16 files changed, 2028 insertions, 2028 deletions
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Advanced.html b/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
index 5c2a5f2..e23b090 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Advanced.html
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Advanced</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Advanced objects</u></h2></center>
-
-<p><br>Todo:
-<p>more than 8 lights
-<br>pix_imageInPlace
-<br>accumrotate
-<br>camera
-<br>polygon and curve
-<br>text3d
-<br>pix_data
-<br>linear_path
-<br>spline_path
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Advanced</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Advanced objects</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Todo:
+<p>more than 8 lights
+<br>pix_imageInPlace
+<br>accumrotate
+<br>camera
+<br>polygon and curve
+<br>text3d
+<br>pix_data
+<br>linear_path
+<br>spline_path
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html b/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
index 80e5d84..b65dc68 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/BasicObj.html
@@ -1,115 +1,115 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-   <title>Basic Objects</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Basic Objects</u></h2></center>
-
-<p><br>There are a number of objects which are the foundation for GEM. 
-These objects are used in every patch and control the graphics and rendering.
-<p><a href="#gemwin">[gemwin]</a> - The window manager
-<br><a href="#gemhead">[gemhead]</a> - The start of a rendering chain
-<br><a href="#manips">manips</a> - Move an object in the window
-<br><a href="#geos">geos</a> - Render a shape
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="gemwin"></a>[gemwin]</h3>
-The graphics window is created and destroyed with the <i>[gemwin]</i> object. 
-With the <i>[gemwin]</i> object, you can set the default size of the graphics
-window, create and destroy the graphics window, turn on and off rendering,
-etc.  All basic GEM patches will have the following <i>[gemwin]</i>
-object with these messages:
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="gemwin.jpg" BORDER=1 height=128 width=78></center>
-The create and destroy messages will display and remove the graphics window. 
-The 1 and 0 messages start and stop rendering.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="gemhead"></a>[gemhead]</h3>
-The <i>[gemhead]</i> object is the start of every rendering chain. 
-A simple patch, which is located in examples/gem_basic/gem1.redSquare.pd
-looks like:
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" BORDER=1 height=138 width=91></center>
-
-<p>This patch will render a red square.  The <i>[gemhead]</i> object
-signifies the start of rendering. The <i>[color]</i> object sets the color
-for all objects after it in the chain.  The <i>[square]</i> object renders
-a square into the graphics window based on the current color, texturing,
-and transformations.  In this case, there is no texturing and no transformation.
-<p>Every rendering chain <b>MUST</b> start with a [gemhead].  If you
-do not put a <i>[gemhead]</i> at the beginning of the chain, then nothing
-will be rendered for that part of the patch.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="manips"></a>manips</h3>
-In the patch 01.basic/02.cube.pd, the <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is
-introduced.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="basicCube.jpg" BORDER=1 height=133 width=93></center>
-
-<p>The graphics are transformed and moved by the <i>manipulator</i> objects,
-or the manips.  GEM has the following manips:
-<p><i>[color]</i> - set the color with a vector
-<br><i>[colorRGB]</i> - set the color with 3 discrete values
-<br><i>[rotate]</i> - rotate with an angle and vector
-<br><i>[rotateXYZ]</i> - rotate with 3 discrete values
-<br><i>[scale]</i> - scale with a vector
-<br><i>[scaleXYZ]</i> - scale with 3 discrete values
-<br><i>[translate]</i> - translate with a vector
-<br><i>[translateXYZ]</i> - translate with 3 discrete values
-<p>To understand the difference between the vector and discrete values
-version, realize that everything in is defined in 3 dimensions.  These
-dimensions can be XYZ values, or RGB colors.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="transXYZ.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=201></center>
-
-<p>The two translate objects above will do exactly the same thing in a
-patch, but they provide two different ways to do it. <i>[translate]</i> accepts
-a scalar and vector.  <i>[translateXYZ]</i> accepts three floats which
-specify a point in space.  The manips will transform any object which
-appears after it in the rendering chain.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="geos"></a>geos</h3>
-Up above, we saw the <i>[square]</i> and <i>[cube]</i> objects.  The other
-primary geos are:
-<p><i>[square]</i> - render a square
-<br><i>[circle]</i> - render a circle
-<br><i>[triangle]</i> - render a triangle
-<br><i>[cube]</i> - render a cube
-<br><i>[sphere]</i> - render a sphere
-<br><i>[cone]</i> - render a cone
-<p>The <i>[square]</i>, <i>[circle]</i>, <i>[cube]</i>, and <i>[triangle]</i> objects
-have a right-hand inlet to set the size of the shape.  The default
-size is 1.
-<p>The <i>[cone]</i> and <i>[sphere]</i> objects are not perfectly smooth. 
-They are actually composed of a number of polygons.  In order to control
-the rendering better, the middle inlet is the size of the object, while
-the right-hand inlet is the number of slices to define the shape. 
-Take a look at the patch gem_basic/gem3.sphere.pd to see how the number
-of slices can change the look of a sphere.  Don't worry about the
-<i><a href="Lighting.html#world_light">[world_light]</a></i>
-object, it is just there to make it easier to see the difference in the
-number of slices.  Make sure to click the 'lighting 0' message before
-closing the patch (if you don't, then other patches will probably be completely
-black until you quit and restart pd/GEM).
-<p>Your graphics window should look like this for 5 and 15 slices:
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="sphere5.jpg" BORDER=0 height=150 width=150><img SRC="sphere15.jpg" height=150 width=150></center>
-Obviously, the more slices that you use, the better the sphere looks. 
-However, each slice adds more polygons, which can slow down your frame
-rate.  In computer graphics, there is always a trade off between resolution
-and speed.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+   <title>Basic Objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Basic Objects</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>There are a number of objects which are the foundation for GEM.
+These objects are used in every patch and control the graphics and rendering.
+<p><a href="#gemwin">[gemwin]</a> - The window manager
+<br><a href="#gemhead">[gemhead]</a> - The start of a rendering chain
+<br><a href="#manips">manips</a> - Move an object in the window
+<br><a href="#geos">geos</a> - Render a shape
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="gemwin"></a>[gemwin]</h3>
+The graphics window is created and destroyed with the <i>[gemwin]</i> object.
+With the <i>[gemwin]</i> object, you can set the default size of the graphics
+window, create and destroy the graphics window, turn on and off rendering,
+etc.  All basic GEM patches will have the following <i>[gemwin]</i>
+object with these messages:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="gemwin.jpg" BORDER=1 height=128 width=78></center>
+The create and destroy messages will display and remove the graphics window.
+The 1 and 0 messages start and stop rendering.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="gemhead"></a>[gemhead]</h3>
+The <i>[gemhead]</i> object is the start of every rendering chain.
+A simple patch, which is located in examples/gem_basic/gem1.redSquare.pd
+looks like:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" BORDER=1 height=138 width=91></center>
+
+<p>This patch will render a red square.  The <i>[gemhead]</i> object
+signifies the start of rendering. The <i>[color]</i> object sets the color
+for all objects after it in the chain.  The <i>[square]</i> object renders
+a square into the graphics window based on the current color, texturing,
+and transformations.  In this case, there is no texturing and no transformation.
