+<br> Thanks to John Stone for the Space Orb library,
+libOrb
+<br>
+j.stone@acm.org
+<br>  <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/">http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/</a>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.10"></a>1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?
+<p>GEM is under the Gnu Public License.  This basically
+means that it will always be free software.Check out <a href="http://www.gnu.org">http://www.gnu.org</a>
+for more information and read the full license in GnuGPL.LICENSE in the GEM release.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.11"></a>1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?
+<p>This is a constant problem, because there is no consistent
+way to display video on any platform.  Also, you usually do not want
+to send the entire screen, but only the GEM window.  It is also useful
+to be able to edit/control the Pd patch window while the patch is actually
+running.
+<p>On SGIs, the best way is to get a video out option.
+On the SGI O2, Impact, and Onyx (Mark has used all of these), there is a
+simple connector or breakout box to do video.
+If you run the video out program, then you will get a rectangle on your screen
+which shows what is being sent out the video connector.
+Make your GEM window a little larger than 640x480 and center it in the rectangle.
+You can now project this with a standard video projector.
+<p>On PCs it is a bit harder.
+Several modern video-cards have the possibility to output several screens
+(either 2 (or more) VGA-screens or 1 VGA-screen and 1 TV (Composite or S-HVS)
+or a combination with DFTs)
+If you have a Canopus Voodoo2 card it has a video and s-video output on it.  As described
+in <a href="#2.12">question 2.12</a>, you can get a Voodoo to work with
+GEM.  If any one else has a better solution, please let me know.
+The nVidia Riva TNTs require that you output the full screen, so this is
+not a very good option.  You can use a video scan convertor.
+Some of them only display a part of the scene, which is exactly what you
+want.
+<p>With modern multi-headed cards it is more simple:
+Configure your card to display the desktop spread over your multiple screens
+(e.g.: from left-to-right).
+On windows and macOS you can do this via the display-properties dialog.
+On linux you will have to edit your /etc/X11/XF86Config-4 file either by hand or
+(if your system supports it) via an appropriate editor (yes, nowadays there are some).
+Now create your gem-window on the second screen:
+it should have the same dimensions as the 2nd screen (e.g: "[dimen 800 600(").
+to place it at the second screen use the offset (e.g: if your primary sreen
+(the one you want for patch-editing) has the dimension 1024x768 use "[offset 1024 0(",
+which will create the gem-window 1024 pixels right of the upper-left corner
+of the total screen (and 0 pixels below it),
+which is exactly the upper-left corner of the 2nd screen.
+You most probably want to turn off the borders with "[border 0(".<br>
+<em>Note:</em> some grafix-card have openGL-hardware-acceleration only on the 1st screen
+(so you should create the gem-window on the 1st screen and move
+your patches to the 2nd screen)
+<p>If you are using an XServer for displaying (under linux) you can also use another
+computer for rendering.
+You can specify the place where the gem-window should be created with something like
+"create &lt;<em>render.host</em>&gt;:0.0"
+
+<p>If you are doing audio with graphics, the only solution
+to prevent clicking (<a href="#5.1">question 5.1</a>) is to run 2 computers
+and have them communicate with netsend/netreceive.  We are working
+on making Pd/GEM multi-processor friendly, so if you have a multi-processor
+system, you can run everything on one machine eventually.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="UsingGem"></a><h3><i>USING GEM</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="2.1"></a>2.1)How do I (???)
+<p>Many of the general usage questions are probably
+answered in the manual or release notes.  The pd mailing list is also
+a good place to find answers as well.
+<p><a NAME="2.2"></a>2.2) How do I make GEM run?
+<p>GEM is not an executable.  It requires Pd to
+work and is loaded in at run time.  For example, I have an alias on
+the SGI which does
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>and on WinNT
+<p>\pdDir\pd\bin\pd -lib /pdDir/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>on UNIX-systems you will probably want to use a <tt>.pdrc</tt> file,
+ where you can put the command-line arguments for pd that you "always" need.
+<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<p>Most people use use the command shell to start Pd.
+It is not very difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.3"></a>2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?
+<p><b>Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix
+styles slashes</b>.  This is the case even on Windows.
+<p>You may also want to use the -nosound flag.
+For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
+turn off the audio part of Pd.  However, other people can't get GEM
+to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).  You can also try the
+-dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
+only).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.4"></a>2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?
+<p>Try out the manual.  It will step you through
+the basics.
+<br> You will also want to look at the example files.
+Assuming that everything is installed correctly, you can get to the examples
+by going to the Help menu in Pd and selecting examples.  A bunch of
+the patches should start with gem&lt;something>.  The best one is
+<i>gem/01.basic/01.redSquare.pd</i>
+It puts a red square up on the screen and allows you to rotate it. <i>gemImage.pd</i>
+shows how to load in a TIFF file.  <i>gem/03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd</i>
+moves two spheres around the screen. Try the other ones.
+<br> Most of the GEM objects have test patches which
+give some information about the various controls for the object.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.5"></a>2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?
+<p>GEM only works under IRIX 6.2+.  The rld error
+is probably something about not having glBindTextureEXT (or something).
+OpenGL 1.0 has some extensions to speed up texture mapping (which are an
+integral part of OpenGL 1.1).  However, these don't exist on IRIX
+5.3.  If you recompile GEM (see the next question), things should
+work fine.
+<br> I don't have access to an IRIX machine, so don't
+expect any builds from me.  Upgrading to IRIX 6.2+ is worth it.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.6"></a>2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?
+<p>There was probably an error saying that the compiler
+couldn't find the file "dmedia/vl_vino.h" in pix_videoSGI.cpp.  IRIX
+6.2+ adds new functionality to the media libraries which makes life much
+easier. You cannot compile pix_video or pix_indycam as is under 5.3.
+You can remove them from the Pix/Makefile and from the linker part of the
+global Makefile.  You will also need to recompile the Td and Tiff
+libraries.
+<p>There shouldn't be any problems doing this.  I haven't tried any
+of this, so if it works for someone, please let me know.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.7"></a>2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?
+<p>Examine what you are doing.  If you are constantly
+changing textures, then this is probably your problem.  If you have
+models with a million triangles, then this is probably the problem.
+Compare what you are doing with realistic specs on your system.  Some
+systems slow down when they have to draw very large polygons (slow fill
+rate).
+<br> You can also turn on profiling to see how long it
+takes to render a frame.  Send a profile message to the gemwin object.
+The number that is printed is the number of milliseconds one frame takes
+to render.  50 milliseconds is 20 frames per second. 'profile 2' is
+good if you want to see how long the image processing is taking.
+<br>  profile 0 - turn off profiling
+<br>  profile 1 - turn on profiling
+<br>  profile 2 - turn on profiling
+and don't cache pixes
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.8"></a>2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?
+<p>If you are having major slowdowns, then please let
+me know.  I have gotten very good performance on most machines (Indy,
+O2, Impact, Onyx2).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.9"></a>2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?
+<p>You probably don't have hardware acceleration.
+You can use software rendering, but it basically useless except for extremely
+basic patches.  You can get a good graphics accelerator for really
+cheap these days.  I recommend a card based on nVidia's chipsets,
+such as the TNT2 or GeForce, but there are other companies such as 3dfx
+and Matrox.  Make sure that you are running the latest drivers for
+your card.  The basic drivers that come with the cards are usually
+very bad.
+<br> Also, PCs don't deal with lots of texture maps very
+well (they are bus limited, at least until AGP), so if you are trying to
+use lots of constantly changing texture maps
+(especially with [pix_multiimage], [pix_video] or [pix_film]), that will cause problems.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.10"></a>2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?
+<p>It is because you have to use Mesa, which might be
+running iin software. Mesa (<a href="http://www.mesa.org">http://www.mesa.org</a>)
+is an awesome package by Brian Paul (brianp@avid.com) which "emulates"
+OpenGL.  Basically, it is a fully compliant OpenGL package, but it
+isn't officially sanctioned by the OpenGL ARB, such, it is doesn't have
+the OpenGL name.  There is an acceleration package for the many graphics
+card, but I don't know anything about it.
+<br>nVidia is being very supportive of Linux:
+their TNT2 and GeForce cards work under Linux with hardware-acceleration of openGL.
+(but the drivers are proprietary)
+<br>radeon cards should also be supported very well under linux (even with open-source drivers)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.11"></a>2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.
+<p>GEM doesn't trap resize events in IRIX or Linux (this
+is not a problem in WinNT).  This means that OpenGL doesn't have the
+correct information to render properly.  If you want to resize the
+window, send a 'dimen x y' message to gemwin before you create the window.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.12"></a>2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?
+<p>I (this is: Mark Danks) have a Voodoo2 card, which runs fine under WinNT.
+I use the OpenGL beta driver from 3Dfx at work all the time without any
+problems and, except that the Voodoo takes over the full screen, it seems
+to work fine.  You will need to download the OpenGL Beta driver from
+3Dfx's web site at http://www.3dfx.com and put the OpenGL32.dll into the
+same directory as pd.exe (NOT gem.dll).  Debugging patches is much
+easier if you have two monitors, one for the 3-D card and one for the 2-D
+card.
+<p>IMPORTANT: You MUST set the environment variable
+<p>GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT = 1
+<p>to make the Voodoo card work.  It will make a window 640x480 (which
+is the correct size for TV video out on my Canopus V2 card).  On WinNT,
+right click "My Computer" and go to "Properties".  On the "Environment"
+tab, you need to add the variable "GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT" with a value of
+1.
+<br>Resizing the GEM window with a Voodoo card is not
+a great idea. The Voodoo card can only display certain window sizes and
+will clip the graphics.
+<p>For the tech heads in the audience...I create an
+OpenGL context at startup and never actually display its associated window.
+This means that GEM objects can create display lists, call OpenGL commands,
+etc. in their constructors, even if no window is actually being displayed.
+However, with the Voodoo card, there can only be one OpenGL context.
+So, instead of creating one context and just holding onto it in the background,
+I create the normal GEM window and associate the OpenGL context with it...and
+the user can never destroy or close that window.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.13"></a>2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
+(T &amp; L)?
+<p>Absolutely!  Unlike some other APIs, OpenGL
+will automatically use hardware accelerated transform and lighting if the
+card has it.  GEM gets great performance from cards like nVidia's
+GeForce.
+<p><a NAME="2.14"></a>2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual
+support".
+<p>This error means that your X display is running with
+paletted colors, which is the result of limited color depth.  If you
+start the X display with
+<p>startx -- -bpp 16
+<p>or some higher number, then it should work fine.  32-bit color
+is the best.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ViewingObjects"></a><h3><i>VIEWING OBJECTS</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="3.1"></a>3.1)Why does everything seem dim?<
+<p>You probably turned on lighting but don't have any
+lights in the world.  Either add a light with <i>world_light</i> or
+<i>light</i>
+or turn lighting off by sending a message 'lighting 0' to the <i>gemwin</i>.
+You can also send a reset message to <i>gemwin</i> to set it back to the
+startup state (which doesn't have any lighting).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="3.2"></a>3.2) Why does everything seem dark?
+<p>See question 3.1.
+<br> If you are using <tt>view</tt> in your patch to change the viewpoint,
+you may not be pointing in the correct direction.  You also might have translated
+everything outside of the current viewport.
+<br> Also, if you have been using single buffering ('buffer
+1' message to <i>gemwin</i>), then you might still be in that mode.
+Either send a 'buffer 2' message or a 'reset' message to <i>gemwin</i>.
+Then, destroy and create your window.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="TextureMapping"></a><h3><i>TEXTURE MAPPING</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="4.1"></a>4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going
+on?
+<p>Normally images have to be texture-mapped onto Geos.
+You have to use [pix_texture] to map the current image onto a Geo.
+"Current" means that any pix-manipulation that is done after texturing will not be displayed.
+<p>Any Geo has a color (which is initially set to white).
+If you have set the color to black, your Geo (including the image) might be very dark.
+If you are using alpha-blending, make sure that the Geo is not invisible.
+<p>Normally images that want to be texture mapped with openGL should have dimensions that are a power of 2 in both height and width.
+Now [pix_texture] will make this totally transparent to you (so normally you don't have to care about the size of the image).
+However with non-power-of-2 images <i>pix_coordinate</i> might not behave as expected,
+because these images need absolute texture-coordinates rather than normalized ones
+(as are used with power-of-2 images): so if the texture-coordinates are set to "(0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,1)" you might see only the first pixel of the image (which might be black).
+<p>Also, make sure that GEM can find your image (ie,
+that the path name is correct).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.2"></a>4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going
+on?
+<p>GEM supports gray8, YUV, and RGBA images.  If
+it sees that the number of bits per channel and the number of channels
+is something that it should be able to handle, it tries to load the raw
+data.  If you have compressed or stored the pixel data in some "strange"
+format, then GEM will probably not read the information correctly.
+<br> Also, if it is an RGBA image, then make sure that
+the alpha channel is something useful (this only matters if you are using
+the alpha channel, like in the alpha object or pix_mask).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.3"></a>4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray
+image?
+<p>This error message occurs whenever a pix object receives
+a gray8 image and the implementor hasn't provided a way to deal with that
+format of image. (Implementors often only provide functions for GEM's <i>native</i>
+color-format RGBA. Any other color-format (like BGR) will try to call the function
+for gray8 images, which might not be supported.)
+  If you do not want to change the image format with some extern image-programm
+(like Photoshop or the Gimp) you might want to try <i>pix_rgba</a>
+or harass whoever made the object to add the functionality.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.4"></a>4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?
+<p>GEM can read in TIFF, JPEG, and SGI images.
+These can be in any color format.  Gray scale images are loaded in
+as gray scale (ie, one byte per pixel).  Everything else is loaded
+in or converted to an RGBA image (ie, four bytes per pixel).  If there
+is an alpha channel, then it will be respected.  Otherwise, the alpha
+channel will be set to fully opaque (alpha == 255).
+<p>GEM can write TIFF and JPEG images.
+TIFF-images will be full RGBA-images, wheras JPEG-files only support (compressed) RGB.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.5"></a>4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?
+<p>The movie formats GEM can handle (still) depend on the platform
+you are using.
+<p>On Windoze you can read all AVI-files you have codecs for
+<p>On linux the readable formats depend on the libraries you had installed when you compiled GEM.
+Currently there is (optional) support for AVI,  quicktime (*.MOV) and MPEG (*.MPG) files.
+Not all quicktime-formats are supported. This is unfortunate but is due to linux restrictions.
+I highly recommend that you install the mpeg3-library from Heroine because it is much more stable than mpeg1 (which comes with many linux-distributions).
+If you have compiled in support for libavifile, you will be able to open Micro$oft-AVI-files.
+If you have installed the proper codecs
+(libavifile supports a mechanism for loading codecs from windows-DLLs) you should be able to
+open almost any format.
+
+If you have serious problems, mail them <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">to me</a>.
+(Be ready to upload the movie-file that won't work)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.6"></a>4.6) Why is <i>pix_draw</i> so slow?
+<p><i>pix_draw</i> is almost never hardware accelerated
+on PCs graphics accelerator.  This means that it runs <i>extremely</i>
+slowly.  Always use <i>pix_texture</i>, even if you are just displaying
+an image.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="WorkingWithPd"></a><h3><i>WORKING WITH PD</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="5.1"></a>5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?
+<p>If you are getting a constant stream of clicks in
+your audio, then it is probably because you are trying to do graphics and
+audio in the same process.  Rendering a graphics frame usually takes
+longer than the size of the audio buffer, which is why you get clicks (the
+clicks are usually at 20Hz...the typical frame rate).
+<br> One way around this is to use two computers, one
+for graphics and one for audio.  If you have enough processing power
+(or dual processors), then you can run two versions of Pd, one for graphics
+and one for audio.  Just use <i>netsend</i> and <i>netreceive</i>
+to have the two versions of Pd talk to each other.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.2"></a>5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?
+<p>One simple way to get raw audio values right now is
+to use <i>snapshot~</i>.  Just set up a <i>metro</i> which bangs <i>snapshot~</i>
+and use the floating point value.  If you want "musical" information,
+then use objects such as <i>env~</i>.
+You might also have a look at the <i>pix_sig2pix~</i> which interprets audio-data as pixels
+and its counterpart <i>pix_pix2sig~</i>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.3"></a>5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?
+<p>This means that GEM can't locate the file.
+If you use an absolute path (with / for instance), then GEM will look there.
+Otherwise, GEM will look in the directory of where the patch is.
+Then pd/GEM will search the paths you specified at startup with the <i>-path</i> flag.
+<p>Check the following:
+<p>1) Does the file exist?
+<br> 2) Did you make a typo in the filename?
+<br> 3) Is the file in the search-path ?
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.4"></a>5.4) How can I optimize my patches?
+<p>One of the biggest performance hits is having UI
+elements in your patch which have to be updated.  The biggest performance
+hog is the number box.  While the number box is great for debugging,
+make sure that they are all gone from your "release" patch.  If you
+run a performance meter, you will see that whenever Tcl/Tk has to update
+the user interface, it sucks the entire processor.  Another examples
+of this is when you move a lot of objects at once, everything jerks and
+slides across the screen.  There are probably ways to improve this...
+<br> Another problem is doing unneccessary calculations.
+When you are throwing lots of numbers around, especially packing/unpacking,
+doing vector math, etc., they add up.  If the calculations are going
+unused (for instance, that part of the patch is turned off), then do not
+trigger the math objects.  Use <i>spigot</i> or <i>gate</i> and block
+the events early.  This is especially important with objects that
+send a lot of numbers, like ~ objects or <i>line</i>/<i>tripleLine</i>.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="NewGemObjects"></a><h3><i>WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="6.1"></a>6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?
+<p>For the time being, you have to look at the code.
+It is fairly well documented and straight forward (if you know C++ and
+OOP).  Start with an object which is similar to what you want and
+derive a new class.  The biggest issue right now is how to load in
+GEM as a DSO/DLL. For SGIs, you will need to setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
+On NT, you will need to have your path include the directory with GEM.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="6.2"></a>6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?
+<p>GemMan (and by association, gemwin) disables alpha
+testing, alpha blending, culling, and lighting.  Lighting defaults
+to two sided, with GL_COLOR_MATERIAL enabled.  The viewport is set
+to
+<p>float xDivy = (float)m_width / (float)m_height;
+<br> glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
+<br> glLoadIdentity();
+<br> glFrustum(-xDivy, xDivy, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 20.0);
+<br> gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
+0.0);
+<br> glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+<br> glViewport(0, 0, m_width, m_height);
+<p>which gives a range of about -4 to 4 in X and Y at the origin.
+This is a small range, but changing it now would break a lot of patches.
+<p>The specific functions to look at are:
+<p>GemMan::windowInit()
+<br>GemMan::resetValues()
+<br>gemhead::renderGL()
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ObjectSpecific"></a><h3><i>OBJECT SPECIFIC</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="7.1"></a>7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?
+<p>Usually, this is because I don't have the resources
+to get the object running on that platform.  If an object that you
+want doesn't exist on your platform, then ask for it!  However, if
+it is tied to hardware, then it is much less likely that I will be able
+to do anything about it (unless someone donates the hardware to me...)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.2"></a>7.2) Why doesn't <i>gemtablet</i> work?
+<p><i>gemtablet</i> only works on WinNT.  I don't
+have drivers for IRIX or Linux (also, see question 7.4)
+<br> If GEM can find the tablet, then it will print a
+message at window creation time.  If you don't see a message, then
+GEM doesn't think that you have a tablet.
+<br> The tablet is mapped to the size of the GEM graphics
+window.
+<p>---
+<br><a NAME="7.3"></a>7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet.
+How do I stop it?
+<p>Set the environment variable
+<p>GEM_NO_TABLET = 1
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.4"></a>7.4) Why doesn't <i>gemmouse</i> work in IRIX?
+<p>Basically, I don't have physical access to an SGI machine.
+This makes it hard to do some of the OS specific work.
+It should be straightforward to do the event handling, so if someone gets
+it working, I would love to include it (and give you credit).  All
+you have to do is call the correct event functions from GemEvent.h and
+everything should just start to work (ie, gemmouse doesn't have any OS
+specific code in it).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.5"></a>7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?
+<p>You need to make sure that your SpaceOrb is hooked
+up correctly. I am using a library which isn't supported by SpaceTec so
+there can be problems, although I have not had any.
+<br> &lt;RANT> When will companies wake up and actually
+provide drivers and support for their products under WinNT? &lt;/RANT>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.6"></a>7.6) What is wrong with <i>pix_video</i> in WinNT?
+<p>I haven't completely figured out how to get access
+to the video stream in WinNT.  I'm using Video for Windows with a
+Connectix QuickCam, as well as an Intel Video Capture Card, and it seems
+to assume that you are only writing to a file or previewing into a window.
+Windows tries to take over the system and doesn't really provide any stable
+hooks (unlike IRIX).  If anyone knows how to deal with this, please
+let me know.
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html b/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
index b564d99..46c863a 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
@@ -1,140 +1,140 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Using GEM with Pd</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Using GEM with Pd</u></h2></center>