+<p>Every rendering chain <b>MUST</b> start with a [gemhead].  If you
+do not put a <i>[gemhead]</i> at the beginning of the chain, then nothing
+will be rendered for that part of the patch.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="manips"></a>manips</h3>
+In the patch 01.basic/02.cube.pd, the <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is
+introduced.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="basicCube.jpg" BORDER=1 height=133 width=93></center>
+
+<p>The graphics are transformed and moved by the <i>manipulator</i> objects,
+or the manips.  GEM has the following manips:
+<p><i>[color]</i> - set the color with a vector
+<br><i>[colorRGB]</i> - set the color with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[rotate]</i> - rotate with an angle and vector
+<br><i>[rotateXYZ]</i> - rotate with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[scale]</i> - scale with a vector
+<br><i>[scaleXYZ]</i> - scale with 3 discrete values
+<br><i>[translate]</i> - translate with a vector
+<br><i>[translateXYZ]</i> - translate with 3 discrete values
+<p>To understand the difference between the vector and discrete values
+version, realize that everything in is defined in 3 dimensions.  These
+dimensions can be XYZ values, or RGB colors.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="transXYZ.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=201></center>
+
+<p>The two translate objects above will do exactly the same thing in a
+patch, but they provide two different ways to do it. <i>[translate]</i> accepts
+a scalar and vector.  <i>[translateXYZ]</i> accepts three floats which
+specify a point in space.  The manips will transform any object which
+appears after it in the rendering chain.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="geos"></a>geos</h3>
+Up above, we saw the <i>[square]</i> and <i>[cube]</i> objects.  The other
+primary geos are:
+<p><i>[square]</i> - render a square
+<br><i>[circle]</i> - render a circle
+<br><i>[triangle]</i> - render a triangle
+<br><i>[cube]</i> - render a cube
+<br><i>[sphere]</i> - render a sphere
+<br><i>[cone]</i> - render a cone
+<p>The <i>[square]</i>, <i>[circle]</i>, <i>[cube]</i>, and <i>[triangle]</i> objects
+have a right-hand inlet to set the size of the shape.  The default
+size is 1.
+<p>The <i>[cone]</i> and <i>[sphere]</i> objects are not perfectly smooth.
+They are actually composed of a number of polygons.  In order to control
+the rendering better, the middle inlet is the size of the object, while
+the right-hand inlet is the number of slices to define the shape.
+Take a look at the patch gem_basic/gem3.sphere.pd to see how the number
+of slices can change the look of a sphere.  Don't worry about the
+<i><a href="Lighting.html#world_light">[world_light]</a></i>
+object, it is just there to make it easier to see the difference in the
+number of slices.  Make sure to click the 'lighting 0' message before
+closing the patch (if you don't, then other patches will probably be completely
+black until you quit and restart pd/GEM).
+<p>Your graphics window should look like this for 5 and 15 slices:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="sphere5.jpg" BORDER=0 height=150 width=150><img SRC="sphere15.jpg" height=150 width=150></center>
+Obviously, the more slices that you use, the better the sphere looks.
+However, each slice adds more polygons, which can slow down your frame
+rate.  In computer graphics, there is always a trade off between resolution
+and speed.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html b/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
index fe2e175..1fe41cd 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/GemFaq.html
@@ -1,667 +1,667 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Gem FAQ</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>GEM FAQ</u></h2></center>
-
-<p><br>* : new question
-<br>+ : changed question
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h2>
-<u>QUESTIONS</u></h2>
-<i><a href="#General">GENERAL</a></i>
-<br><a href="#1.1">1.1) What is GEM?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.2">1.2) What is Pd?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.3">1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.4.0">1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.4.1">1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.4.2">1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.7">1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.8">1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.9">1.9) What libraries does GEM use? (aka: Who does Mark
-want to thank?)</a>
-<br><a href="#1.10">1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?</a>
-<br><a href="#1.11">1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?</a>
-<p><i><a href="#UsingGem">USING GEM</a></i>
-<br><a href="#2.1">2.1) How do I (???)</a>
-<br><a href="#2.2">2.2) How do I make GEM run?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.3">2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.4">2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.5">2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.6">2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.7">2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.8">2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.9">2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.10">2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.11">2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.</a>
-<br><a href="#2.12">2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.13">2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
-(T&amp;L) ?</a>
-<br><a href="#2.14">2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual support".</a>
-<p><i><a href="#ViewingObjects">VIEWING OBJECTS</a></i>
-<br><a href="#3.1">3.1) Why does everything seem dim?</a>
-<br><a href="#3.2">3.2) Why does everything seem dark?</a>
-<p><i><a href="#TextureMapping">TEXTURE MAPPING</a></i>
-<br><a href="#4.1">4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going on?</a>
-<br><a href="#4.2">4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going on?</a>
-<br><a href="#4.3">4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray image?</a>
-<br><a href="#4.4">4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?</a>
-<br><a href="#4.5">4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?</a>
-<br><a href="#4.6">4.6) Why is pix_draw so slow?</a>
-<p><i><a href="#WorkingWithPd">WORKING WITH PD</a></i>
-<br><a href="#5.1">5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?</a>
-<br><a href="#5.2">5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?</a>
-<br><a href="#5.3">5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?</a>
-<br><a href="#5.4">5.4) How can I optimize my patches?</a>
-<p><i><a href="#NewGemObjects">WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</a></i>
-<br><a href="#6.1">6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?</a>
-<br><a href="#6.2">6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?</a>
-<p><i><a href="#ObjectSpecific">OBJECT SPECIFIC</a></i>
-<br><a href="#7.1">7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?</a>
-<br><a href="#7.2">7.2) Why doesn't gemtablet work?</a>
-<br><a href="#7.3">7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet. 
-How do I stop it?</a>
-<br><a href="#7.4">7.4) Why doesn't gemmouse work in IRIX/Linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#7.5">7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?</a>
-<br><a href="#7.6">7.6) What is wrong with pix_video in WinNT?</a>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h2>
-<u>ANSWERS</u></h2>
-<a NAME="General"></a><h3>GENERAL</h3>
-<br><a NAME="1.1"></a>1.1) What is GEM?
-<p>GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. 
-It was originally written by <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer
-graphics, especially for audio-visual compositions. It originally ran under
-FTS/Max (which is why you might see some papers reference it), but all
-new development is under Pd.
-<p>You can get GEM at <a href="http://www.iem.at/GEM">http://gem.iem.at/</a>
-<p>GEM was sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
-<p>GEM was ported to <a href="http://www.linux.org">linux</a> by <a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
-<p>the core-development team consists of<ul>
-<li>chris clepper</li>
-<li>g�nter geiger</li>
-<li>daniel heckenberg</li>
-<li>james tittle</li>
-<li>IOhannes m zm�lnig</li></ul>
-lots of contributions are made by various people (thanks to all of them)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.2"></a>1.2) What is Pd?
-<p>Pd is a real-time environment for audio and MIDI. 
-It was written by <a href="mailto:msp@ucsd.edu">Miller Puckette</a>, who created FTS/Max when
-he was at IRCAM.  Basically, Pd can be seen as the next generation
-of real-time visual programming languages.  GEM runs inside of the
-Pd environment.
-<p>You can get Pd at <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html</a>
-<p>Pd is sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.3"></a>1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?
-<p>GEM and Pd run on Windows (95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP), linux and macOS-X (&gt;10.2).
-SGI-Irix (&gt; 6.2) used to be supported but i don't have any prove that it still works).
-<a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
-has done an initial port of GEM and Pd to Linux <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at</a>).
-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">me</a> and
-developed by a team of several independent programmers (see <a href="1.1">section 1.1</a>)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.4"></a>1.4) How do I install GEM ?
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?
-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>GEM should be at
-<p>pd/gem
-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example files and documention
-should be put in the correct locations.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.4.1"></a>1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?
-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>GEM should be at
-<p>chdir to &lt;gem&gt;/src/Gnu and build Gem following the instructions in the README.build
-(<tt>./configure; make</tt>)
-<p>If you then <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documention
-should be put in the correct locations.
-<p>if you are using debian, Gem should be available via apt</p>
-<p>if you are using an rpm-based distribution, check out the builds at planetCCRMA</p>
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.4.2"></a>1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?
-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>unzip GEM so that it is at
-<p>pd\gem
-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
-should be put in the correct locations.
-<p>there is also an installer for windows.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.4.3"></a>1.4.3) How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS?
-<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>there is also an installer for macOS.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.7"></a>1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?
-<p>The best book is the <u>OpenGL Programming Manual</u>
-by Mason and Woo. This is also called the "Red Book".  If you search
-the web, there are many sites on OpenGL.  A good starting point is
-<a href="http://www.opengl.org">http://www.opengl.org</a>.
-Also, Mark Kilgard (who used to work for SGI) has a wonderful site with
-lots of links (<a href="http://reality.sgi.com/mjk">http://reality.sgi.com/mjk</a>)
-Also, Normal Lin has written another great book on <u>3D-graphics under linux</u>
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.8"></a>1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?
-<p>Except for the ones noted above, there is the Japanese
-installation page at
-<br><a href="http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm">http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm</a>
-<p>There is a Pd mailing list.  Subscription info
-is on IEM's site <a href="http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list">http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list</a>
-<p>One of pd's unofficial home-pages is at <a href="http://pd.iem.at">http://pd.iem.at</a> hosted by the 
-<a href="http://iem.at">Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, Graz, Austria</a>
-<p>Also hosted by the <a href="http://iem.at">iem</a> is the site of the pd-community
-<a href="http://www.puredata.info">http://www.puredata.info</a>
-<p>An interesting place might also be G&uuml;nter Geiger's size <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at/</a>
-<p>there are lot's of other cool pages (search the net...)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.9"></a>1.9) What libraries does GEM use? 
-(aka: Who does Mark want to thank?)
-<p>All copyrights and license info can be found in
-<br>  GEM.LICENSE.TERMS
-<br> Thanks to Sam Leffner for libTiff, the TIFF image
-loader.
-<br>  
-sam@engr.sgi.com
-<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/">ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/</a>
-<br> Thanks to Masayuki Matsumoto for fstimage for OpenGL,
-the SGI
-<br>  image loader.
-<br>  
-matumot@dst.nk-exa.co.jp
-<br> Thanks to the Independent JPEG Group for libjpeg,
-the JPEG image loader.
-<br>  
-jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net
-<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/">ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/</a>
-<br> Thanks to Mark Kilgard at al. (and SGI) for glut, the openGL Utility Toolkit
-<br>  <a href="http://www.pobox.com/~ndr">http://www.pobox.com/~ndr</a>
-<br> Thanks to Stephane Rehel for GLTT, the OpenGL TrueType
-render.
-<br>  
-rehel@worldnet.fr
-<br>  <a href="http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html">http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html</a>
-<br> Thanks to David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner
-Lemberg for
-<br>  Freetype, a TrueType font
-rendering engine.
-<br>  
-turner@enst.fr
-<br>  
-robert@physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de
-<br>  
-a7971428@unet.univie.ac.at
-<br>  <a href="http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html">http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html</a>
-<br> Thanks to the MPEG Software Simulation Group, for
-libmpeg, the
-<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
-<br>  
-mssg@mpeg.org
-<br>  <a href="http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/">http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/</a>
-<br> Thanks to Heroine for quicktime4linux 
-a quickime Decoder
-and libmpeg3, another MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
-<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
-<br>  
-mssg@mpeg.org
-<br>  <a href="http://heroinewarrior.com/">http://heroinewarrior.com/</a>
-<br> Thanks to LCS/Telegraphics for Wintab, the Windows
-tablet library.
-<br>  
-wintab@pointing.com
-<br> Thanks to David McAllister for the Particle System
-library.
-<br>  
-davemc@cs.unc.edu
-<br>  <a href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/</a>
-<br> Thanks to John Stone for the Space Orb library,
-libOrb
-<br>  
-j.stone@acm.org
-<br>  <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/">http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/</a>
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.10"></a>1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?
-<p>GEM is under the Gnu Public License.  This basically
-means that it will always be free software.Check out <a href="http://www.gnu.org">http://www.gnu.org</a>
-for more information and read the full license in GnuGPL.LICENSE in the GEM release.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="1.11"></a>1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?
-<p>This is a constant problem, because there is no consistent
-way to display video on any platform.  Also, you usually do not want
-to send the entire screen, but only the GEM window.  It is also useful
-to be able to edit/control the Pd patch window while the patch is actually
-running.
-<p>On SGIs, the best way is to get a video out option. 
-On the SGI O2, Impact, and Onyx (Mark has used all of these), there is a
-simple connector or breakout box to do video.
-If you run the video out program, then you will get a rectangle on your screen 
-which shows what is being sent out the video connector. 
-Make your GEM window a little larger than 640x480 and center it in the rectangle. 
-You can now project this with a standard video projector.
-<p>On PCs it is a bit harder.
-Several modern video-cards have the possibility to output several screens
-(either 2 (or more) VGA-screens or 1 VGA-screen and 1 TV (Composite or S-HVS)
-or a combination with DFTs)
-If you have a Canopus Voodoo2 card it has a video and s-video output on it.  As described
-in <a href="#2.12">question 2.12</a>, you can get a Voodoo to work with
-GEM.  If any one else has a better solution, please let me know. 
-The nVidia Riva TNTs require that you output the full screen, so this is
-not a very good option.  You can use a video scan convertor. 
-Some of them only display a part of the scene, which is exactly what you
-want.
-<p>With modern multi-headed cards it is more simple:
-Configure your card to display the desktop spread over your multiple screens
-(e.g.: from left-to-right). 
-On windows and macOS you can do this via the display-properties dialog.
-On linux you will have to edit your /etc/X11/XF86Config-4 file either by hand or
-(if your system supports it) via an appropriate editor (yes, nowadays there are some).
-Now create your gem-window on the second screen: 
-it should have the same dimensions as the 2nd screen (e.g: "[dimen 800 600(").
-to place it at the second screen use the offset (e.g: if your primary sreen
-(the one you want for patch-editing) has the dimension 1024x768 use "[offset 1024 0(",
-which will create the gem-window 1024 pixels right of the upper-left corner 
-of the total screen (and 0 pixels below it),
-which is exactly the upper-left corner of the 2nd screen.
-You most probably want to turn off the borders with "[border 0(".<br>
-<em>Note:</em> some grafix-card have openGL-hardware-acceleration only on the 1st screen
-(so you should create the gem-window on the 1st screen and move 
-your patches to the 2nd screen)
-<p>If you are using an XServer for displaying (under linux) you can also use another
-computer for rendering. 
-You can specify the place where the gem-window should be created with something like 
-"create &lt;<em>render.host</em>&gt;:0.0"
-
-<p>If you are doing audio with graphics, the only solution
-to prevent clicking (<a href="#5.1">question 5.1</a>) is to run 2 computers
-and have them communicate with netsend/netreceive.  We are working
-on making Pd/GEM multi-processor friendly, so if you have a multi-processor
-system, you can run everything on one machine eventually.
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="UsingGem"></a><h3><i>USING GEM</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="2.1"></a>2.1)How do I (???)
-<p>Many of the general usage questions are probably
-answered in the manual or release notes.  The pd mailing list is also
-a good place to find answers as well.
-<p><a NAME="2.2"></a>2.2) How do I make GEM run?
-<p>GEM is not an executable.  It requires Pd to
-work and is loaded in at run time.  For example, I have an alias on
-the SGI which does
-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
-<p>and on WinNT
-<p>\pdDir\pd\bin\pd -lib /pdDir/pd/gem/Gem
-<p>on UNIX-systems you will probably want to use a <tt>.pdrc</tt> file,
- where you can put the command-line arguments for pd that you "always" need.
-<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
-<p>Most people use use the command shell to start Pd. 
-It is not very difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.3"></a>2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?
-<p><b>Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix
-styles slashes</b>.  This is the case even on Windows.
-<p>You may also want to use the -nosound flag. 
-For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
-turn off the audio part of Pd.  However, other people can't get GEM
-to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).  You can also try the
--dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
-only).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.4"></a>2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?
-<p>Try out the manual.  It will step you through
-the basics.
-<br> You will also want to look at the example files. 
-Assuming that everything is installed correctly, you can get to the examples
-by going to the Help menu in Pd and selecting examples.  A bunch of
-the patches should start with gem&lt;something>.  The best one is
-<i>gem/01.basic/01.redSquare.pd</i> 
-It puts a red square up on the screen and allows you to rotate it. <i>gemImage.pd</i>
-shows how to load in a TIFF file.  <i>gem/03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd</i>
-moves two spheres around the screen. Try the other ones.