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An important fact is that GEM is NOT an application.

-It is a library that the application Pd loads in at run-time.&nbsp; Most

-of this information is taken directly from the GEM FAQ.

-<p><a href="#GEMIrix">How do I install GEM on IRIX?</a>

-<br><a href="#GEMWinNT">How do I install GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>

-<br><a href="#GEMlinux">How do I install GEM on linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#GEMmacos">How do I install GEM on macOS-X?</a>

-<br><a href="#runIRIX">How do I run GEM on IRIX?</a>

-<br><a href="#runWinNT">How do I run GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>

-<br><a href="#runlinux">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#runmacos">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>

-<br><a href="#noRun">Why doesn't GEM run?</a>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="GEMIrix"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</u></h4>

-See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded.&nbsp; GEM should

-be located at

-<p>pd/gem

-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.

-<p>If you run the shell script, GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example

-files and documention

-<br>should be put in the correct locations.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="GEMWinNT"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</u></h4>

-See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere

-<p>Unzip the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at

-<p>pd\gem

-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.

-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation

-should be put in the correct locations.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="GEMlinux"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</u></h4>

-See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at

-<p>pd/gem

-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.

-<p>chdir into &lt;pd/gem&gt;/src/Gnu

-<p>read the README.build

-<p>run <tt>./configure</tt> and afterwards <tt>make</tt>

-<p>If you run <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documentation

-should be put in the correct locations.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="GEMmacos"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS-X?</u></h4>

-See the readme for installing Pd.

-<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on IRIX?</u></h4>

-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:

-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem

-<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out

-the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to

-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.

-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look

-in the GEM FAQ

-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.

-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.

-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="runWinNT"></a><u>How do I run GEM on Win95/NT?</u></h4>

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It is best to start Pd from a DOS command line.&nbsp;

-If you go to the Start menu, you should find an application called "Command

-Prompt" under the Program menu.&nbsp; You need to change to the drive where

-you installed Pd.&nbsp; For instance, if it is on your D: drive, just type

-d: at the prompt.

-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:

-<p>\pd\bin\pd -lib /pd/gem/Gem

-<p>depending on where you installed Pd.

-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the

--lib flag. If you just try to double click GEM, you will get an error!

-Notice that last word is a capital Gem. If you get a "can't find gem_setup"

-error, then that is the problem. Look in the GEM FAQ for trouble shooting

-suggestions.

-<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.

-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Most people use the command shell to start Pd.&nbsp;

-It is difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.

-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment

-variable.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on linux?</u></h4>

-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:

-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem

-<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out

-the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to

-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.

-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look

-in the GEM FAQ

-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.

-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.

-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on macOS-X?</u></h4>

-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:

-<code>/usr/local/bin/pd -lib /Users/zmoelnig/pd/Gem</code>

-<p>(where /usr/local/bin/pd is the path to the pd directory and 

-/Users/zmoelnig/pd is the path where the <i>Gem.pd_darwin</i> resides). 

-Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to

-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.

-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look

-in the GEM FAQ

-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.

-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.

-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h4>

-<a NAME="noRun"></a><u>Why doesn't GEM run?</u></h4>

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix styles

-slashes, even if you are on Windows.&nbsp; This means that you need to

-do <i>-lib /gem/Gem</i>, not <i>-lib \gem\Gem</i>

-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You may also want to use the -nosound flag.&nbsp;

-For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just

-turn off the audio part of Pd.&nbsp; However, other people can't get GEM

-to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).&nbsp; You can also try the

--dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion

-only).

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Using GEM with Pd</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Using GEM with Pd</u></h2></center>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An important fact is that GEM is NOT an application.
+It is a library that the application Pd loads in at run-time.&nbsp; Most
+of this information is taken directly from the GEM FAQ.
+<p><a href="#GEMIrix">How do I install GEM on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMWinNT">How do I install GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMlinux">How do I install GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMmacos">How do I install GEM on macOS-X?</a>
+<br><a href="#runIRIX">How do I run GEM on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#runWinNT">How do I run GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
+<br><a href="#runlinux">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#runmacos">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#noRun">Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMIrix"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded.&nbsp; GEM should
+be located at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>If you run the shell script, GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example
+files and documention
+<br>should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMWinNT"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
+<p>Unzip the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
+<p>pd\gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMlinux"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>chdir into &lt;pd/gem&gt;/src/Gnu
+<p>read the README.build
+<p>run <tt>./configure</tt> and afterwards <tt>make</tt>
+<p>If you run <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMmacos"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS-X?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on IRIX?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
+the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runWinNT"></a><u>How do I run GEM on Win95/NT?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It is best to start Pd from a DOS command line.&nbsp;
+If you go to the Start menu, you should find an application called "Command
+Prompt" under the Program menu.&nbsp; You need to change to the drive where
+you installed Pd.&nbsp; For instance, if it is on your D: drive, just type
+d: at the prompt.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>\pd\bin\pd -lib /pd/gem/Gem
+<p>depending on where you installed Pd.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the
+-lib flag. If you just try to double click GEM, you will get an error!
+Notice that last word is a capital Gem. If you get a "can't find gem_setup"
+error, then that is the problem. Look in the GEM FAQ for trouble shooting
+suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Most people use the command shell to start Pd.&nbsp;
+It is difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment
+variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on linux?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
+the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on macOS-X?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<code>/usr/local/bin/pd -lib /Users/zmoelnig/pd/Gem</code>
+<p>(where /usr/local/bin/pd is the path to the pd directory and
+/Users/zmoelnig/pd is the path where the <i>Gem.pd_darwin</i> resides).
+Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="noRun"></a><u>Why doesn't GEM run?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix styles
+slashes, even if you are on Windows.&nbsp; This means that you need to
+do <i>-lib /gem/Gem</i>, not <i>-lib \gem\Gem</i>
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You may also want to use the -nosound flag.&nbsp;
+For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
+turn off the audio part of Pd.&nbsp; However, other people can't get GEM
+to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).&nbsp; You can also try the
+-dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
+only).
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Gloss.html b/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
index 1d42709..fcf35c9 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Glossary/Index</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Glossary</u></h2></center>

-<a NAME="Alpha"></a>Alpha - The amount of opacity.&nbsp; An alpha equal

-to 1.0 means completely opaque.&nbsp; An alpha equal to 0.0 means completely

-transparent.

-<p><a NAME="Controls"></a>Controls - GEM objects which access the low levels

-of GEM, such as window managers.

-<p><a NAME="Geos"></a>Geos - GEM objects which have a shape of some kind,

-such as a cube.

-<p><a NAME="Manips"></a>Manips - GEM objects which manipulate the geos.

-<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a>MarkEx - A collection of objects which help with

-data manipulation, especially for usage in GEM.

-<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a>Nongeos - GEM objects which do not have an explicit

-shape, yet affect the rendering in some way.

-<p><a NAME="OpenGL"></a><a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a> - A

-graphics API which exists on many different platforms.<br>

-Gem can <i>also</i> be used as a wrapper for openGL, allowing to program openGL without having to

-compile

-<p><a NAME="Particles"></a>Particles - GEM objects which involve the particle

-system.

-<p><a NAME="Pd"></a><a href="http://pd.iem.at">Pd</a>

-- A visual programming language for audio processing.&nbsp; This is the

-host application for GEM.

-<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a>Pixes - Image processing objects in GEM

-<p><a NAME="Texture"></a>Texture mapping - Applying an image to a geometric

-object.

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Glossary/Index</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Glossary</u></h2></center>
+<a NAME="Alpha"></a>Alpha - The amount of opacity.&nbsp; An alpha equal
+to 1.0 means completely opaque.&nbsp; An alpha equal to 0.0 means completely
+transparent.
+<p><a NAME="Controls"></a>Controls - GEM objects which access the low levels
+of GEM, such as window managers.
+<p><a NAME="Geos"></a>Geos - GEM objects which have a shape of some kind,
+such as a cube.
+<p><a NAME="Manips"></a>Manips - GEM objects which manipulate the geos.
+<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a>MarkEx - A collection of objects which help with
+data manipulation, especially for usage in GEM.
+<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a>Nongeos - GEM objects which do not have an explicit
+shape, yet affect the rendering in some way.
+<p><a NAME="OpenGL"></a><a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a> - A
+graphics API which exists on many different platforms.<br>
+Gem can <i>also</i> be used as a wrapper for openGL, allowing to program openGL without having to
+compile
+<p><a NAME="Particles"></a>Particles - GEM objects which involve the particle
+system.
+<p><a NAME="Pd"></a><a href="http://pd.iem.at">Pd</a>
+- A visual programming language for audio processing.&nbsp; This is the
+host application for GEM.
+<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a>Pixes - Image processing objects in GEM
+<p><a NAME="Texture"></a>Texture mapping - Applying an image to a geometric
+object.
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Images.html b/Gem/manual/Images.html
index 182d153..cc6eb99 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Images.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Images.html
@@ -1,112 +1,112 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-   <title>Images</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Dealing with Images</u></h2></center>

-Images are files which are loaded into GEM.  The images can be manipulated,

-applied to objects, and used in any number of different ways.  In

-this section, you will load in an image and display it on the screen. 