-<br> Most of the GEM objects have test patches which
-give some information about the various controls for the object.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.5"></a>2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?
-<p>GEM only works under IRIX 6.2+.  The rld error
-is probably something about not having glBindTextureEXT (or something). 
-OpenGL 1.0 has some extensions to speed up texture mapping (which are an
-integral part of OpenGL 1.1).  However, these don't exist on IRIX
-5.3.  If you recompile GEM (see the next question), things should
-work fine.
-<br> I don't have access to an IRIX machine, so don't
-expect any builds from me.  Upgrading to IRIX 6.2+ is worth it.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.6"></a>2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?
-<p>There was probably an error saying that the compiler
-couldn't find the file "dmedia/vl_vino.h" in pix_videoSGI.cpp.  IRIX
-6.2+ adds new functionality to the media libraries which makes life much
-easier. You cannot compile pix_video or pix_indycam as is under 5.3. 
-You can remove them from the Pix/Makefile and from the linker part of the
-global Makefile.  You will also need to recompile the Td and Tiff
-libraries.
-<p>There shouldn't be any problems doing this.  I haven't tried any
-of this, so if it works for someone, please let me know.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.7"></a>2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?
-<p>Examine what you are doing.  If you are constantly
-changing textures, then this is probably your problem.  If you have
-models with a million triangles, then this is probably the problem. 
-Compare what you are doing with realistic specs on your system.  Some
-systems slow down when they have to draw very large polygons (slow fill
-rate).
-<br> You can also turn on profiling to see how long it
-takes to render a frame.  Send a profile message to the gemwin object.
-The number that is printed is the number of milliseconds one frame takes
-to render.  50 milliseconds is 20 frames per second. 'profile 2' is
-good if you want to see how long the image processing is taking.
-<br>  profile 0 - turn off profiling
-<br>  profile 1 - turn on profiling
-<br>  profile 2 - turn on profiling
-and don't cache pixes
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.8"></a>2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?
-<p>If you are having major slowdowns, then please let
-me know.  I have gotten very good performance on most machines (Indy,
-O2, Impact, Onyx2).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.9"></a>2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?
-<p>You probably don't have hardware acceleration. 
-You can use software rendering, but it basically useless except for extremely
-basic patches.  You can get a good graphics accelerator for really
-cheap these days.  I recommend a card based on nVidia's chipsets,
-such as the TNT2 or GeForce, but there are other companies such as 3dfx
-and Matrox.  Make sure that you are running the latest drivers for
-your card.  The basic drivers that come with the cards are usually
-very bad.
-<br> Also, PCs don't deal with lots of texture maps very
-well (they are bus limited, at least until AGP), so if you are trying to
-use lots of constantly changing texture maps
-(especially with [pix_multiimage], [pix_video] or [pix_film]), that will cause problems.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.10"></a>2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?
-<p>It is because you have to use Mesa, which might be
-running iin software. Mesa (<a href="http://www.mesa.org">http://www.mesa.org</a>)
-is an awesome package by Brian Paul (brianp@avid.com) which "emulates"
-OpenGL.  Basically, it is a fully compliant OpenGL package, but it
-isn't officially sanctioned by the OpenGL ARB, such, it is doesn't have
-the OpenGL name.  There is an acceleration package for the many graphics
-card, but I don't know anything about it.
-<br>nVidia is being very supportive of Linux: 
-their TNT2 and GeForce cards work under Linux with hardware-acceleration of openGL.
-(but the drivers are proprietary)
-<br>radeon cards should also be supported very well under linux (even with open-source drivers)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.11"></a>2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.
-<p>GEM doesn't trap resize events in IRIX or Linux (this
-is not a problem in WinNT).  This means that OpenGL doesn't have the
-correct information to render properly.  If you want to resize the
-window, send a 'dimen x y' message to gemwin before you create the window.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.12"></a>2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?
-<p>I (this is: Mark Danks) have a Voodoo2 card, which runs fine under WinNT. 
-I use the OpenGL beta driver from 3Dfx at work all the time without any
-problems and, except that the Voodoo takes over the full screen, it seems
-to work fine.  You will need to download the OpenGL Beta driver from
-3Dfx's web site at http://www.3dfx.com and put the OpenGL32.dll into the
-same directory as pd.exe (NOT gem.dll).  Debugging patches is much
-easier if you have two monitors, one for the 3-D card and one for the 2-D
-card.
-<p>IMPORTANT: You MUST set the environment variable
-<p>GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT = 1
-<p>to make the Voodoo card work.  It will make a window 640x480 (which
-is the correct size for TV video out on my Canopus V2 card).  On WinNT,
-right click "My Computer" and go to "Properties".  On the "Environment"
-tab, you need to add the variable "GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT" with a value of
-1.
-<br>Resizing the GEM window with a Voodoo card is not
-a great idea. The Voodoo card can only display certain window sizes and
-will clip the graphics.
-<p>For the tech heads in the audience...I create an
-OpenGL context at startup and never actually display its associated window. 
-This means that GEM objects can create display lists, call OpenGL commands,
-etc. in their constructors, even if no window is actually being displayed. 
-However, with the Voodoo card, there can only be one OpenGL context. 
-So, instead of creating one context and just holding onto it in the background,
-I create the normal GEM window and associate the OpenGL context with it...and
-the user can never destroy or close that window.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="2.13"></a>2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
-(T &amp; L)?
-<p>Absolutely!  Unlike some other APIs, OpenGL
-will automatically use hardware accelerated transform and lighting if the
-card has it.  GEM gets great performance from cards like nVidia's
-GeForce.
-<p><a NAME="2.14"></a>2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual
-support".
-<p>This error means that your X display is running with
-paletted colors, which is the result of limited color depth.  If you
-start the X display with
-<p>startx -- -bpp 16
-<p>or some higher number, then it should work fine.  32-bit color
-is the best.
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ViewingObjects"></a><h3><i>VIEWING OBJECTS</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="3.1"></a>3.1)Why does everything seem dim?<
-<p>You probably turned on lighting but don't have any
-lights in the world.  Either add a light with <i>world_light</i> or
-<i>light</i>
-or turn lighting off by sending a message 'lighting 0' to the <i>gemwin</i>. 
-You can also send a reset message to <i>gemwin</i> to set it back to the
-startup state (which doesn't have any lighting).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="3.2"></a>3.2) Why does everything seem dark?
-<p>See question 3.1.
-<br> If you are using <tt>view</tt> in your patch to change the viewpoint,
-you may not be pointing in the correct direction.  You also might have translated
-everything outside of the current viewport.
-<br> Also, if you have been using single buffering ('buffer
-1' message to <i>gemwin</i>), then you might still be in that mode. 
-Either send a 'buffer 2' message or a 'reset' message to <i>gemwin</i>. 
-Then, destroy and create your window.
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="TextureMapping"></a><h3><i>TEXTURE MAPPING</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="4.1"></a>4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going
-on?
-<p>Normally images have to be texture-mapped onto Geos.
-You have to use [pix_texture] to map the current image onto a Geo.
-"Current" means that any pix-manipulation that is done after texturing will not be displayed.
-<p>Any Geo has a color (which is initially set to white).
-If you have set the color to black, your Geo (including the image) might be very dark.
-If you are using alpha-blending, make sure that the Geo is not invisible.
-<p>Normally images that want to be texture mapped with openGL should have dimensions that are a power of 2 in both height and width.
-Now [pix_texture] will make this totally transparent to you (so normally you don't have to care about the size of the image). 
-However with non-power-of-2 images <i>pix_coordinate</i> might not behave as expected,
-because these images need absolute texture-coordinates rather than normalized ones
-(as are used with power-of-2 images): so if the texture-coordinates are set to "(0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,1)" you might see only the first pixel of the image (which might be black).
-<p>Also, make sure that GEM can find your image (ie,
-that the path name is correct).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="4.2"></a>4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going
-on?