-This section will not apply the images to a <i>geo</i>; that occurs in

-the next part of the manual.

-<p>The pix objects are GEM objects which deal with <i>pix</i>els. 

-They do everything from loading in images to applying filters to the data. 

-The objects in this section of the manual only load in pix data from outside

-sources.  How you actually display the image is up to you.  The

-most common usages are with <i>[pix_draw]</i> and <i>[pix_texture]</i>.

-<p><b>Warning</b>:  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is almost always slower than <i>[pix_texture]</i>. 

-Because <i>[pix_draw]</i> is easier to use than <i>[pix_texture]</i>, it is

-used in these examples.  However, in any real usage or piece, <i>[pix_texture]</i>

-should always be used instead.  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is slow because PC

-graphics accelerators do not provide hardware acceleration for that functionality. 

-<i>[pix_texture]</i> does have hardware acceleration and will be much faster.

-<p><a href="#pix_image">[pix_image]</a> - load in an image

-<br><a href="#pix_multiimage">[pix_multiimage]</a> - load in multiple images

-<br><a href="#pix_movie">[pix_movie]</a> - load in a movie file

-<br><a href="#pix_video">[pix_video]</a> - use a real time video source

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="pix_image"></a>[pix_image]</h3>

-<i>[pix_image]</i> is used to load in images.  Images can be in a variety

-of different formats, including TIFF, JPEG, and SGI formats.  The

-patch gem_pix/gemImage.pd is the simplest use of the <i>[pix_image]</i> object. 

-In this patch, the <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the file dancer.JPG.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="pixImage.jpg" BORDER=1 height=180 width=151></center>

-

-<p>As is the case with every GEM chain, this patch starts with the <i>[gemhead]</i>

-object.  The next object is <i>[pix_image]</i>, which actually loads

-the image.  <i>[pix_image]</i> makes the file dancer.JPG the current

-pixel data, which will be used in all subsequent operations in the chain. 

-The <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is used to move the image around. 

-Finally, the <i>[pix_draw]</i> object renders the pixel data to the screen.

-<p>The patch mentions that changing the Z in <i>[translateXYZ]</i> does not

-change the size of the image, as would occur with a <i>geo</i> object like

-<i>[square]</i>. 

-This is because <i>[pix_draw]</i> simply draws the pixel at the current raster

-position, without any transformation.  If you want to change the size

-on the fly and rotate the image, you need to texture map the pix, which

-is described in the next section.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="pix_multiimage"></a>[pix_multiimage]</h3>

-The <i>[pix_image]</i> object only loads in one image at time.  If you

-try to change the image rapidly while the patch is running, you will notice

-a lag every time it has to load in a new file.  To avoid this lag,

-there is another object called <i>[pix_multiimage]</i>.  If you look

-at patch gem_pix/gemMultiImage.pd, you will see this object in action.

-<p>Basically, the * in the file name is replaced by the number that you

-pass in.  This allows you to play sequences of images with random

-access.  The one downside is that every image is loaded into memory

-when the object is created, so you need to have a lot of RAM to use it.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3><a NAME="pix_movie"></a>[pix_movie]/[pix_film]</h3>

-These objects are used to read movie-files from disk (or if supported from the internet).

-

-The movie is streamed off of disk, 

-using whatever decompression libraries are installed on your computer. 

-On Windows AVI movies seem to work fine,

-but there is also a prelaminary support for quicktimes (and mpeg).

-On macOS-X all formats supported by the system (basically: quicktime) should work ok.

-On linux the support is highly depending on what libraries are installed during compile time.

-There is support for MPEG (with libmpeg1 or (preferred:) libmpeg3), 

-quicktime (either libquicktime or quicktime4linux; 

-most likely you will not be able to decode quicktimes with proprietary codecs)

-and AVI (with libavifile which is able to utilize windows-dlls for (proprietary) codecs).

-There is also some rudimentary support for FFMPEG.

-

-The right inlet of <i>[pix_movie]</i>

-accepts a number to specify the frame to display.  Look at 04.pix/04.movie.pd

-for an image.

-<p>A key fact of <i>[pix_movie]</i> is that it immediately sends the movie

-data to OpenGL as a texture map.  This means that you do not need

-the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object in your chain.  This also means that

-you cannot process the movie data with pix objects.  The main reason

-for this is that it removes the need for a copy of all of the movie data. 

-If you want to apply some image-processing, you will have to use <i>[pix_film]</i>

-(and <i>[pix_texture]</i> for texture-mapping).

-<p>Some of the geos will not texture map the <i>[pix_movie]</i> data correctly. 

-Cone and sphere do not use texture coordinates when they are provided,

-so when you display a movie on one of these objects, you will have a black

-region (unless your movie size is a power of two...however, most movies

-are 320x160 pixels or something).  This will be fixed in a future

-release.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="pix_video"></a>pix_video</h3>

-The "image" can come from the <i>[pix_video]</i> object.

-This means that you can use a real-time video source and display it on the screen.

-<p>You can play with <i>[pix_video]</i> with the patches in 04.video/.

-The patches are explained in more depth in the advanced section of the GEM manual.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+   <title>Images</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Dealing with Images</u></h2></center>
+Images are files which are loaded into GEM.  The images can be manipulated,
+applied to objects, and used in any number of different ways.  In
+this section, you will load in an image and display it on the screen.
+This section will not apply the images to a <i>geo</i>; that occurs in
+the next part of the manual.
+<p>The pix objects are GEM objects which deal with <i>pix</i>els.
+They do everything from loading in images to applying filters to the data.
+The objects in this section of the manual only load in pix data from outside
+sources.  How you actually display the image is up to you.  The
+most common usages are with <i>[pix_draw]</i> and <i>[pix_texture]</i>.
+<p><b>Warning</b>:  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is almost always slower than <i>[pix_texture]</i>.
+Because <i>[pix_draw]</i> is easier to use than <i>[pix_texture]</i>, it is
+used in these examples.  However, in any real usage or piece, <i>[pix_texture]</i>
+should always be used instead.  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is slow because PC
+graphics accelerators do not provide hardware acceleration for that functionality.
+<i>[pix_texture]</i> does have hardware acceleration and will be much faster.
+<p><a href="#pix_image">[pix_image]</a> - load in an image
+<br><a href="#pix_multiimage">[pix_multiimage]</a> - load in multiple images
+<br><a href="#pix_movie">[pix_movie]</a> - load in a movie file
+<br><a href="#pix_video">[pix_video]</a> - use a real time video source
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_image"></a>[pix_image]</h3>
+<i>[pix_image]</i> is used to load in images.  Images can be in a variety
+of different formats, including TIFF, JPEG, and SGI formats.  The
+patch gem_pix/gemImage.pd is the simplest use of the <i>[pix_image]</i> object.
+In this patch, the <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the file dancer.JPG.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="pixImage.jpg" BORDER=1 height=180 width=151></center>
+
+<p>As is the case with every GEM chain, this patch starts with the <i>[gemhead]</i>
+object.  The next object is <i>[pix_image]</i>, which actually loads
+the image.  <i>[pix_image]</i> makes the file dancer.JPG the current
+pixel data, which will be used in all subsequent operations in the chain.
+The <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is used to move the image around.
+Finally, the <i>[pix_draw]</i> object renders the pixel data to the screen.
+<p>The patch mentions that changing the Z in <i>[translateXYZ]</i> does not
+change the size of the image, as would occur with a <i>geo</i> object like
+<i>[square]</i>.
+This is because <i>[pix_draw]</i> simply draws the pixel at the current raster
+position, without any transformation.  If you want to change the size
+on the fly and rotate the image, you need to texture map the pix, which
+is described in the next section.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_multiimage"></a>[pix_multiimage]</h3>
+The <i>[pix_image]</i> object only loads in one image at time.  If you
+try to change the image rapidly while the patch is running, you will notice
+a lag every time it has to load in a new file.  To avoid this lag,
+there is another object called <i>[pix_multiimage]</i>.  If you look
+at patch gem_pix/gemMultiImage.pd, you will see this object in action.
+<p>Basically, the * in the file name is replaced by the number that you
+pass in.  This allows you to play sequences of images with random
+access.  The one downside is that every image is loaded into memory
+when the object is created, so you need to have a lot of RAM to use it.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3><a NAME="pix_movie"></a>[pix_movie]/[pix_film]</h3>
+These objects are used to read movie-files from disk (or if supported from the internet).
+
+The movie is streamed off of disk,
+using whatever decompression libraries are installed on your computer.
+On Windows AVI movies seem to work fine,
+but there is also a prelaminary support for quicktimes (and mpeg).
+On macOS-X all formats supported by the system (basically: quicktime) should work ok.
+On linux the support is highly depending on what libraries are installed during compile time.
+There is support for MPEG (with libmpeg1 or (preferred:) libmpeg3),
+quicktime (either libquicktime or quicktime4linux;
+most likely you will not be able to decode quicktimes with proprietary codecs)
+and AVI (with libavifile which is able to utilize windows-dlls for (proprietary) codecs).
+There is also some rudimentary support for FFMPEG.
+
+The right inlet of <i>[pix_movie]</i>
+accepts a number to specify the frame to display.  Look at 04.pix/04.movie.pd
+for an image.
+<p>A key fact of <i>[pix_movie]</i> is that it immediately sends the movie
+data to OpenGL as a texture map.  This means that you do not need
+the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object in your chain.  This also means that
+you cannot process the movie data with pix objects.  The main reason
+for this is that it removes the need for a copy of all of the movie data.
+If you want to apply some image-processing, you will have to use <i>[pix_film]</i>
+(and <i>[pix_texture]</i> for texture-mapping).
+<p>Some of the geos will not texture map the <i>[pix_movie]</i> data correctly.
+Cone and sphere do not use texture coordinates when they are provided,
+so when you display a movie on one of these objects, you will have a black
+region (unless your movie size is a power of two...however, most movies
+are 320x160 pixels or something).  This will be fixed in a future
+release.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_video"></a>pix_video</h3>
+The "image" can come from the <i>[pix_video]</i> object.
+This means that you can use a real-time video source and display it on the screen.
+<p>You can play with <i>[pix_video]</i> with the patches in 04.video/.
+The patches are explained in more depth in the advanced section of the GEM manual.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Input.html b/Gem/manual/Input.html
index fe089d0..3b027e1 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Input.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Input.html
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Input devices</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Input devices</u></h2></center>

-

-<p><br>Nothing here yet

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Input devices</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Input devices</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Nothing here yet
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Intro.html b/Gem/manual/Intro.html
index 23e8d23..165ad27 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Intro.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Intro.html
@@ -1,62 +1,62 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>GEM - Introduction</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Introduction</u></h2></center>

-GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. It was originally written by

-<a href="http://www.danks.org/mark">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer graphics,

-especially for audio-visual compositions.

-Because GEM is a visual programming environment, users do not need any experience

-in traditional computer languages.

-<p>GEM is a collection of externals which allow the user to create

-<a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a>

-graphics within <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,

-a program for real-time audio processing by <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller

-Puckette</a> (of <a href="http://www.ircam.fr">Max</a> fame).

-<p>There are many different shapes and objects, including polygonal graphics,

-lighting, texture mapping, image processing, and camera motion. All of

-this is possible in real-time without any previous programming experience.

-Because GEM is an add-on library for <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,

-users can combine audio and graphics, controlling one medium from another.

-<p>GEM is supported in part by a grant from the <a href="http://www.intel.com">Intel

-Research Council</a> for the <a href="http://www.gvm.com">The Global Visual

-Music</a> project of <a href="http://felix.usc.edu/vibeke.html">Vibeke

-Sorensen</a>, <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller Puckette</a>

-and <a href="http://www.earunit.org/rand.htm">Rand Steiger</a>.

-<p>An important thing to remember is that GEM is NOT an application.&nbsp;

-It is a library that Pd loads at run-time.&nbsp; Make sure that you see

-the section on <a href="GemWPd.html">using GEM with Pd</a>.&nbsp; This

-manual assumes that you have Pd working correctly and can load up patches

-already.&nbsp; If you do not have that working yet, look at the Pd manual

-and the GEM FAQ.&nbsp; Also, it is assumed that you have a basic understanding

-of how to use Pd and the idea behind the data flow model.&nbsp; In other

-words, if I ask you to pass a message with 3 floats into an object, you

-would know what I mean.

-<p>The system requirements vary depending on your system and what you are

-trying to do.&nbsp; In general, you should have the most powerful computer

-available and the best graphics accelerator on the market.&nbsp; In reality,

-people have been doing some amazing work with a Pentium II and an <a href="http://www.nvidia.com">nVidia

-Riva TNT</a> or <a href="http://www.3dfx.com">3Dfx Voodoo2</a> card.&nbsp;

-If you are on an SGI, then everything from an O2 up seems to be okay.&nbsp;

-The biggest requirement is that you have some kind of OpenGL graphics accelerator.&nbsp;

-This means that a Matrox Millennium II will not run very quickly.

-<p>The other factor is what you are trying to do.&nbsp; Pushing real-time

-video around requires a fast bus, which really only exists on SGIs.&nbsp;

-Doing thousands of texture mapped polygons is great on a PC...if it is

-a constant texture.&nbsp; There are many issues which mean that there is

-no one answer to "Is this system good enough?".&nbsp; In general, you will

-have to try and see.

-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="http://www.iem.at/info/personal/jz.htm">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.

-So any bug-reports and donations should go to him instead of Mark...

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>GEM - Introduction</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Introduction</u></h2></center>
+GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. It was originally written by
+<a href="http://www.danks.org/mark">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer graphics,
+especially for audio-visual compositions.
+Because GEM is a visual programming environment, users do not need any experience
+in traditional computer languages.
+<p>GEM is a collection of externals which allow the user to create
+<a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a>
+graphics within <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
+a program for real-time audio processing by <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller
+Puckette</a> (of <a href="http://www.ircam.fr">Max</a> fame).
+<p>There are many different shapes and objects, including polygonal graphics,
+lighting, texture mapping, image processing, and camera motion. All of
+this is possible in real-time without any previous programming experience.
+Because GEM is an add-on library for <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
+users can combine audio and graphics, controlling one medium from another.
+<p>GEM is supported in part by a grant from the <a href="http://www.intel.com">Intel
+Research Council</a> for the <a href="http://www.gvm.com">The Global Visual
+Music</a> project of <a href="http://felix.usc.edu/vibeke.html">Vibeke
+Sorensen</a>, <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller Puckette</a>
+and <a href="http://www.earunit.org/rand.htm">Rand Steiger</a>.
+<p>An important thing to remember is that GEM is NOT an application.&nbsp;
+It is a library that Pd loads at run-time.&nbsp; Make sure that you see
+the section on <a href="GemWPd.html">using GEM with Pd</a>.&nbsp; This
+manual assumes that you have Pd working correctly and can load up patches
+already.&nbsp; If you do not have that working yet, look at the Pd manual
+and the GEM FAQ.&nbsp; Also, it is assumed that you have a basic understanding
+of how to use Pd and the idea behind the data flow model.&nbsp; In other
+words, if I ask you to pass a message with 3 floats into an object, you
+would know what I mean.
+<p>The system requirements vary depending on your system and what you are
+trying to do.&nbsp; In general, you should have the most powerful computer
+available and the best graphics accelerator on the market.&nbsp; In reality,
+people have been doing some amazing work with a Pentium II and an <a href="http://www.nvidia.com">nVidia
+Riva TNT</a> or <a href="http://www.3dfx.com">3Dfx Voodoo2</a> card.&nbsp;
+If you are on an SGI, then everything from an O2 up seems to be okay.&nbsp;
+The biggest requirement is that you have some kind of OpenGL graphics accelerator.&nbsp;
+This means that a Matrox Millennium II will not run very quickly.
+<p>The other factor is what you are trying to do.&nbsp; Pushing real-time
+video around requires a fast bus, which really only exists on SGIs.&nbsp;
+Doing thousands of texture mapped polygons is great on a PC...if it is
+a constant texture.&nbsp; There are many issues which mean that there is
+no one answer to "Is this system good enough?".&nbsp; In general, you will
+have to try and see.
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="http://www.iem.at/info/personal/jz.htm">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
+So any bug-reports and donations should go to him instead of Mark...
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Lighting.html b/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
index dcff171..5c30fb9 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
@@ -1,107 +1,107 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-   <title>Lighting</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Lighting</u></h2></center>

-Lighting is an important factor is how we perceive the quality of an image. 

-For example, without lighting and shading, a sphere would just look like

-a circle.  GEM provides two types of lights, a local light and world

-light.

-<p>OpenGL uses a vertex lighting model.  This means that for every

-vertex in the scene, the influence of the light is calculated.  The

-color for the polygon is then modified by the light value of all of the

-vertices.  This generally produces a very smooth effect, but you will

-occasionally run into rendering artifacts, especially if you use local

-lights.  For example, imagine you have a local light close a large

-square.  The corners of the square are far away from the light, so

-none of them will be lit very brightly, even though the light itself is

-very close to the surface of the square.

-<p>It is important to realize that lighting is an expensive operation to

-use.  The number of polygons that you will be able to render will

-be much lower if lighting is turned on.  As usual, the complexity

-of the scene and the speed of your computer and graphics card will greatly

-affect your frame rate.

-<p>GEM has only a maximum of 8 lights at one time.  If you try to

-create more lights than that, you will get an error message.

-<p><a href="#Activate">Activate lighting</a>

-<br><a href="#world_light">[world_light]</a> - A directional light

-<br><a href="#light">[light]</a> - A point light in the world

-<br><a href="#Moving">Moving lights</a>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="Activate"></a>Activate lighting</h3>

-Lighting is activated by sending a message to <i>[gemwin]</i>.  If you

-send "lighting 1", then lighting will be turned on.  If you send "lighting

-0", then lighting will be turned off.  The lighting state is kept

-even if you destroy the gemwin.  This means that if you close a patch

-and open another one, the lighting will still be the same.

-<p>Individual lights can be turned on and off by sending a 1 or 0 to the

-left inlet of the light object itself.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="world_light"></a>[world_light]</h3>

-A <i>[world_light]</i> is a light which exists infintely far away. 

-This reduces the computation needed, so your patch can run faster, but

-it means that all of the light rays are parallel.  The <i>[world_light]</i>

-is good for objects like the sun and other lighting affects.  This

-means that translating a <i>[world_light]</i> has no effect, although rotation

-does.

-<p>The following patch is 03.lighting/01.world_light.pd.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="world_light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=370></center>

-

-<p>The <i>[world_light]</i> has one extra inlet.  The right inlet accepts

-three floats to set the color of the light.  A <i>[color]</i> object

-would do nothing.  In this case, the light is being set to purple. 

-The <i>[world_light]</i> also accepts a debug message.  The debug message

-turns on and off a graphical representation of the light in the scene. 

-The <i>[world_light]</i> looks like a cone.  The cone shows the direction

-that the light is coming from.  Remember that the actual position

-of the light does not matter, so geos behind the cone will still be lit. 

-It is the direction of the light that matters.  This is why you can

-rotate the light.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="light"></a>[light]</h3>

-A <i>[light]</i> object generates a point light in the world.  Because

-the light is local to the scene, there is more math to generate the effect

-of the light on the vertices.  However, unlike a <i>[world_light]</i>,

-you can translate the <i>[light]</i> object.

-<p>Below is the patch 03.lighting/02.light.pd.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=215 width=212></center>

-

-<p>The <i>[light]</i> object has a right inlet for the color, just light

-the <i>[world_light]</i> object.  As this patch shows, the light can

-be moved around the scene with both <i>[rotate]</i> and <i>[translate]</i>

-objects.  If you were to set the translate X value equal to 1.0, then

-the sphere would not be lit at all.  This is because the light would

-be inside of the sphere.  When you turn on the debug representation,

-it is a sphere with its origin where the light it.  The <i>[light]</i>

-object does not have any size.  It exists as a point source.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="Moving"></a>Moving lights</h3>

-The patch 03.lighting/03.controlLights.pd allows you to move a <i>[light]</i>

-and <i>[world_light]</i> object in the same scene to see the difference between

-the two objects.

-<p>The patch 03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd is an example which moves

-two spheres around the world.  Turn on and off the individual lights

-for a demonstration of a local versus infinite light.

-<p>The patch 03.lighting/05.materials.pd uses the material objects to

-selectively control the color of the object. Notice that the diffuse object

-sets the "overall" color, while the specular objects sets the bright reflective

-area where the light directly shines.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br> 

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+   <title>Lighting</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Lighting</u></h2></center>
+Lighting is an important factor is how we perceive the quality of an image.
+For example, without lighting and shading, a sphere would just look like
+a circle.  GEM provides two types of lights, a local light and world
+light.
+<p>OpenGL uses a vertex lighting model.  This means that for every
+vertex in the scene, the influence of the light is calculated.  The
+color for the polygon is then modified by the light value of all of the
+vertices.  This generally produces a very smooth effect, but you will
+occasionally run into rendering artifacts, especially if you use local
+lights.  For example, imagine you have a local light close a large
+square.  The corners of the square are far away from the light, so
+none of them will be lit very brightly, even though the light itself is
+very close to the surface of the square.
+<p>It is important to realize that lighting is an expensive operation to
+use.  The number of polygons that you will be able to render will
+be much lower if lighting is turned on.  As usual, the complexity
+of the scene and the speed of your computer and graphics card will greatly
+affect your frame rate.
+<p>GEM has only a maximum of 8 lights at one time.  If you try to
+create more lights than that, you will get an error message.
+<p><a href="#Activate">Activate lighting</a>
+<br><a href="#world_light">[world_light]</a> - A directional light
+<br><a href="#light">[light]</a> - A point light in the world
+<br><a href="#Moving">Moving lights</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="Activate"></a>Activate lighting</h3>
+Lighting is activated by sending a message to <i>[gemwin]</i>.  If you
+send "lighting 1", then lighting will be turned on.  If you send "lighting
+0", then lighting will be turned off.  The lighting state is kept
+even if you destroy the gemwin.  This means that if you close a patch
+and open another one, the lighting will still be the same.
+<p>Individual lights can be turned on and off by sending a 1 or 0 to the
+left inlet of the light object itself.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="world_light"></a>[world_light]</h3>
+A <i>[world_light]</i> is a light which exists infintely far away.
+This reduces the computation needed, so your patch can run faster, but
+it means that all of the light rays are parallel.  The <i>[world_light]</i>
+is good for objects like the sun and other lighting affects.  This
+means that translating a <i>[world_light]</i> has no effect, although rotation
+does.
+<p>The following patch is 03.lighting/01.world_light.pd.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="world_light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=370></center>
+
+<p>The <i>[world_light]</i> has one extra inlet.  The right inlet accepts
+three floats to set the color of the light.  A <i>[color]</i> object
+would do nothing.  In this case, the light is being set to purple.
+The <i>[world_light]</i> also accepts a debug message.  The debug message
+turns on and off a graphical representation of the light in the scene.
+The <i>[world_light]</i> looks like a cone.  The cone shows the direction
+that the light is coming from.  Remember that the actual position
+of the light does not matter, so geos behind the cone will still be lit.
+It is the direction of the light that matters.  This is why you can
+rotate the light.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="light"></a>[light]</h3>
+A <i>[light]</i> object generates a point light in the world.  Because
+the light is local to the scene, there is more math to generate the effect
+of the light on the vertices.  However, unlike a <i>[world_light]</i>,
+you can translate the <i>[light]</i> object.
+<p>Below is the patch 03.lighting/02.light.pd.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=215 width=212></center>
+
+<p>The <i>[light]</i> object has a right inlet for the color, just light
+the <i>[world_light]</i> object.  As this patch shows, the light can
+be moved around the scene with both <i>[rotate]</i> and <i>[translate]</i>
+objects.  If you were to set the translate X value equal to 1.0, then
+the sphere would not be lit at all.  This is because the light would
+be inside of the sphere.  When you turn on the debug representation,
+it is a sphere with its origin where the light it.  The <i>[light]</i>
+object does not have any size.  It exists as a point source.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="Moving"></a>Moving lights</h3>
+The patch 03.lighting/03.controlLights.pd allows you to move a <i>[light]</i>
+and <i>[world_light]</i> object in the same scene to see the difference between
+the two objects.
+<p>The patch 03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd is an example which moves
+two spheres around the world.  Turn on and off the individual lights
+for a demonstration of a local versus infinite light.
+<p>The patch 03.lighting/05.materials.pd uses the material objects to
+selectively control the color of the object. Notice that the diffuse object
+sets the "overall" color, while the specular objects sets the bright reflective
+area where the light directly shines.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html b/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
index 2708993..da6ab37 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
@@ -1,231 +1,231 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>List of GEM objects</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>List of GEM objects</u></h2></center>

-<a href="#Controls">Controls</a>

-<br><a href="#Manips">Manipulators</a>

-<br><a href="#Geos">Geos</a>

-<br><a href="#Particles">Particles</a>

-<br><a href="#Nongeos">Nongeos</a>

-<br><a href="#Pixes">Pixes</a>

-<br><a href="#TV">TV</a>

-<br><a href="#MarkEx">MarkEx</a>

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="Controls"></a><i><u>Controls</u></i>

-<br>gemhead - the start of rendering chain

-<br>gemwin - the window manager

-<br>gemmouse - outputs the mouse position and buttons in the GEM window

-<br>gemkeyboard - outputs the keycode of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different keycodes in Windows/Linux)

-<br>gemkeyname - outputs a symbolic description of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different symbols in Windows/Linux)

-<br>gemorb - outputs the position, rotation, and buttons for a Space Orb

-<br>gemtablet - outputs the pen position, pressure, and buttons in the

-GEM window

-<p>

-<hr WIDTH="100%">

-<br><a NAME="Manips"></a><i><u>Manipulators</u></i>

-<br>accumrotate - accumulate a rotation

-<br>alpha - enable/disable alpha blending

-<br>ambient - set the ambient color with a vector

-<br>ambientRGB - set the ambient color with 3 discrete values

-<br>camera - 

-<br>color - set the color with a vector

-<br>colorRGB - set the color with 3 discrete values

-<br>depth - enable/disable depth testing

-<br>diffuse - set the diffuse color with a vector

-<br>diffuseRGB - set the diffuse color with 3 discrete values

-<br>emission - set the emissive color with a vector

-<br>emissionRGB - set the emissive color with 3 discrete values

-<br>linear_path - generate a path from an array of points

-<br>ortho - change the view to orthogonal, with the viewport the size of

-the window

-<br>polygon_smooth - turn on anti-aliasing for the objects below

-<br>rotate - rotate with an angle and vector

-<br>rotateXYZ - rotate with 3 discrete values

-<br>scale - scale with a vector

-<br>scaleXYZ - scale with 3 discrete values

-<br>separator - push the OpenGL state for the rest of the chain and pop

-when done

-<br>shininess - set the shininess of an object

-<br>specular - set the specular color with a vector

-<br>specularRGB - set the specular color with 3 discrete values

-<br>spline_path - generate a spline from an array of knots

-<br>translate - translate with a vector

-<br>translateXYZ - translate with 3 discrete values

-

-<p><a NAME="Geos"></a><i><u>Geos</u></i>

-<br>circle - render a circle

-<br>colorSquare - render a colored square (evtl. with color gradients)

-<br>cone - render a cone

-<br>cube - render a cube

-<br>cuboid - render a box

-<br>curve - render a Bezier curve

-<br>curve3d - render a surface

-<br>cylinder - render a cylinder

-<br>disk - render a disk

-<br>imageVert - make pixel colors to a height field map

-<br>model - render an Alias|Wavefront model

-<br>multimodel - render a series of Alias|Wavefront models, render by number

-<br>newWave - render a wave (that is evolving over time)

-<br>polygon - render a polygon

-<br>primTri - a triangle primitive

-<br>rectangle - render a rectangle

-<br>ripple - a rectangle with distorted (over time) texture-coordinates

-<br>rubber - a grid where you can move one of the grid-points

-<br>slideSquare - render a number of sliding squares

-<br>sphere - render a sphere

-<br>square - render a square

-<br>teapot - render a teapot

-<br>text2d - render 2-D text (a bitmap)

-<br>text3d - render 3-D text (polygonal)

-<br>textextruded - render an extruded 3D-text

-<br>textoutline - render outlined text (polygonal)

-<br>triangle - render a triangle

-<p><a NAME="Particles"></a><i><u>Particles</u></i>

-<br>part_head - The start of a particle group

-<br>part_color - Set the range of colors for the new particles

-<br>part_damp - set the damping for particles

-<br>part_draw - Apply the actions and render the particles.&nbsp; Accepts

-a message "draw line" or "draw point" to change the drawing style.

-<br>part_follow - Particles will follow each other like a snake

-<br>part_gravity - Have the particles accelerate in a direction

-<br>part_info - get the information (position, color, size,...) of each particle

-<br>part_killold - Remove particles past a certain age

-<br>part_killslow - Remove particles below a certain speed

-<br>part_orbitpoint - Orbit the particles around a specified point

-<br>part_render - render the remaining gem-tree as particles.