-<p>GEM supports gray8, YUV, and RGBA images.  If
-it sees that the number of bits per channel and the number of channels
-is something that it should be able to handle, it tries to load the raw
-data.  If you have compressed or stored the pixel data in some "strange"
-format, then GEM will probably not read the information correctly.
-<br> Also, if it is an RGBA image, then make sure that
-the alpha channel is something useful (this only matters if you are using
-the alpha channel, like in the alpha object or pix_mask).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="4.3"></a>4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray
-image?
-<p>This error message occurs whenever a pix object receives
-a gray8 image and the implementor hasn't provided a way to deal with that
-format of image. (Implementors often only provide functions for GEM's <i>native</i>
-color-format RGBA. Any other color-format (like BGR) will try to call the function
-for gray8 images, which might not be supported.)
-  If you do not want to change the image format with some extern image-programm
-(like Photoshop or the Gimp) you might want to try <i>pix_rgba</a>
-or harass whoever made the object to add the functionality.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="4.4"></a>4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?
-<p>GEM can read in TIFF, JPEG, and SGI images. 
-These can be in any color format.  Gray scale images are loaded in
-as gray scale (ie, one byte per pixel).  Everything else is loaded
-in or converted to an RGBA image (ie, four bytes per pixel).  If there
-is an alpha channel, then it will be respected.  Otherwise, the alpha
-channel will be set to fully opaque (alpha == 255).
-<p>GEM can write TIFF and JPEG images.
-TIFF-images will be full RGBA-images, wheras JPEG-files only support (compressed) RGB.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="4.5"></a>4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?
-<p>The movie formats GEM can handle (still) depend on the platform
-you are using.
-<p>On Windoze you can read all AVI-files you have codecs for 
-<p>On linux the readable formats depend on the libraries you had installed when you compiled GEM.
-Currently there is (optional) support for AVI,  quicktime (*.MOV) and MPEG (*.MPG) files.
-Not all quicktime-formats are supported. This is unfortunate but is due to linux restrictions.
-I highly recommend that you install the mpeg3-library from Heroine because it is much more stable than mpeg1 (which comes with many linux-distributions).
-If you have compiled in support for libavifile, you will be able to open Micro$oft-AVI-files.
-If you have installed the proper codecs
-(libavifile supports a mechanism for loading codecs from windows-DLLs) you should be able to
-open almost any format.
-
-If you have serious problems, mail them <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">to me</a>.
-(Be ready to upload the movie-file that won't work)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="4.6"></a>4.6) Why is <i>pix_draw</i> so slow?
-<p><i>pix_draw</i> is almost never hardware accelerated
-on PCs graphics accelerator.  This means that it runs <i>extremely</i>
-slowly.  Always use <i>pix_texture</i>, even if you are just displaying
-an image.
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="WorkingWithPd"></a><h3><i>WORKING WITH PD</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="5.1"></a>5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?
-<p>If you are getting a constant stream of clicks in
-your audio, then it is probably because you are trying to do graphics and
-audio in the same process.  Rendering a graphics frame usually takes
-longer than the size of the audio buffer, which is why you get clicks (the
-clicks are usually at 20Hz...the typical frame rate).
-<br> One way around this is to use two computers, one
-for graphics and one for audio.  If you have enough processing power
-(or dual processors), then you can run two versions of Pd, one for graphics
-and one for audio.  Just use <i>netsend</i> and <i>netreceive</i>
-to have the two versions of Pd talk to each other.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="5.2"></a>5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?
-<p>One simple way to get raw audio values right now is
-to use <i>snapshot~</i>.  Just set up a <i>metro</i> which bangs <i>snapshot~</i>
-and use the floating point value.  If you want "musical" information,
-then use objects such as <i>env~</i>.
-You might also have a look at the <i>pix_sig2pix~</i> which interprets audio-data as pixels
-and its counterpart <i>pix_pix2sig~</i>
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="5.3"></a>5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?
-<p>This means that GEM can't locate the file. 
-If you use an absolute path (with / for instance), then GEM will look there. 
-Otherwise, GEM will look in the directory of where the patch is. 
-Then pd/GEM will search the paths you specified at startup with the <i>-path</i> flag.
-<p>Check the following:
-<p>1) Does the file exist?
-<br> 2) Did you make a typo in the filename?
-<br> 3) Is the file in the search-path ?
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="5.4"></a>5.4) How can I optimize my patches?
-<p>One of the biggest performance hits is having UI
-elements in your patch which have to be updated.  The biggest performance
-hog is the number box.  While the number box is great for debugging,
-make sure that they are all gone from your "release" patch.  If you
-run a performance meter, you will see that whenever Tcl/Tk has to update
-the user interface, it sucks the entire processor.  Another examples
-of this is when you move a lot of objects at once, everything jerks and
-slides across the screen.  There are probably ways to improve this...
-<br> Another problem is doing unneccessary calculations. 
-When you are throwing lots of numbers around, especially packing/unpacking,
-doing vector math, etc., they add up.  If the calculations are going
-unused (for instance, that part of the patch is turned off), then do not
-trigger the math objects.  Use <i>spigot</i> or <i>gate</i> and block
-the events early.  This is especially important with objects that
-send a lot of numbers, like ~ objects or <i>line</i>/<i>tripleLine</i>.
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="NewGemObjects"></a><h3><i>WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="6.1"></a>6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?
-<p>For the time being, you have to look at the code. 
-It is fairly well documented and straight forward (if you know C++ and
-OOP).  Start with an object which is similar to what you want and
-derive a new class.  The biggest issue right now is how to load in
-GEM as a DSO/DLL. For SGIs, you will need to setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH. 
-On NT, you will need to have your path include the directory with GEM.
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="6.2"></a>6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?
-<p>GemMan (and by association, gemwin) disables alpha
-testing, alpha blending, culling, and lighting.  Lighting defaults
-to two sided, with GL_COLOR_MATERIAL enabled.  The viewport is set
-to
-<p>float xDivy = (float)m_width / (float)m_height;
-<br> glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
-<br> glLoadIdentity();
-<br> glFrustum(-xDivy, xDivy, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 20.0);
-<br> gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.0);
-<br> glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-<br> glViewport(0, 0, m_width, m_height);
-<p>which gives a range of about -4 to 4 in X and Y at the origin. 
-This is a small range, but changing it now would break a lot of patches.
-<p>The specific functions to look at are:
-<p>GemMan::windowInit()
-<br>GemMan::resetValues()
-<br>gemhead::renderGL()
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ObjectSpecific"></a><h3><i>OBJECT SPECIFIC</i></h3>
-<br><a NAME="7.1"></a>7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?
-<p>Usually, this is because I don't have the resources
-to get the object running on that platform.  If an object that you
-want doesn't exist on your platform, then ask for it!  However, if
-it is tied to hardware, then it is much less likely that I will be able
-to do anything about it (unless someone donates the hardware to me...)
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="7.2"></a>7.2) Why doesn't <i>gemtablet</i> work?
-<p><i>gemtablet</i> only works on WinNT.  I don't
-have drivers for IRIX or Linux (also, see question 7.4)
-<br> If GEM can find the tablet, then it will print a
-message at window creation time.  If you don't see a message, then
-GEM doesn't think that you have a tablet.
-<br> The tablet is mapped to the size of the GEM graphics
-window.
-<p>---
-<br><a NAME="7.3"></a>7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet. 
-How do I stop it?
-<p>Set the environment variable
-<p>GEM_NO_TABLET = 1
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="7.4"></a>7.4) Why doesn't <i>gemmouse</i> work in IRIX?
-<p>Basically, I don't have physical access to an SGI machine.
-This makes it hard to do some of the OS specific work. 
-It should be straightforward to do the event handling, so if someone gets
-it working, I would love to include it (and give you credit).  All
-you have to do is call the correct event functions from GemEvent.h and
-everything should just start to work (ie, gemmouse doesn't have any OS
-specific code in it).