-<br>part_size - Set the size of new particles

-<br>part_source - Generate particles

-<br>part_targetcolor - Change color of the particles toward the specified

-color

-<br>part_targetsize - Change size of the particles toward the specified

-size

-<br>part_velocity - Set the velocity domain

-(distribution like CONE and the appropriate arguments)

-<br>part_vertex - emit a single particle

-

-<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a><i><u>Nongeos</u></i>

-<br>light - make a point light

-<br>world_light - make a light at infinity

-<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a><i><u>Pixes</u></i>

-<br>pix_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey (still an RGBA image)

-<br>pix_a_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey based on alpha channel

-<br>pix_add - add two pixes together

-<br>pix_aging - super8-like aging effect

-<br>pix_alpha - set the alpha value of a pix

-<br>pix_background - let through only pixels that differ from a static "background" image

-<br>pix_backlight - a backlight photo effect

-<br>pix_biquad - 2p2z-filter for subsequent images

-<br>pix_bitmask - apply a bitmask to a pix

-<br>pix_blob - get center of gravity

-<br>pix_buf - buffer a pix

-<br>pix_buffer - storage room for pixes (like [table] for floats)

-<br>pix_buffer_read/pix_buffer_write - put/get pixes into/from a pix_buffer

-<br>pix_chroma_key - color keying (like "blue-box")

-<br>pix_coloralpha - set the alpha-channel of a pix as a mean-value of the color-components

-<br>pix_colormatrix - recombine the RGBA-channels with matrix-operation

-<br>pix_color - set the color of a pix (leaving alpha alone)

-<br>pix_colorreduce - reduce the number of colors (statistically)

-<br>pix_composite - composite two pixes together

-<br>pix_convolve - convolve a pix with a kernal

-<br>pix_coordinate - set the texture coordinates

-<br>pix_crop - get a sub-image of a pix

-<br>pix_curve - apply color-curves onto a pix

-<br>pix_data - get pixel data information

-<br>pix_delay - frame-wise delay

-<br>pix_diff - get absolute difference of two pixes

-<br>pix_dot - rasterize a pix with big dots

-<br>pix_draw - draw a pix

-<br>pix_dump - dump the pixel-data as a long list of floats

-<br>pix_duotone - reduce the number of colors by thresholding

-<br>pix_film - use a movie file as a pix source for image-processing

-<br>pix_flip - flip the pixels of a pix

-<br>pix_gain - apply a gain to a pix

-<br>pix_grey - convert any pix into greyscale colorspace

-<br>pix_halftone - rasterize a pix like it was printed in a newspaper

-<br>pix_histo - get the histogram of a pix

-<br>pix_hsv2rgb - transform a pix from HSV-colorspace into RGB-colorspace

-<br>pix_image - load in an image file

-<br>pix_imageInPlace - load a series of image files directly into texture-buffer, display by number

-<br>pix_info - get information about the pix (like dimension, colorspace,...)

-<br>pix_invert - invert a pix

-<br>pix_kaleidoscope - as if you were looking at the pix through a kaleidoscope

-<br>pix_levels - level adjustment

-<br>pix_lumaoffset - y-offset pixels depending on their luminance

-<br>pix_mask - mask a pix based on another pix

-<br>pix_metaimage - recompose an image out of smaller versions of itself

-<br>pix_mix - mix to pixes together

-<br>pix_motionblur - motionblur an image

-<br>pix_movie - use a movie file as a pix source and load it immediately into the texture-buffer

-<br>pix_movement - set the alpha-channel with respect to the change between two frames

-<br>pix_multiply - multiply two pixes

-<br>pix_multiimage - load in a series of image files, display by number

-<br>pix_normalize - normalize a pix

-<br>pix_offset - add an offset to a pix (wrapping instead of clipping)

-<br>pix_pix2sig~ - interpret a pix as 4 (RGBA) audio-signals

-<br>pix_posterize - posterization photo effect

-<br>pix_puzzle - shuffle an image

-<br>pix_rds - generate a Random Dot Stereogram out of the image (aka: Magic Eye (tm))

-<br>pix_rectangle - generate a rectangle in a pix buffer

-<br>pix_refraction - break up an image into coloured "glass-bricks"

-<br>pix_resize - resize a pix to next power of 2

-<br>pix_rgb2hsv - transform a pix from RGB-colorspace into HSV-colorspace

-<br>pix_rgba - transform a pix of any format into RGBA

-<br>pix_roll - (sc)roll through an image (wrapping)

-<br>pix_rtx - swap time-axis and x-axis

-<br>pix_scanline - take every nth line of the original image

-<br>pix_set - set the pixel-data with a long list of floats

-<br>pix_sig2pix~ - interpret 4 audio-signals as (RGBA) image-data

-<br>pix_snap - capture the render window into a pix

-<br>pix_snap2tex - capture the render window directly as a texture

-<br>pix_subtract - subtract two pixes

-<br>pix_tIIR - time-base Infinite-Impulse-Response filter (for motion-bluring,...) with settable number of poles/zeros

-<br>pix_takealpha - take the alpha channel of one pix and put it into another pix

-<br>pix_texture - use a pix as a texture map

-<br>pix_threshold - apply a threshold to a pix

-<br>pix_video - use a video camera as a pix source

-<br>pix_write -  capture the render window to disk

-<br>pix_zoom - zoom into a pix (using OpenGL)

-

-<p><a NAME="openGL"></a><i><u>openGL</u></i>

-there are more than 250 objects that

-form a complete wrapper around the openGL set of functions

-(as defined in the openGL-1.2 standard).<br>

-each openGL-function is prefixed with "GEM", eg:

-<i>[GEMglVertex3f]</i> is wrapped around <i>glVertex3f</i>.

-

-<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a><i><u>MarkEx</u></i>

-<br>alternate - alternate between two outlets

-<br>average - average a sequence of numbers

-<br>change - only output on change

-<br>counter - count bangs

-<br>invert - non-zero numbers to zero, zero to 1

-<br>multiselect/multisel - a select object which accepts a list in the

-right inlet

-<br>oneshot - send a bang, then block until reset

-<br>randomF / randF - floating point random numbers

-<br>strcat - string concatentation

-<br>tripleLine - do a line with three numbers

-<br>tripleRand - random with three numbers

-<br>vector+ / v+ - add a scalar to a vector

-<br>vector- / v- - subtract a scalar from a vector

-<br>vector* / v* - multiply a vector by a scalar

-<br>vector/ / v/ - divide a vector by a scalar

-<br>vectorpack / vpack - attach a scalar to the end of a vector

-<br>rgb2hsv - convert a list of three floats from RGB to an HSV value

-<br>hsv2rgb - convert a list of three floats from HSV to an RGB value

-<br>abs~ - absolute value of a signal

-<br>reson~ - resonant filter

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>List of GEM objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>List of GEM objects</u></h2></center>
+<a href="#Controls">Controls</a>
+<br><a href="#Manips">Manipulators</a>
+<br><a href="#Geos">Geos</a>
+<br><a href="#Particles">Particles</a>
+<br><a href="#Nongeos">Nongeos</a>
+<br><a href="#Pixes">Pixes</a>
+<br><a href="#TV">TV</a>
+<br><a href="#MarkEx">MarkEx</a>
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="Controls"></a><i><u>Controls</u></i>
+<br>gemhead - the start of rendering chain
+<br>gemwin - the window manager
+<br>gemmouse - outputs the mouse position and buttons in the GEM window
+<br>gemkeyboard - outputs the keycode of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different keycodes in Windows/Linux)
+<br>gemkeyname - outputs a symbolic description of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different symbols in Windows/Linux)
+<br>gemorb - outputs the position, rotation, and buttons for a Space Orb
+<br>gemtablet - outputs the pen position, pressure, and buttons in the
+GEM window
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%">
+<br><a NAME="Manips"></a><i><u>Manipulators</u></i>
+<br>accumrotate - accumulate a rotation
+<br>alpha - enable/disable alpha blending
+<br>ambient - set the ambient color with a vector
+<br>ambientRGB - set the ambient color with 3 discrete values
+<br>camera -
+<br>color - set the color with a vector
+<br>colorRGB - set the color with 3 discrete values
+<br>depth - enable/disable depth testing
+<br>diffuse - set the diffuse color with a vector
+<br>diffuseRGB - set the diffuse color with 3 discrete values
+<br>emission - set the emissive color with a vector
+<br>emissionRGB - set the emissive color with 3 discrete values
+<br>linear_path - generate a path from an array of points
+<br>ortho - change the view to orthogonal, with the viewport the size of
+the window
+<br>polygon_smooth - turn on anti-aliasing for the objects below
+<br>rotate - rotate with an angle and vector
+<br>rotateXYZ - rotate with 3 discrete values
+<br>scale - scale with a vector
+<br>scaleXYZ - scale with 3 discrete values
+<br>separator - push the OpenGL state for the rest of the chain and pop
+when done
+<br>shininess - set the shininess of an object
+<br>specular - set the specular color with a vector
+<br>specularRGB - set the specular color with 3 discrete values
+<br>spline_path - generate a spline from an array of knots
+<br>translate - translate with a vector
+<br>translateXYZ - translate with 3 discrete values
+
+<p><a NAME="Geos"></a><i><u>Geos</u></i>
+<br>circle - render a circle
+<br>colorSquare - render a colored square (evtl. with color gradients)
+<br>cone - render a cone
+<br>cube - render a cube
+<br>cuboid - render a box
+<br>curve - render a Bezier curve
+<br>curve3d - render a surface
+<br>cylinder - render a cylinder
+<br>disk - render a disk
+<br>imageVert - make pixel colors to a height field map
+<br>model - render an Alias|Wavefront model
+<br>multimodel - render a series of Alias|Wavefront models, render by number
+<br>newWave - render a wave (that is evolving over time)
+<br>polygon - render a polygon
+<br>primTri - a triangle primitive
+<br>rectangle - render a rectangle
+<br>ripple - a rectangle with distorted (over time) texture-coordinates
+<br>rubber - a grid where you can move one of the grid-points
+<br>slideSquare - render a number of sliding squares
+<br>sphere - render a sphere
+<br>square - render a square
+<br>teapot - render a teapot
+<br>text2d - render 2-D text (a bitmap)
+<br>text3d - render 3-D text (polygonal)
+<br>textextruded - render an extruded 3D-text
+<br>textoutline - render outlined text (polygonal)
+<br>triangle - render a triangle
+<p><a NAME="Particles"></a><i><u>Particles</u></i>
+<br>part_head - The start of a particle group
+<br>part_color - Set the range of colors for the new particles
+<br>part_damp - set the damping for particles
+<br>part_draw - Apply the actions and render the particles.&nbsp; Accepts
+a message "draw line" or "draw point" to change the drawing style.
+<br>part_follow - Particles will follow each other like a snake
+<br>part_gravity - Have the particles accelerate in a direction
+<br>part_info - get the information (position, color, size,...) of each particle
+<br>part_killold - Remove particles past a certain age
+<br>part_killslow - Remove particles below a certain speed
+<br>part_orbitpoint - Orbit the particles around a specified point
+<br>part_render - render the remaining gem-tree as particles.
+<br>part_size - Set the size of new particles
+<br>part_source - Generate particles
+<br>part_targetcolor - Change color of the particles toward the specified
+color
+<br>part_targetsize - Change size of the particles toward the specified
+size
+<br>part_velocity - Set the velocity domain
+(distribution like CONE and the appropriate arguments)
+<br>part_vertex - emit a single particle
+
+<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a><i><u>Nongeos</u></i>
+<br>light - make a point light
+<br>world_light - make a light at infinity
+<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a><i><u>Pixes</u></i>
+<br>pix_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey (still an RGBA image)
+<br>pix_a_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey based on alpha channel
+<br>pix_add - add two pixes together
+<br>pix_aging - super8-like aging effect
+<br>pix_alpha - set the alpha value of a pix
+<br>pix_background - let through only pixels that differ from a static "background" image
+<br>pix_backlight - a backlight photo effect
+<br>pix_biquad - 2p2z-filter for subsequent images
+<br>pix_bitmask - apply a bitmask to a pix
+<br>pix_blob - get center of gravity
+<br>pix_buf - buffer a pix
+<br>pix_buffer - storage room for pixes (like [table] for floats)
+<br>pix_buffer_read/pix_buffer_write - put/get pixes into/from a pix_buffer
+<br>pix_chroma_key - color keying (like "blue-box")
+<br>pix_coloralpha - set the alpha-channel of a pix as a mean-value of the color-components
+<br>pix_colormatrix - recombine the RGBA-channels with matrix-operation
+<br>pix_color - set the color of a pix (leaving alpha alone)
+<br>pix_colorreduce - reduce the number of colors (statistically)
+<br>pix_composite - composite two pixes together
+<br>pix_convolve - convolve a pix with a kernal
+<br>pix_coordinate - set the texture coordinates
+<br>pix_crop - get a sub-image of a pix
+<br>pix_curve - apply color-curves onto a pix
+<br>pix_data - get pixel data information
+<br>pix_delay - frame-wise delay
+<br>pix_diff - get absolute difference of two pixes
+<br>pix_dot - rasterize a pix with big dots
+<br>pix_draw - draw a pix
+<br>pix_dump - dump the pixel-data as a long list of floats
+<br>pix_duotone - reduce the number of colors by thresholding
+<br>pix_film - use a movie file as a pix source for image-processing
+<br>pix_flip - flip the pixels of a pix
+<br>pix_gain - apply a gain to a pix
+<br>pix_grey - convert any pix into greyscale colorspace
+<br>pix_halftone - rasterize a pix like it was printed in a newspaper
+<br>pix_histo - get the histogram of a pix
+<br>pix_hsv2rgb - transform a pix from HSV-colorspace into RGB-colorspace
+<br>pix_image - load in an image file
+<br>pix_imageInPlace - load a series of image files directly into texture-buffer, display by number
+<br>pix_info - get information about the pix (like dimension, colorspace,...)
+<br>pix_invert - invert a pix
+<br>pix_kaleidoscope - as if you were looking at the pix through a kaleidoscope
+<br>pix_levels - level adjustment
+<br>pix_lumaoffset - y-offset pixels depending on their luminance
+<br>pix_mask - mask a pix based on another pix
+<br>pix_metaimage - recompose an image out of smaller versions of itself
+<br>pix_mix - mix to pixes together
+<br>pix_motionblur - motionblur an image
+<br>pix_movie - use a movie file as a pix source and load it immediately into the texture-buffer
+<br>pix_movement - set the alpha-channel with respect to the change between two frames
+<br>pix_multiply - multiply two pixes
+<br>pix_multiimage - load in a series of image files, display by number
+<br>pix_normalize - normalize a pix
+<br>pix_offset - add an offset to a pix (wrapping instead of clipping)
+<br>pix_pix2sig~ - interpret a pix as 4 (RGBA) audio-signals
+<br>pix_posterize - posterization photo effect
+<br>pix_puzzle - shuffle an image
+<br>pix_rds - generate a Random Dot Stereogram out of the image (aka: Magic Eye (tm))
+<br>pix_rectangle - generate a rectangle in a pix buffer
+<br>pix_refraction - break up an image into coloured "glass-bricks"
+<br>pix_resize - resize a pix to next power of 2
+<br>pix_rgb2hsv - transform a pix from RGB-colorspace into HSV-colorspace
+<br>pix_rgba - transform a pix of any format into RGBA
+<br>pix_roll - (sc)roll through an image (wrapping)
+<br>pix_rtx - swap time-axis and x-axis
+<br>pix_scanline - take every nth line of the original image
+<br>pix_set - set the pixel-data with a long list of floats
+<br>pix_sig2pix~ - interpret 4 audio-signals as (RGBA) image-data
+<br>pix_snap - capture the render window into a pix
+<br>pix_snap2tex - capture the render window directly as a texture
+<br>pix_subtract - subtract two pixes
+<br>pix_tIIR - time-base Infinite-Impulse-Response filter (for motion-bluring,...) with settable number of poles/zeros
+<br>pix_takealpha - take the alpha channel of one pix and put it into another pix
+<br>pix_texture - use a pix as a texture map
+<br>pix_threshold - apply a threshold to a pix
+<br>pix_video - use a video camera as a pix source
+<br>pix_write -  capture the render window to disk
+<br>pix_zoom - zoom into a pix (using OpenGL)
+
+<p><a NAME="openGL"></a><i><u>openGL</u></i>
+there are more than 250 objects that
+form a complete wrapper around the openGL set of functions
+(as defined in the openGL-1.2 standard).<br>
+each openGL-function is prefixed with "GEM", eg:
+<i>[GEMglVertex3f]</i> is wrapped around <i>glVertex3f</i>.
+
+<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a><i><u>MarkEx</u></i>
+<br>alternate - alternate between two outlets
+<br>average - average a sequence of numbers
+<br>change - only output on change
+<br>counter - count bangs
+<br>invert - non-zero numbers to zero, zero to 1
+<br>multiselect/multisel - a select object which accepts a list in the
+right inlet
+<br>oneshot - send a bang, then block until reset
+<br>randomF / randF - floating point random numbers
+<br>strcat - string concatentation
+<br>tripleLine - do a line with three numbers
+<br>tripleRand - random with three numbers
+<br>vector+ / v+ - add a scalar to a vector
+<br>vector- / v- - subtract a scalar from a vector
+<br>vector* / v* - multiply a vector by a scalar
+<br>vector/ / v/ - divide a vector by a scalar
+<br>vectorpack / vpack - attach a scalar to the end of a vector
+<br>rgb2hsv - convert a list of three floats from RGB to an HSV value
+<br>hsv2rgb - convert a list of three floats from HSV to an RGB value
+<br>abs~ - absolute value of a signal
+<br>reson~ - resonant filter
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Particles.html b/Gem/manual/Particles.html
index 7b8ceb6..4a4f80c 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Particles.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Particles.html
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Particles</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Particles</u></h2></center>

-

-<p><br>Nothing here yet

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Particles</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Particles</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Nothing here yet
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Pixes.html b/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
index badf8bc..6b90842 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
@@ -1,105 +1,105 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-  <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-  <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-  <title>Pixes (image processing)</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Image processing</u></h2></center>

-The pix objects are used to do image processing to pixel data. If

-you load in an image with <i>[pix_image]</i>, then you can change what the

-image looks like before rendering it out

-<p>In general, processing images is <i>extremely</i> expensive, so you

-probably cannot have that many active pix objects. GEM only reprocesses

-images when the source image changes or one of the parameters for a pix

-object changes. This means that GEM will only process an image when

-something is different, instead of every frame. If you want to do

-a lot of processing at start up, but then not change anything once the

-patch is running, GEM will only do the computation once.<br>

-Modern CPUs use SIMD (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) (like MMX, SSE2, altivec)

-to make pixel-processing more effective (by processing data parallely).

-Until now, only the macOS version of Gem has support for SIMD for some pix-objects.

-MMX/SSE2 boosts will hopefully come in future Gem-releases.

-

-<p>The pix objects are divided into two general groups, those which take

-one input, and those which require two input images. For example,

-<i>[pix_invert]</i>

-will "invert" all of the pixels (if a pixel is white, it will change to

-black), while <i>[pix_add]</i> will add two images together.

-<p>Only some of the pix objects are described here. Look in the reference

-patches for explanations for the other pix objects.

-<p><a href="#invert">[pix_invert]</a> - invert the pixel data

-<br><a href="#add">[pix_add]</a> - add two pixes together

-<br><a href="#mask">[pix_mask]</a> - create an alpha mask

-<br><a href="#convolve">[pix_convolve]</a> - convolve a pix with a kernel

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="invert"></a>[pix_invert]</h3>

-<i>[pix_invert]</i> inverts the pixels in an image. To use <i>[pix_invert]</i>,

-simply make sure that you have already loaded an image into the chain. 

-In the following patch, the fractal image will be inverted.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="invert.jpg" BORDER=1 height=120 width=179></center>

-

-<p>Here is the difference between the fractal image and the inverted version.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="normalFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256><img SRC="invertFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256></center>

-

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="add"></a>pix_add</h3>

-<i>[pix_add]</i> does what you would expect. It adds two images together.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="add.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=305></center>

-

-<p>This patch adds the fractal image with a car image. The processed

-image will often contain a lot of white pixels, because the data is just

-added together. This occurs in the resulting image, shown below.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="addResult.jpg" height=257 width=255></center>

-

-<p><br>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="mask"></a>pix_mask</h3>

-<i>[pix_mask]</i> is used to create an alpha mask from another image. 

-In the following example (gem_pix/gemMaskDancer.pd), the fractal image's

-alpha channel is replaced by the dancer image. If the <i>[alpha]</i>

-object was removed, then you would just see the solid fractal image (because

-the alpha channel wouldn't be used).

-<p>In other words, images are composed of a red, a green, a blue, and an

-alpha channel. The alpha channel is the transparency of the pixel.

-

-<i>[pix_mask]</i> only modifies the alpha channel and does not touch the

-red, green, or blue data.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="mask.jpg" BORDER=1 height=262 width=191></center>

-

-<p>The result is this image.

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="maskResult.jpg" height=218 width=187></center>

-

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="convolve"></a>pix_convolve</h3>

-<i>[pix_convolve]</i> convolves pix data with a convolution kernel. 

-Basically, you can get really nice effects if you choose the correct kernel...and

-garbage if you choose the wrong one.

-<p>Edge detection is done with a convolution kernel, as is smoothing. 

-The biggest problem is that convolving an image is about the most expensive

-operation that you can do in GEM.

-<p>Look at gem_pix/gemPixConvolve.pd to get an idea of some of the kernels

-that you can send to <i>[pix_convolve]</i> and the effects that you can get.

-<p>If you want to learn the math behind convolution, then find any standard

-image processing (or audio processing book, this is just 2D convolution).

-<br> 

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+  <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+  <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+  <title>Pixes (image processing)</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Image processing</u></h2></center>
+The pix objects are used to do image processing to pixel data. If
+you load in an image with <i>[pix_image]</i>, then you can change what the
+image looks like before rendering it out
+<p>In general, processing images is <i>extremely</i> expensive, so you
+probably cannot have that many active pix objects. GEM only reprocesses
+images when the source image changes or one of the parameters for a pix
+object changes. This means that GEM will only process an image when
+something is different, instead of every frame. If you want to do
+a lot of processing at start up, but then not change anything once the
+patch is running, GEM will only do the computation once.<br>
+Modern CPUs use SIMD (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) (like MMX, SSE2, altivec)
+to make pixel-processing more effective (by processing data parallely).
+Until now, only the macOS version of Gem has support for SIMD for some pix-objects.
+MMX/SSE2 boosts will hopefully come in future Gem-releases.
+
+<p>The pix objects are divided into two general groups, those which take
+one input, and those which require two input images. For example,
+<i>[pix_invert]</i>
+will "invert" all of the pixels (if a pixel is white, it will change to
+black), while <i>[pix_add]</i> will add two images together.
+<p>Only some of the pix objects are described here. Look in the reference
+patches for explanations for the other pix objects.
+<p><a href="#invert">[pix_invert]</a> - invert the pixel data
+<br><a href="#add">[pix_add]</a> - add two pixes together
+<br><a href="#mask">[pix_mask]</a> - create an alpha mask
+<br><a href="#convolve">[pix_convolve]</a> - convolve a pix with a kernel
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="invert"></a>[pix_invert]</h3>
+<i>[pix_invert]</i> inverts the pixels in an image. To use <i>[pix_invert]</i>,
+simply make sure that you have already loaded an image into the chain.
+In the following patch, the fractal image will be inverted.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="invert.jpg" BORDER=1 height=120 width=179></center>
+
+<p>Here is the difference between the fractal image and the inverted version.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="normalFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256><img SRC="invertFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256></center>
+
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="add"></a>pix_add</h3>
+<i>[pix_add]</i> does what you would expect. It adds two images together.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="add.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=305></center>
+
+<p>This patch adds the fractal image with a car image. The processed
+image will often contain a lot of white pixels, because the data is just
+added together. This occurs in the resulting image, shown below.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="addResult.jpg" height=257 width=255></center>
+
+<p><br>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="mask"></a>pix_mask</h3>
+<i>[pix_mask]</i> is used to create an alpha mask from another image.
+In the following example (gem_pix/gemMaskDancer.pd), the fractal image's
+alpha channel is replaced by the dancer image. If the <i>[alpha]</i>
+object was removed, then you would just see the solid fractal image (because
+the alpha channel wouldn't be used).
+<p>In other words, images are composed of a red, a green, a blue, and an
+alpha channel. The alpha channel is the transparency of the pixel.
+
+<i>[pix_mask]</i> only modifies the alpha channel and does not touch the
+red, green, or blue data.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="mask.jpg" BORDER=1 height=262 width=191></center>
+
+<p>The result is this image.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="maskResult.jpg" height=218 width=187></center>
+
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="convolve"></a>pix_convolve</h3>
+<i>[pix_convolve]</i> convolves pix data with a convolution kernel.
+Basically, you can get really nice effects if you choose the correct kernel...and
+garbage if you choose the wrong one.
+<p>Edge detection is done with a convolution kernel, as is smoothing.
+The biggest problem is that convolving an image is about the most expensive
+operation that you can do in GEM.
+<p>Look at gem_pix/gemPixConvolve.pd to get an idea of some of the kernels
+that you can send to <i>[pix_convolve]</i> and the effects that you can get.
+<p>If you want to learn the math behind convolution, then find any standard
+image processing (or audio processing book, this is just 2D convolution).
+<br>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Texture.html b/Gem/manual/Texture.html
index 1de889c..0e35a1d 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Texture.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Texture.html
@@ -1,126 +1,126 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-   <title>Texture mapping</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Texture Mapping</u></h2></center>

-<a href="Gloss.html#Texture">Texture mapping</a> is the act of applying

-pixel data to a geometric object.  In GEM, this is achieved with the

-<i>[pix_texture]</i>

-object.  It is important to understand that the

-<i>[pix_texture]</i>

-object merely sets the pix as the current texture.  It does not do

-any rendering!  You need to use a geo object which does texture mapping. 

-All of the basic geo objects can texture map, such as <i>[square]</i> or

-<i>[sphere]</i>.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p>A simple example of texture mapping is the following patch:

-<center>

-<p><img SRC="texture.jpg" BORDER=1 height=182 width=160></center>

-

-<p>This patch can be found at 07.texture/01.texture.pd.  Change

-the number box connected to the rotate object to see what a texture map

-on a cube looks like.

-<p>The <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the fractal image file.  The

-<i>[pix_texture]</i>

-object says that the pix data should be used as a texture map.  Notice

-that this is different than the previous manual section when we used the

-<i>[pix_draw]</i> object.  The final object in the chain is the <i>[cube]</i>

-object.  Because we have enabled texture mapping with the <i>[pix_texture]</i>

-object, the cube takes the pix data and applies it to the geometry.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p>Texture mapping can be used with any GEM object.  In the previous

-manual section, you saw how to load in pix data with a variety of objects,

-including <i>[pix_multiimage]</i> and <i>[pix_video]</i>.  All of these

-objects can be used with the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object.

-<p>Because the pix data is applied to geometry, you can move, rotate, and

-scale the image.  This is extremely useful on the <i>[square]</i> object. 

-Instead of doing a one-to-one pixel mapping as occurs with the <i>[pix_draw]</i>

-object, you can resize and reshape the image.

-<p>OpenGL originally required that images must have dimensions that are power-of-2, such as 64, 128, or 256. This restriction has been released with recent gfx-cards

-(like some radeon/nvidia products).

-However, if the width or height of an image is not a power of two,

-then the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object will take care of this, 

-and still render it (depending on you hardware with some tricks).

-You can thus texture images of any size, but since this is based on tricking 

-the texture-coordinates, <i>[pix_coordinate]</i> might not give the wanted result any more.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p>The example patch 07.texture/02.moveImages.pd is a much more complex

-patch which uses alpha blending to create a transparent object, in this

-case, the dancer.  Make sure to turn on the rotation with the <i>[metro]</i>

-object.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>

-<p>People have been asking how textures are handled in GEM.  Here

-is a long explanation from an email which I wrote.

-<p><tt>  Here is how textures are dealt with under OpenGL and hardware

-accelerators.  This can obviously change in the future, but right

-now, I am fairly certain that the info is correct (I make games in my day

-job, so I have vested interest in this :-)</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  The amount of memory (VRAM) on the card (12mb for Voodoo2,

-16mb for TNT, 64mb for GeForce2, etc) is used for both textures (TRAM)

-and frame buffer space.  If you have a large rendering window, like

-1600x1200, it will take up 1600x1200x4x3 in 32-bit mode with double buffering

-and a Z buffer (or 23mb).  Most people run at TV resolution, like

-NTSC, so it takes 640x480x4x3 = 3.7mb   All of the space left

-is for textures onboard the card (FYI, if you have heard that people are

-having problems with the PlayStation2, notice that it only has 4mb of VRAM...not

-much onboard texture space, huh? :-)  Thankfully it has an <i>extremely</i>

-fast DMA bus)</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  Sooo, when GEM "creates" a texture, it immediately tries

-to send the texture to the card, which uses some of the left over space

-in the VRAM.  If you had a 640x480 window on a Voodoo2, you have ~8mb

-of texture space left over.  On a GeForce2, ~60mb.  The problem

-is what happens if you want more textures than can fit into TRAM. 