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="7.5"></a>7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?
-<p>You need to make sure that your SpaceOrb is hooked
-up correctly. I am using a library which isn't supported by SpaceTec so
-there can be problems, although I have not had any.
-<br> &lt;RANT> When will companies wake up and actually
-provide drivers and support for their products under WinNT? &lt;/RANT>
-<p>----
-<br><a NAME="7.6"></a>7.6) What is wrong with <i>pix_video</i> in WinNT?
-<p>I haven't completely figured out how to get access
-to the video stream in WinNT.  I'm using Video for Windows with a
-Connectix QuickCam, as well as an Intel Video Capture Card, and it seems
-to assume that you are only writing to a file or previewing into a window. 
-Windows tries to take over the system and doesn't really provide any stable
-hooks (unlike IRIX).  If anyone knows how to deal with this, please
-let me know.
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br> 
-<br> 
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Gem FAQ</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>GEM FAQ</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>* : new question
+<br>+ : changed question
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h2>
+<u>QUESTIONS</u></h2>
+<i><a href="#General">GENERAL</a></i>
+<br><a href="#1.1">1.1) What is GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.2">1.2) What is Pd?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.3">1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.0">1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.1">1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.4.2">1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.7">1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.8">1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.9">1.9) What libraries does GEM use? (aka: Who does Mark
+want to thank?)</a>
+<br><a href="#1.10">1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#1.11">1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#UsingGem">USING GEM</a></i>
+<br><a href="#2.1">2.1) How do I (???)</a>
+<br><a href="#2.2">2.2) How do I make GEM run?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.3">2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.4">2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.5">2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.6">2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.7">2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.8">2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.9">2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.10">2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.11">2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.</a>
+<br><a href="#2.12">2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.13">2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
+(T&amp;L) ?</a>
+<br><a href="#2.14">2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual support".</a>
+<p><i><a href="#ViewingObjects">VIEWING OBJECTS</a></i>
+<br><a href="#3.1">3.1) Why does everything seem dim?</a>
+<br><a href="#3.2">3.2) Why does everything seem dark?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#TextureMapping">TEXTURE MAPPING</a></i>
+<br><a href="#4.1">4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going on?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.2">4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going on?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.3">4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray image?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.4">4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.5">4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?</a>
+<br><a href="#4.6">4.6) Why is pix_draw so slow?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#WorkingWithPd">WORKING WITH PD</a></i>
+<br><a href="#5.1">5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.2">5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.3">5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?</a>
+<br><a href="#5.4">5.4) How can I optimize my patches?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#NewGemObjects">WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</a></i>
+<br><a href="#6.1">6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?</a>
+<br><a href="#6.2">6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?</a>
+<p><i><a href="#ObjectSpecific">OBJECT SPECIFIC</a></i>
+<br><a href="#7.1">7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.2">7.2) Why doesn't gemtablet work?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.3">7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet.
+How do I stop it?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.4">7.4) Why doesn't gemmouse work in IRIX/Linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.5">7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?</a>
+<br><a href="#7.6">7.6) What is wrong with pix_video in WinNT?</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h2>
+<u>ANSWERS</u></h2>
+<a NAME="General"></a><h3>GENERAL</h3>
+<br><a NAME="1.1"></a>1.1) What is GEM?
+<p>GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia.
+It was originally written by <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer
+graphics, especially for audio-visual compositions. It originally ran under
+FTS/Max (which is why you might see some papers reference it), but all
+new development is under Pd.
+<p>You can get GEM at <a href="http://www.iem.at/GEM">http://gem.iem.at/</a>
+<p>GEM was sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
+<p>GEM was ported to <a href="http://www.linux.org">linux</a> by <a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
+<p>the core-development team consists of<ul>
+<li>chris clepper</li>
+<li>g�nter geiger</li>
+<li>daniel heckenberg</li>
+<li>james tittle</li>
+<li>IOhannes m zm�lnig</li></ul>
+lots of contributions are made by various people (thanks to all of them)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.2"></a>1.2) What is Pd?
+<p>Pd is a real-time environment for audio and MIDI.
+It was written by <a href="mailto:msp@ucsd.edu">Miller Puckette</a>, who created FTS/Max when
+he was at IRCAM.  Basically, Pd can be seen as the next generation
+of real-time visual programming languages.  GEM runs inside of the
+Pd environment.
+<p>You can get Pd at <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html</a>
+<p>Pd is sponsored by a grant from Intel (<a href="http://www.intel.com">http://www.intel.com</a>)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.3"></a>1.3) What platforms do GEM and Pd run on?
+<p>GEM and Pd run on Windows (95, 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP), linux and macOS-X (&gt;10.2).
+SGI-Irix (&gt; 6.2) used to be supported but i don't have any prove that it still works).
+<a href="mailto:geiger@xdv.org">G&uuml;nter Geiger</a>
+has done an initial port of GEM and Pd to Linux <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at</a>).
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">me</a> and
+developed by a team of several independent programmers (see <a href="1.1">section 1.1</a>)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4"></a>1.4) How do I install GEM ?
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.0"></a>1.4.0) How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>GEM should be at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example files and documention
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.1"></a>1.4.1) How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>GEM should be at
+<p>chdir to &lt;gem&gt;/src/Gnu and build Gem following the instructions in the README.build
+(<tt>./configure; make</tt>)
+<p>If you then <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documention
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>if you are using debian, Gem should be available via apt</p>
+<p>if you are using an rpm-based distribution, check out the builds at planetCCRMA</p>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.2"></a>1.4.2) How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>unzip GEM so that it is at
+<p>pd\gem
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p>there is also an installer for windows.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.4.3"></a>1.4.3) How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS?
+<p>See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>there is also an installer for macOS.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.7"></a>1.7) What is a good intro to OpenGL?
+<p>The best book is the <u>OpenGL Programming Manual</u>
+by Mason and Woo. This is also called the "Red Book".  If you search
+the web, there are many sites on OpenGL.  A good starting point is
+<a href="http://www.opengl.org">http://www.opengl.org</a>.
+Also, Mark Kilgard (who used to work for SGI) has a wonderful site with
+lots of links (<a href="http://reality.sgi.com/mjk">http://reality.sgi.com/mjk</a>)
+Also, Normal Lin has written another great book on <u>3D-graphics under linux</u>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.8"></a>1.8) Are there any web sites for Pd or GEM?
+<p>Except for the ones noted above, there is the Japanese
+installation page at
+<br><a href="http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm">http://www.rinc.or.jp/~kotobuki/gem/index.htm</a>
+<p>There is a Pd mailing list.  Subscription info
+is on IEM's site <a href="http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list">http://www.iem.at/mailinglists/pd-list</a>
+<p>One of pd's unofficial home-pages is at <a href="http://pd.iem.at">http://pd.iem.at</a> hosted by the
+<a href="http://iem.at">Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics, Graz, Austria</a>
+<p>Also hosted by the <a href="http://iem.at">iem</a> is the site of the pd-community
+<a href="http://www.puredata.info">http://www.puredata.info</a>
+<p>An interesting place might also be G&uuml;nter Geiger's size <a href="http://gige.epy.co.at/">http://gige.epy.co.at/</a>
+<p>there are lot's of other cool pages (search the net...)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.9"></a>1.9) What libraries does GEM use?
+(aka: Who does Mark want to thank?)
+<p>All copyrights and license info can be found in
+<br>  GEM.LICENSE.TERMS
+<br> Thanks to Sam Leffner for libTiff, the TIFF image
+loader.
+<br>
+sam@engr.sgi.com
+<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/">ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Masayuki Matsumoto for fstimage for OpenGL,
+the SGI
+<br>  image loader.
+<br>
+matumot@dst.nk-exa.co.jp
+<br> Thanks to the Independent JPEG Group for libjpeg,
+the JPEG image loader.