-OpenGL requires that the video drivers deal with the problem, so GEM doesn't

-care too much (more about this later).</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  In most cases, the drivers cache the textures in main memory

-and if a texture is requested for rendering and it isn't resident on the

-card, it will download it.  If you have AGP, then this is pretty quick,

-although none of 3dfx cards really take advantage of this (ie, those cards

-are about the same speed as the PCI bus).  So depending on the number

-of textures, and how complex the scene is, you might be able to display

-more textures than you have TRAM.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  One slowdown that can happen with GEM is that it makes a

-copy of the image before sending it down the chain of objects.  If

-you are constantly changing images with a pix_multiimage, this can be a

-performance hit, but you can modify the actual pixel data with the pix

-objects.  The pixels aren't sent to the graphics card until the pix_texture

-object is reached.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  GEM tries to help with this with a few objects.  pix_imageInPlace

-acts much the same as pix_multiimage, but it downloads _every_ image in

-the sequence to the card when a download message is recieved.  It

-also immediately turns on texturing, instead of making a copy (ie, you

-don't need a pix_texture object).  Much faster, but not as flexible. 

-pix_movie does much the same thing.  It sends the pixel data without

-copying it if there is a new frame to display.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  The entire pix system uses a caching system so that the copying

-and processing only occurs if something actually changes.  For example,

-if you had a pix_threshold object, it would only process when rendering

-started...and every time that the values actually changed.  You can

-use pix_buf to isolate parts which don't change from those that do, but

-it involves another copy.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  On the Voodoo2, the hardware itself limits textures to 256x256...this

-will never change.  The newest Voodoo5 boards have a higher texture

-size.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  If you load the _exact_ same image (this means the exact

-same file/path name), then the pix_image has a cache system which means

-that it is only loaded into the</tt>

-<br><tt>computers memory once.  However, each pix_image still sends

-its own copy down to the gfx card.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  You could use a single [pix_image]/[pix_texture] with [separator]

-to do this...I have done it a lot in the past.</tt><tt></tt>

-<p><tt>  The reason that [pix_image] doesn't share the actual texture

-data is that you can modify the pixel data with other pix objects...[pix_image]

-doesn't actually send the texture data to the gfx card, [pix_texture] does.</tt>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br> 

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+   <title>Texture mapping</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Texture Mapping</u></h2></center>
+<a href="Gloss.html#Texture">Texture mapping</a> is the act of applying
+pixel data to a geometric object.  In GEM, this is achieved with the
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object.  It is important to understand that the
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object merely sets the pix as the current texture.  It does not do
+any rendering!  You need to use a geo object which does texture mapping.
+All of the basic geo objects can texture map, such as <i>[square]</i> or
+<i>[sphere]</i>.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>A simple example of texture mapping is the following patch:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="texture.jpg" BORDER=1 height=182 width=160></center>
+
+<p>This patch can be found at 07.texture/01.texture.pd.  Change
+the number box connected to the rotate object to see what a texture map
+on a cube looks like.
+<p>The <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the fractal image file.  The
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object says that the pix data should be used as a texture map.  Notice
+that this is different than the previous manual section when we used the
+<i>[pix_draw]</i> object.  The final object in the chain is the <i>[cube]</i>
+object.  Because we have enabled texture mapping with the <i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object, the cube takes the pix data and applies it to the geometry.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>Texture mapping can be used with any GEM object.  In the previous
+manual section, you saw how to load in pix data with a variety of objects,
+including <i>[pix_multiimage]</i> and <i>[pix_video]</i>.  All of these
+objects can be used with the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object.
+<p>Because the pix data is applied to geometry, you can move, rotate, and
+scale the image.  This is extremely useful on the <i>[square]</i> object.
+Instead of doing a one-to-one pixel mapping as occurs with the <i>[pix_draw]</i>
+object, you can resize and reshape the image.
+<p>OpenGL originally required that images must have dimensions that are power-of-2, such as 64, 128, or 256. This restriction has been released with recent gfx-cards
+(like some radeon/nvidia products).
+However, if the width or height of an image is not a power of two,
+then the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object will take care of this,
+and still render it (depending on you hardware with some tricks).
+You can thus texture images of any size, but since this is based on tricking
+the texture-coordinates, <i>[pix_coordinate]</i> might not give the wanted result any more.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>The example patch 07.texture/02.moveImages.pd is a much more complex
+patch which uses alpha blending to create a transparent object, in this
+case, the dancer.  Make sure to turn on the rotation with the <i>[metro]</i>
+object.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
+<p>People have been asking how textures are handled in GEM.  Here
+is a long explanation from an email which I wrote.
+<p><tt>  Here is how textures are dealt with under OpenGL and hardware
+accelerators.  This can obviously change in the future, but right
+now, I am fairly certain that the info is correct (I make games in my day
+job, so I have vested interest in this :-)</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The amount of memory (VRAM) on the card (12mb for Voodoo2,
+16mb for TNT, 64mb for GeForce2, etc) is used for both textures (TRAM)
+and frame buffer space.  If you have a large rendering window, like
+1600x1200, it will take up 1600x1200x4x3 in 32-bit mode with double buffering
+and a Z buffer (or 23mb).  Most people run at TV resolution, like
+NTSC, so it takes 640x480x4x3 = 3.7mb   All of the space left
+is for textures onboard the card (FYI, if you have heard that people are
+having problems with the PlayStation2, notice that it only has 4mb of VRAM...not
+much onboard texture space, huh? :-)  Thankfully it has an <i>extremely</i>
+fast DMA bus)</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  Sooo, when GEM "creates" a texture, it immediately tries
+to send the texture to the card, which uses some of the left over space
+in the VRAM.  If you had a 640x480 window on a Voodoo2, you have ~8mb
+of texture space left over.  On a GeForce2, ~60mb.  The problem
+is what happens if you want more textures than can fit into TRAM.
+OpenGL requires that the video drivers deal with the problem, so GEM doesn't
+care too much (more about this later).</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  In most cases, the drivers cache the textures in main memory
+and if a texture is requested for rendering and it isn't resident on the
+card, it will download it.  If you have AGP, then this is pretty quick,
+although none of 3dfx cards really take advantage of this (ie, those cards
+are about the same speed as the PCI bus).  So depending on the number
+of textures, and how complex the scene is, you might be able to display
+more textures than you have TRAM.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  One slowdown that can happen with GEM is that it makes a
+copy of the image before sending it down the chain of objects.  If
+you are constantly changing images with a pix_multiimage, this can be a
+performance hit, but you can modify the actual pixel data with the pix
+objects.  The pixels aren't sent to the graphics card until the pix_texture
+object is reached.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  GEM tries to help with this with a few objects.  pix_imageInPlace
+acts much the same as pix_multiimage, but it downloads _every_ image in
+the sequence to the card when a download message is recieved.  It
+also immediately turns on texturing, instead of making a copy (ie, you
+don't need a pix_texture object).  Much faster, but not as flexible.
+pix_movie does much the same thing.  It sends the pixel data without
+copying it if there is a new frame to display.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The entire pix system uses a caching system so that the copying
+and processing only occurs if something actually changes.  For example,
+if you had a pix_threshold object, it would only process when rendering
+started...and every time that the values actually changed.  You can
+use pix_buf to isolate parts which don't change from those that do, but
+it involves another copy.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  On the Voodoo2, the hardware itself limits textures to 256x256...this
+will never change.  The newest Voodoo5 boards have a higher texture
+size.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  If you load the _exact_ same image (this means the exact
+same file/path name), then the pix_image has a cache system which means
+that it is only loaded into the</tt>
+<br><tt>computers memory once.  However, each pix_image still sends
+its own copy down to the gfx card.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  You could use a single [pix_image]/[pix_texture] with [separator]
+to do this...I have done it a lot in the past.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The reason that [pix_image] doesn't share the actual texture
+data is that you can modify the pixel data with other pix objects...[pix_image]
+doesn't actually send the texture data to the gfx card, [pix_texture] does.</tt>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Utility.html b/Gem/manual/Utility.html
index c8f6e17..b2e619e 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Utility.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Utility.html
@@ -1,149 +1,149 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">

-   <title>Utility objects</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Utility objects</u></h2></center>

-There are a number of objects which were written to make it easier to use

-both GEM and pd.&nbsp; For instance, you often pass around 3 floats at

-a time in GEM, either for position or colors.&nbsp; To help with this,

-there are a collection of vector objects.&nbsp; Use the list below to find

-out about the objects.

-<p>These objects used to be in a separate library called MarkEx, but they

-have now been folded into GEM.

-<p><a href="#counter">counter</a> - count the number of bangs

-<br><a href="#average">average</a> - average a series of numbers together

-<br><a href="#change">change</a> - only output when there is a change in

-the number

-<br><a href="#invert">invert</a> - invert a number

-<br><a href="#randF">randomF/randF</a> - floating point random number

-<br><a href="#tripleLine">tripleLine</a> - line object for 3 values

-<br><a href="#tripleRand">tripleRand</a> - three random numbers

-<br><a href="#vector">vector objects</a> - process a series of numbers

-<br><a href="#hsv2rgb">hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</a> - convert between RGB and

-HSV color space

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="counter"></a>counter</h3>

-

-<center><img SRC="counter.jpg" BORDER=1 height=85 width=87></center>

-

-<p>The inlets are:

-<br>bang (increment or decrement the counter)

-<br>set direction (1 = count up, 2 = count down, 3 = count up and down)

-<br>set low value

-<br>set hight value

-<br>The outlet is the current count.

-<p>So in this case, the top <i>counter</i> will count up from 1 to 10.&nbsp;

-The bottom <i>counter</i> will count up from 2 to 5.

-<p>The <i>counter</i> also accepts the messages reset and clear.&nbsp;

-Reset immediately sets the counter to its low value and outputs the value.&nbsp;

-The clear message means that the next bang will set the <i>counter</i>

-to its low value.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="average"></a>average</h3>

-The <i>average</i> object just averages a series of numbers as they come

-in.&nbsp; The left inlet accepts a single float.&nbsp; It then outputs

-the current average.&nbsp; The default number of floats to average together

-is 10, but that can be changed by sending a new value to the right inlet.

-<p>The <i>average</i> object also accepts the messages clear and reset.&nbsp;

-Clear will immediately set all of the values that the object has been storing

-for averaging to 0.&nbsp; With the reset message, you must pass in a number

-to set all of the values.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="change"></a>change</h3>

-<i>Change</i> only accepts a number into its left inlet.&nbsp; If the number

-is the same as the last number sent to the <i>change</i> object, then it

-does nothing.&nbsp; If the number is different, then the <i>change</i>

-object will output the new number and store it for the next comparision.

-<p>This object is very useful for the == object and others like it, since

-they send a 0 or a 1 every time they do a comparision, and you usually

-only care when the state actually changes.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="invert"></a>invert</h3>

-The <i>invert</i> object is very simple.&nbsp; If the number sent to its

-left inlet is equal to 0., then <i>invert</i> outputs a 1.&nbsp; If the

-number is not equal to 0., the <i>invert</i> outputs a 0.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="randF"></a>randomF/randF</h3>

-One problem with the <i>random</i> object in pd is that it only sends out

-integers.&nbsp; This a real problem in GEM, where you often want a value

-between 0 and 1.&nbsp; <i>randomF</i> is exactly like the <i>random</i>

-object.

-<p>When the left inlet gets a bang, <i>randomF</i> outputs a random number

-between 0 and the given range.&nbsp; The range can be set with a number

-to the right inlet.

-<p><i>randF</i> is just an alternate name for <i>randomF</i>.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="tripleLine"></a>tripleLine</h3>

-

-<center><img SRC="tripleLine.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=111></center>

-

-<p>The <i>line</i> object is really great for dealing with a single number.&nbsp;

-To do a line with 3 values, like an RGB color value, means that you have

-to unpack, do a <i>line</i>, then repack the number.&nbsp; Not only is

-it a pain, but it expensive computationally.

-<p><i>tripleLine</i> behaves just like the <i>line</i> object, only it

-accepts three numbers to interpolate between.&nbsp; In the example, <i>tripleLine</i>

-will interpolate from the current values to 1., .2, .4 over 1000 milliseconds.&nbsp;

-The default output resolution is 50 milliseconds, which is the same default

-rendering time.&nbsp; Going faster with GEM objects will not produce any

-benefit, unless you increase the frames per second.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="tripleRand"></a>tripleRand</h3>

-

-<center><img SRC="tripleRand.jpg" BORDER=1 height=89 width=149></center>

-

-<p>Just as using <i>tripleLine</i> makes it easier to interpolate between

-3 values at once, <i>tripleRand</i> makes it easy to generate three random

-values.&nbsp; In the above example, when the bang is sent, <i>tripleRand</i>

-will create three values and output them, with the first between 0 - 1,

-the second between 0 - .5, and the third from 0 - .8.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="vector"></a>Vector objects</h3>

-The vector math objects are

-<br><i>vector+ </i>or<i> v+</i>

-<br><i>vector- </i>or<i> v-</i>

-<br><i>vector* </i>or<i> v*</i>

-<br><i>vector/ </i>or<i> v/</i>

-<br>All of the above objects perform math on a list of numbers.&nbsp; The

-left inlet accepts a list of numbers of any length.&nbsp; The right inlet

-accepts a single value, which is the operand for the computation.&nbsp;

-In other words, they work just like the normal *, +, -, and / objects,

-except they can handle more than one number in the left inlet.

-<p>There are two other objects which are also useful.

-<p>The first is <i>vectorabs </i>or<i> vabs</i>. It computes the absolute

-value on a list of numbers.

-<p>The second object is <i>vectorpack </i>or<i> vpack</i>. <i>vpack</i>

-accepts a list of numbers in the left inlet and a single number into the

-right inlet.&nbsp; The output is a single list of numbers that is the vector

-with the single number appended to the end.&nbsp; This is very useful when

-you want to change the time for a <i>tripleLine</i> without unpacking and

-repacking all of the data.<i></i>

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<h3>

-<a NAME="hsv2rgb"></a>hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</h3>

-These two objects convert three numbers between HSV and RGB color space.&nbsp;

-HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value.&nbsp; The simple way to think

-of HSV space is that hue is the "color", such as red, blue, etc, the saturation

-is how intense the color is, and the value is how bright the color is.

-<p>You can get some really nice effects by varying the hue of a color,

-because the brightness will not change while you do it.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Utility objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Utility objects</u></h2></center>
+There are a number of objects which were written to make it easier to use
+both GEM and pd.&nbsp; For instance, you often pass around 3 floats at
+a time in GEM, either for position or colors.&nbsp; To help with this,
+there are a collection of vector objects.&nbsp; Use the list below to find
+out about the objects.
+<p>These objects used to be in a separate library called MarkEx, but they
+have now been folded into GEM.
+<p><a href="#counter">counter</a> - count the number of bangs
+<br><a href="#average">average</a> - average a series of numbers together
+<br><a href="#change">change</a> - only output when there is a change in
+the number
+<br><a href="#invert">invert</a> - invert a number
+<br><a href="#randF">randomF/randF</a> - floating point random number
+<br><a href="#tripleLine">tripleLine</a> - line object for 3 values
+<br><a href="#tripleRand">tripleRand</a> - three random numbers
+<br><a href="#vector">vector objects</a> - process a series of numbers
+<br><a href="#hsv2rgb">hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</a> - convert between RGB and
+HSV color space
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="counter"></a>counter</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="counter.jpg" BORDER=1 height=85 width=87></center>
+
+<p>The inlets are:
+<br>bang (increment or decrement the counter)
+<br>set direction (1 = count up, 2 = count down, 3 = count up and down)
+<br>set low value
+<br>set hight value
+<br>The outlet is the current count.
+<p>So in this case, the top <i>counter</i> will count up from 1 to 10.&nbsp;
+The bottom <i>counter</i> will count up from 2 to 5.
+<p>The <i>counter</i> also accepts the messages reset and clear.&nbsp;
+Reset immediately sets the counter to its low value and outputs the value.&nbsp;
+The clear message means that the next bang will set the <i>counter</i>
+to its low value.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="average"></a>average</h3>
+The <i>average</i> object just averages a series of numbers as they come
+in.&nbsp; The left inlet accepts a single float.&nbsp; It then outputs
+the current average.&nbsp; The default number of floats to average together
+is 10, but that can be changed by sending a new value to the right inlet.
+<p>The <i>average</i> object also accepts the messages clear and reset.&nbsp;
+Clear will immediately set all of the values that the object has been storing
+for averaging to 0.&nbsp; With the reset message, you must pass in a number
+to set all of the values.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="change"></a>change</h3>
+<i>Change</i> only accepts a number into its left inlet.&nbsp; If the number
+is the same as the last number sent to the <i>change</i> object, then it
+does nothing.&nbsp; If the number is different, then the <i>change</i>
+object will output the new number and store it for the next comparision.
+<p>This object is very useful for the == object and others like it, since
+they send a 0 or a 1 every time they do a comparision, and you usually
+only care when the state actually changes.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="invert"></a>invert</h3>
+The <i>invert</i> object is very simple.&nbsp; If the number sent to its
+left inlet is equal to 0., then <i>invert</i> outputs a 1.&nbsp; If the
+number is not equal to 0., the <i>invert</i> outputs a 0.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="randF"></a>randomF/randF</h3>
+One problem with the <i>random</i> object in pd is that it only sends out
+integers.&nbsp; This a real problem in GEM, where you often want a value
+between 0 and 1.&nbsp; <i>randomF</i> is exactly like the <i>random</i>
+object.
+<p>When the left inlet gets a bang, <i>randomF</i> outputs a random number
+between 0 and the given range.&nbsp; The range can be set with a number
+to the right inlet.
+<p><i>randF</i> is just an alternate name for <i>randomF</i>.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="tripleLine"></a>tripleLine</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="tripleLine.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=111></center>
+
+<p>The <i>line</i> object is really great for dealing with a single number.&nbsp;
+To do a line with 3 values, like an RGB color value, means that you have
+to unpack, do a <i>line</i>, then repack the number.&nbsp; Not only is
+it a pain, but it expensive computationally.
+<p><i>tripleLine</i> behaves just like the <i>line</i> object, only it
+accepts three numbers to interpolate between.&nbsp; In the example, <i>tripleLine</i>
+will interpolate from the current values to 1., .2, .4 over 1000 milliseconds.&nbsp;
+The default output resolution is 50 milliseconds, which is the same default
+rendering time.&nbsp; Going faster with GEM objects will not produce any
+benefit, unless you increase the frames per second.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="tripleRand"></a>tripleRand</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="tripleRand.jpg" BORDER=1 height=89 width=149></center>
+
+<p>Just as using <i>tripleLine</i> makes it easier to interpolate between
+3 values at once, <i>tripleRand</i> makes it easy to generate three random
+values.&nbsp; In the above example, when the bang is sent, <i>tripleRand</i>
+will create three values and output them, with the first between 0 - 1,
+the second between 0 - .5, and the third from 0 - .8.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="vector"></a>Vector objects</h3>
+The vector math objects are
+<br><i>vector+ </i>or<i> v+</i>
+<br><i>vector- </i>or<i> v-</i>
+<br><i>vector* </i>or<i> v*</i>
+<br><i>vector/ </i>or<i> v/</i>
+<br>All of the above objects perform math on a list of numbers.&nbsp; The
+left inlet accepts a list of numbers of any length.&nbsp; The right inlet
+accepts a single value, which is the operand for the computation.&nbsp;
+In other words, they work just like the normal *, +, -, and / objects,
+except they can handle more than one number in the left inlet.
+<p>There are two other objects which are also useful.
+<p>The first is <i>vectorabs </i>or<i> vabs</i>. It computes the absolute
+value on a list of numbers.
+<p>The second object is <i>vectorpack </i>or<i> vpack</i>. <i>vpack</i>
+accepts a list of numbers in the left inlet and a single number into the
+right inlet.&nbsp; The output is a single list of numbers that is the vector
+with the single number appended to the end.&nbsp; This is very useful when
+you want to change the time for a <i>tripleLine</i> without unpacking and
+repacking all of the data.<i></i>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="hsv2rgb"></a>hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</h3>
+These two objects convert three numbers between HSV and RGB color space.&nbsp;
+HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value.&nbsp; The simple way to think
+of HSV space is that hue is the "color", such as red, blue, etc, the saturation
+is how intense the color is, and the value is how bright the color is.
+<p>You can get some really nice effects by varying the hue of a color,
+because the brightness will not change while you do it.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html b/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
index d4d0480..1fb8e30 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">

-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">

-   <title>Writing new objects</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>Creating new GEM objects</u></h2></center>

-Look at the source code :-)&nbsp; GEM is written in C++, which means that

-you have to jump through some hopes to interact properly with Pd, which

-is written in C.&nbsp; If you look in Base/CPPExtern.h, you will see a

-collection of macros which you can use to help you create new objects.&nbsp;

-Use one of the GEM objects which is closest to what you want to do as a

-template.

-<p>One problem on SGI...you will need to

-<p>setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH "/where/ever/pd/gem"

-<p>so that rld (the run-time linker) can find the GEM dso.&nbsp; Because

-you are linking with GEM, Pd isn't involved with the run time linking process;

-it is all done when Pd calls dlopen.

-<p>On NT, there is much the same problem...

-<p>set your PATH environment variable to \where\ever\pd\gem

-<p>or

-<p>make sure that your new .dll is located in the same directory where

-GEM is.

-<p>On NT, all of the classes and functions are exported through declexport/declimport.&nbsp;

-You shouldn't have to do anything to call the functions.&nbsp; I have not

-had any problems making other dll's which are loaded into Pd at runtime.&nbsp;

-You need to make certain that you are exporting the correct functions.&nbsp;

-If your dll cannot find the gem.dll, then it will silently fail.

-<p>And of course, e-mail IOhannes m zmölnig (<a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">zmoelnig@iem.at</a>) if you have any problems,

-questions, or solutions

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zmölnig">
+   <title>Writing new objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Creating new GEM objects</u></h2></center>
+Look at the source code :-)&nbsp; GEM is written in C++, which means that
+you have to jump through some hopes to interact properly with Pd, which
+is written in C.&nbsp; If you look in Base/CPPExtern.h, you will see a
+collection of macros which you can use to help you create new objects.&nbsp;
+Use one of the GEM objects which is closest to what you want to do as a
+template.
+<p>One problem on SGI...you will need to
+<p>setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH "/where/ever/pd/gem"
+<p>so that rld (the run-time linker) can find the GEM dso.&nbsp; Because
+you are linking with GEM, Pd isn't involved with the run time linking process;
+it is all done when Pd calls dlopen.
+<p>On NT, there is much the same problem...
+<p>set your PATH environment variable to \where\ever\pd\gem
+<p>or
+<p>make sure that your new .dll is located in the same directory where
+GEM is.
+<p>On NT, all of the classes and functions are exported through declexport/declimport.&nbsp;
+You shouldn't have to do anything to call the functions.&nbsp; I have not
+had any problems making other dll's which are loaded into Pd at runtime.&nbsp;
+You need to make certain that you are exporting the correct functions.&nbsp;
+If your dll cannot find the gem.dll, then it will silently fail.
+<p>And of course, e-mail IOhannes m zmölnig (<a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">zmoelnig@iem.at</a>) if you have any problems,
+questions, or solutions
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/index.html b/Gem/manual/index.html
index 6d67068..c6739d5 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/index.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/index.html
@@ -1,67 +1,67 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">

-<html>

-<head>

-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks; IOhannes m zm&ouml;nig">

-   <title>Gem Manual</title>

-</head>

-<body>

-

-<center>

-<h2>

-<u>GEM Manual</u></h2></center>

-

-<center><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" ALT="a simple patch" BORDER=2 height=138 width=91></center>

-

-<p>This is the first attempt at a manual for GEM, so bear with me.

-Any comments are appreciated. Send them to <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a>

-<hr>

-In fact, this ought to be the second attempt at such a manual. There will not be much now.

-But send any comments to <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a> instead.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<p><a href="Intro.html">Introduction</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An introduction to GEM and what you can do with

-it.&nbsp; The general system requirements are also described here.

-<p><a href="GemWPd.html">Using GEM with Pd</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to use GEM with Pd.&nbsp; This includes how

-to start Pd so that the GEM library is loaded and working properly.

-<p><a href="BasicObj.html">Basic objects</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The basic objects that GEM has.&nbsp; This section

-shows you how to create a simple patch.

-<p><a href="Images.html">Images</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Using images is an important part of GEM. Here you

-will load in images and learn the basics of dealing with images.

-<p><a href="Texture.html">Texture mapping</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loading in images is only one part.&nbsp; Applying

-those images to 3-D shapes is called texture mapping.

-<p><a href="Pixes.html">Pixes (image processing)</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Once you have texture mapped the images, you will

-probably want to process and change them in response to user interaction.&nbsp;

-The <i>pix</i> objects provide this functionality.

-<p><a href="Lighting.html">Lighting</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shading and lighting are easy with the lighting

-objects.

-<p>Particles

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle systems can create effects such as smoke,

-fire, and water.

-<p><a href="Utility.html">Utility objects</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To help you deal with the data which GEM uses, there

-are a number of utility objects.

-<p>Input devices

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GEM provides interaction with the mouse and other

-input devices.

-<p>Advanced

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Now that you know all about the other objects, here

-are a few of the more advanced ones.

-<p><a href="WriteCode.html">Writing new objects</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to write new objects for GEM.

-<p><a href="GemFaq.html">FAQ</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frequently asked questions about GEM.

-<p><a href="ListObjects.html">List of Objects</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All of the objects in GEM with a very brief description..

-<p><a href="Gloss.html">Glossary/Index</a>

-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A collection of definitions and links to explanations.

-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>

-<br>&nbsp;

-</body>

-</html>

+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks; IOhannes m zm&ouml;nig">
+   <title>Gem Manual</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>GEM Manual</u></h2></center>
+
+<center><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" ALT="a simple patch" BORDER=2 height=138 width=91></center>
+
+<p>This is the first attempt at a manual for GEM, so bear with me.
+Any comments are appreciated. Send them to <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a>
+<hr>
+In fact, this ought to be the second attempt at such a manual. There will not be much now.
+But send any comments to <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a> instead.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="Intro.html">Introduction</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An introduction to GEM and what you can do with
+it.&nbsp; The general system requirements are also described here.
+<p><a href="GemWPd.html">Using GEM with Pd</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to use GEM with Pd.&nbsp; This includes how
+to start Pd so that the GEM library is loaded and working properly.
+<p><a href="BasicObj.html">Basic objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The basic objects that GEM has.&nbsp; This section
+shows you how to create a simple patch.
+<p><a href="Images.html">Images</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Using images is an important part of GEM. Here you
+will load in images and learn the basics of dealing with images.
+<p><a href="Texture.html">Texture mapping</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loading in images is only one part.&nbsp; Applying
+those images to 3-D shapes is called texture mapping.
+<p><a href="Pixes.html">Pixes (image processing)</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Once you have texture mapped the images, you will
+probably want to process and change them in response to user interaction.&nbsp;
+The <i>pix</i> objects provide this functionality.
+<p><a href="Lighting.html">Lighting</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shading and lighting are easy with the lighting
+objects.
+<p>Particles
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle systems can create effects such as smoke,
+fire, and water.
+<p><a href="Utility.html">Utility objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To help you deal with the data which GEM uses, there
+are a number of utility objects.
+<p>Input devices
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GEM provides interaction with the mouse and other
+input devices.
+<p>Advanced
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Now that you know all about the other objects, here
+are a few of the more advanced ones.
+<p><a href="WriteCode.html">Writing new objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to write new objects for GEM.
+<p><a href="GemFaq.html">FAQ</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frequently asked questions about GEM.
+<p><a href="ListObjects.html">List of Objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All of the objects in GEM with a very brief description..
+<p><a href="Gloss.html">Glossary/Index</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A collection of definitions and links to explanations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/rgb2hsv-help.pd b/Gem/rgb2hsv-help.pd
index 1d8b9a8..f4f45aa 100644
--- a/Gem/rgb2hsv-help.pd
+++ b/Gem/rgb2hsv-help.pd
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-#N canvas 172 190 600 500 10;

-#X text 124 68 GEM object;

-#X text 138 23 rgb2hsv;

-#X text 89 388 convert between RGB colorspace and HSV colorspace;

-#X text 91 412 RGB is red \, green \, blue;

-#X text 91 434 HSV is hue \, saturation \, value (luminance);

-#X obj 123 220 rgb2hsv;

-#X msg 122 156 1 0 0;

-#X msg 357 160 0 1 1;

-#X obj 123 299 print hsv;

-#X obj 357 303 print rgb;

-#X obj 357 226 hsv2rgb;

-#X msg 414 159 0.6 1 0.5;

-#X msg 185 155 0 0.2 0.5;

-#X text 215 21 hsv2rgb;

-#X connect 5 0 8 0;

-#X connect 6 0 5 0;

-#X connect 7 0 10 0;

-#X connect 10 0 9 0;

-#X connect 11 0 10 0;

-#X connect 12 0 5 0;

+#N canvas 172 190 600 500 10;
+#X text 124 68 GEM object;
+#X text 138 23 rgb2hsv;
+#X text 89 388 convert between RGB colorspace and HSV colorspace;
+#X text 91 412 RGB is red \, green \, blue;
+#X text 91 434 HSV is hue \, saturation \, value (luminance);
+#X obj 123 220 rgb2hsv;
+#X msg 122 156 1 0 0;
+#X msg 357 160 0 1 1;
+#X obj 123 299 print hsv;
+#X obj 357 303 print rgb;
+#X obj 357 226 hsv2rgb;
+#X msg 414 159 0.6 1 0.5;
+#X msg 185 155 0 0.2 0.5;
+#X text 215 21 hsv2rgb;
+#X connect 5 0 8 0;
+#X connect 6 0 5 0;
+#X connect 7 0 10 0;
+#X connect 10 0 9 0;
+#X connect 11 0 10 0;
+#X connect 12 0 5 0;