+<br>
+jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net
+<br>  <a href="ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/">ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Mark Kilgard at al. (and SGI) for glut, the openGL Utility Toolkit
+<br>  <a href="http://www.pobox.com/~ndr">http://www.pobox.com/~ndr</a>
+<br> Thanks to Stephane Rehel for GLTT, the OpenGL TrueType
+render.
+<br>
+rehel@worldnet.fr
+<br>  <a href="http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html">http://home.worldnet.fr/~rehel/gltt/gltt.html</a>
+<br> Thanks to David Turner, Robert Wilhelm, and Werner
+Lemberg for
+<br>  Freetype, a TrueType font
+rendering engine.
+<br>
+turner@enst.fr
+<br>
+robert@physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de
+<br>
+a7971428@unet.univie.ac.at
+<br>  <a href="http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html">http://www.physiol.med.tu-muenchen.de/~robert/freetype.html</a>
+<br> Thanks to the MPEG Software Simulation Group, for
+libmpeg, the
+<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>
+mssg@mpeg.org
+<br>  <a href="http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/">http://www.mpeg.org/MSSG/</a>
+<br> Thanks to Heroine for quicktime4linux
+a quickime Decoder
+and libmpeg3, another MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>MPEG-2 Encoder/Decoder
+<br>
+mssg@mpeg.org
+<br>  <a href="http://heroinewarrior.com/">http://heroinewarrior.com/</a>
+<br> Thanks to LCS/Telegraphics for Wintab, the Windows
+tablet library.
+<br>
+wintab@pointing.com
+<br> Thanks to David McAllister for the Particle System
+library.
+<br>
+davemc@cs.unc.edu
+<br>  <a href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/">http://www.cs.unc.edu/~davemc/Particle/</a>
+<br> Thanks to John Stone for the Space Orb library,
+libOrb
+<br>
+j.stone@acm.org
+<br>  <a href="http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/">http://www.umr.edu/~johns/projects/liborb/</a>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.10"></a>1.10) Are there any restrictions on GEM?
+<p>GEM is under the Gnu Public License.  This basically
+means that it will always be free software.Check out <a href="http://www.gnu.org">http://www.gnu.org</a>
+for more information and read the full license in GnuGPL.LICENSE in the GEM release.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="1.11"></a>1.11) How do I use GEM in a performance?
+<p>This is a constant problem, because there is no consistent
+way to display video on any platform.  Also, you usually do not want
+to send the entire screen, but only the GEM window.  It is also useful
+to be able to edit/control the Pd patch window while the patch is actually
+running.
+<p>On SGIs, the best way is to get a video out option.
+On the SGI O2, Impact, and Onyx (Mark has used all of these), there is a
+simple connector or breakout box to do video.
+If you run the video out program, then you will get a rectangle on your screen
+which shows what is being sent out the video connector.
+Make your GEM window a little larger than 640x480 and center it in the rectangle.
+You can now project this with a standard video projector.
+<p>On PCs it is a bit harder.
+Several modern video-cards have the possibility to output several screens
+(either 2 (or more) VGA-screens or 1 VGA-screen and 1 TV (Composite or S-HVS)
+or a combination with DFTs)
+If you have a Canopus Voodoo2 card it has a video and s-video output on it.  As described
+in <a href="#2.12">question 2.12</a>, you can get a Voodoo to work with
+GEM.  If any one else has a better solution, please let me know.
+The nVidia Riva TNTs require that you output the full screen, so this is
+not a very good option.  You can use a video scan convertor.
+Some of them only display a part of the scene, which is exactly what you
+want.
+<p>With modern multi-headed cards it is more simple:
+Configure your card to display the desktop spread over your multiple screens
+(e.g.: from left-to-right).
+On windows and macOS you can do this via the display-properties dialog.
+On linux you will have to edit your /etc/X11/XF86Config-4 file either by hand or
+(if your system supports it) via an appropriate editor (yes, nowadays there are some).
+Now create your gem-window on the second screen:
+it should have the same dimensions as the 2nd screen (e.g: "[dimen 800 600(").
+to place it at the second screen use the offset (e.g: if your primary sreen
+(the one you want for patch-editing) has the dimension 1024x768 use "[offset 1024 0(",
+which will create the gem-window 1024 pixels right of the upper-left corner
+of the total screen (and 0 pixels below it),
+which is exactly the upper-left corner of the 2nd screen.
+You most probably want to turn off the borders with "[border 0(".<br>
+<em>Note:</em> some grafix-card have openGL-hardware-acceleration only on the 1st screen
+(so you should create the gem-window on the 1st screen and move
+your patches to the 2nd screen)
+<p>If you are using an XServer for displaying (under linux) you can also use another
+computer for rendering.
+You can specify the place where the gem-window should be created with something like
+"create &lt;<em>render.host</em>&gt;:0.0"
+
+<p>If you are doing audio with graphics, the only solution
+to prevent clicking (<a href="#5.1">question 5.1</a>) is to run 2 computers
+and have them communicate with netsend/netreceive.  We are working
+on making Pd/GEM multi-processor friendly, so if you have a multi-processor
+system, you can run everything on one machine eventually.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="UsingGem"></a><h3><i>USING GEM</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="2.1"></a>2.1)How do I (???)
+<p>Many of the general usage questions are probably
+answered in the manual or release notes.  The pd mailing list is also
+a good place to find answers as well.
+<p><a NAME="2.2"></a>2.2) How do I make GEM run?
+<p>GEM is not an executable.  It requires Pd to
+work and is loaded in at run time.  For example, I have an alias on
+the SGI which does
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>and on WinNT
+<p>\pdDir\pd\bin\pd -lib /pdDir/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>on UNIX-systems you will probably want to use a <tt>.pdrc</tt> file,
+ where you can put the command-line arguments for pd that you "always" need.
+<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<p>Most people use use the command shell to start Pd.
+It is not very difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.3"></a>2.3) Why doesn't GEM run?
+<p><b>Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix
+styles slashes</b>.  This is the case even on Windows.
+<p>You may also want to use the -nosound flag.
+For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
+turn off the audio part of Pd.  However, other people can't get GEM
+to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).  You can also try the
+-dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
+only).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.4"></a>2.4) I've got it running.  Now what?
+<p>Try out the manual.  It will step you through
+the basics.
+<br> You will also want to look at the example files.
+Assuming that everything is installed correctly, you can get to the examples
+by going to the Help menu in Pd and selecting examples.  A bunch of
+the patches should start with gem&lt;something>.  The best one is
+<i>gem/01.basic/01.redSquare.pd</i>
+It puts a red square up on the screen and allows you to rotate it. <i>gemImage.pd</i>
+shows how to load in a TIFF file.  <i>gem/03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd</i>
+moves two spheres around the screen. Try the other ones.
+<br> Most of the GEM objects have test patches which
+give some information about the various controls for the object.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.5"></a>2.5) On IRIX 5.3, why does GEM dump with an rld error?
+<p>GEM only works under IRIX 6.2+.  The rld error
+is probably something about not having glBindTextureEXT (or something).
+OpenGL 1.0 has some extensions to speed up texture mapping (which are an
+integral part of OpenGL 1.1).  However, these don't exist on IRIX
+5.3.  If you recompile GEM (see the next question), things should
+work fine.
+<br> I don't have access to an IRIX machine, so don't
+expect any builds from me.  Upgrading to IRIX 6.2+ is worth it.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.6"></a>2.6) Why can't I compile GEM on IRIX 5.3?
+<p>There was probably an error saying that the compiler
+couldn't find the file "dmedia/vl_vino.h" in pix_videoSGI.cpp.  IRIX
+6.2+ adds new functionality to the media libraries which makes life much
+easier. You cannot compile pix_video or pix_indycam as is under 5.3.
+You can remove them from the Pix/Makefile and from the linker part of the
+global Makefile.  You will also need to recompile the Td and Tiff
+libraries.
+<p>There shouldn't be any problems doing this.  I haven't tried any
+of this, so if it works for someone, please let me know.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.7"></a>2.7) Why is GEM slow in general?
+<p>Examine what you are doing.  If you are constantly
+changing textures, then this is probably your problem.  If you have
+models with a million triangles, then this is probably the problem.
+Compare what you are doing with realistic specs on your system.  Some
+systems slow down when they have to draw very large polygons (slow fill
+rate).
+<br> You can also turn on profiling to see how long it
+takes to render a frame.  Send a profile message to the gemwin object.
+The number that is printed is the number of milliseconds one frame takes
+to render.  50 milliseconds is 20 frames per second. 'profile 2' is
+good if you want to see how long the image processing is taking.
+<br>  profile 0 - turn off profiling
+<br>  profile 1 - turn on profiling
+<br>  profile 2 - turn on profiling
+and don't cache pixes
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.8"></a>2.8) Why is GEM slow on IRIX?
+<p>If you are having major slowdowns, then please let
+me know.  I have gotten very good performance on most machines (Indy,
+O2, Impact, Onyx2).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.9"></a>2.9) Why is GEM slow on WinNT/Win95?
+<p>You probably don't have hardware acceleration.
+You can use software rendering, but it basically useless except for extremely
+basic patches.  You can get a good graphics accelerator for really
+cheap these days.  I recommend a card based on nVidia's chipsets,
+such as the TNT2 or GeForce, but there are other companies such as 3dfx
+and Matrox.  Make sure that you are running the latest drivers for
+your card.  The basic drivers that come with the cards are usually
+very bad.
+<br> Also, PCs don't deal with lots of texture maps very
+well (they are bus limited, at least until AGP), so if you are trying to
+use lots of constantly changing texture maps
+(especially with [pix_multiimage], [pix_video] or [pix_film]), that will cause problems.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.10"></a>2.10) Why is GEM slow on Linux?
+<p>It is because you have to use Mesa, which might be
+running iin software. Mesa (<a href="http://www.mesa.org">http://www.mesa.org</a>)
+is an awesome package by Brian Paul (brianp@avid.com) which "emulates"
+OpenGL.  Basically, it is a fully compliant OpenGL package, but it
+isn't officially sanctioned by the OpenGL ARB, such, it is doesn't have
+the OpenGL name.  There is an acceleration package for the many graphics
+card, but I don't know anything about it.
+<br>nVidia is being very supportive of Linux:
+their TNT2 and GeForce cards work under Linux with hardware-acceleration of openGL.
+(but the drivers are proprietary)
+<br>radeon cards should also be supported very well under linux (even with open-source drivers)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.11"></a>2.11) If I resize the window, everything looks strange.
+<p>GEM doesn't trap resize events in IRIX or Linux (this
+is not a problem in WinNT).  This means that OpenGL doesn't have the
+correct information to render properly.  If you want to resize the
+window, send a 'dimen x y' message to gemwin before you create the window.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.12"></a>2.12) Can GEM run on a 3Dfx Voodoo card?
+<p>I (this is: Mark Danks) have a Voodoo2 card, which runs fine under WinNT.
+I use the OpenGL beta driver from 3Dfx at work all the time without any
+problems and, except that the Voodoo takes over the full screen, it seems
+to work fine.  You will need to download the OpenGL Beta driver from
+3Dfx's web site at http://www.3dfx.com and put the OpenGL32.dll into the
+same directory as pd.exe (NOT gem.dll).  Debugging patches is much
+easier if you have two monitors, one for the 3-D card and one for the 2-D
+card.
+<p>IMPORTANT: You MUST set the environment variable
+<p>GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT = 1
+<p>to make the Voodoo card work.  It will make a window 640x480 (which
+is the correct size for TV video out on my Canopus V2 card).  On WinNT,
+right click "My Computer" and go to "Properties".  On the "Environment"
+tab, you need to add the variable "GEM_SINGLE_CONTEXT" with a value of
+1.
+<br>Resizing the GEM window with a Voodoo card is not
+a great idea. The Voodoo card can only display certain window sizes and
+will clip the graphics.
+<p>For the tech heads in the audience...I create an
+OpenGL context at startup and never actually display its associated window.
+This means that GEM objects can create display lists, call OpenGL commands,
+etc. in their constructors, even if no window is actually being displayed.
+However, with the Voodoo card, there can only be one OpenGL context.
+So, instead of creating one context and just holding onto it in the background,
+I create the normal GEM window and associate the OpenGL context with it...and
+the user can never destroy or close that window.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="2.13"></a>2.13) Will GEM support hardware transform and lighting
+(T &amp; L)?
+<p>Absolutely!  Unlike some other APIs, OpenGL
+will automatically use hardware accelerated transform and lighting if the
+card has it.  GEM gets great performance from cards like nVidia's
+GeForce.
+<p><a NAME="2.14"></a>2.14) I get an error "GEM needs Truecolor visual
+support".
+<p>This error means that your X display is running with
+paletted colors, which is the result of limited color depth.  If you
+start the X display with
+<p>startx -- -bpp 16
+<p>or some higher number, then it should work fine.  32-bit color
+is the best.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ViewingObjects"></a><h3><i>VIEWING OBJECTS</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="3.1"></a>3.1)Why does everything seem dim?<
+<p>You probably turned on lighting but don't have any
+lights in the world.  Either add a light with <i>world_light</i> or
+<i>light</i>
+or turn lighting off by sending a message 'lighting 0' to the <i>gemwin</i>.
+You can also send a reset message to <i>gemwin</i> to set it back to the
+startup state (which doesn't have any lighting).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="3.2"></a>3.2) Why does everything seem dark?
+<p>See question 3.1.
+<br> If you are using <tt>view</tt> in your patch to change the viewpoint,
+you may not be pointing in the correct direction.  You also might have translated
+everything outside of the current viewport.
+<br> Also, if you have been using single buffering ('buffer
+1' message to <i>gemwin</i>), then you might still be in that mode.
+Either send a 'buffer 2' message or a 'reset' message to <i>gemwin</i>.
+Then, destroy and create your window.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="TextureMapping"></a><h3><i>TEXTURE MAPPING</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="4.1"></a>4.1) My image doesn't appear.  What is going
+on?
+<p>Normally images have to be texture-mapped onto Geos.
+You have to use [pix_texture] to map the current image onto a Geo.
+"Current" means that any pix-manipulation that is done after texturing will not be displayed.
+<p>Any Geo has a color (which is initially set to white).
+If you have set the color to black, your Geo (including the image) might be very dark.
+If you are using alpha-blending, make sure that the Geo is not invisible.
+<p>Normally images that want to be texture mapped with openGL should have dimensions that are a power of 2 in both height and width.
+Now [pix_texture] will make this totally transparent to you (so normally you don't have to care about the size of the image).
+However with non-power-of-2 images <i>pix_coordinate</i> might not behave as expected,
+because these images need absolute texture-coordinates rather than normalized ones
+(as are used with power-of-2 images): so if the texture-coordinates are set to "(0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,1)" you might see only the first pixel of the image (which might be black).
+<p>Also, make sure that GEM can find your image (ie,
+that the path name is correct).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.2"></a>4.2) My image looks strange.  What is going
+on?
+<p>GEM supports gray8, YUV, and RGBA images.  If
+it sees that the number of bits per channel and the number of channels
+is something that it should be able to handle, it tries to load the raw
+data.  If you have compressed or stored the pixel data in some "strange"
+format, then GEM will probably not read the information correctly.
+<br> Also, if it is an RGBA image, then make sure that
+the alpha channel is something useful (this only matters if you are using
+the alpha channel, like in the alpha object or pix_mask).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.3"></a>4.3) Why does GEM say that it can't handle a gray
+image?
+<p>This error message occurs whenever a pix object receives
+a gray8 image and the implementor hasn't provided a way to deal with that
+format of image. (Implementors often only provide functions for GEM's <i>native</i>
+color-format RGBA. Any other color-format (like BGR) will try to call the function
+for gray8 images, which might not be supported.)
+  If you do not want to change the image format with some extern image-programm
+(like Photoshop or the Gimp) you might want to try <i>pix_rgba</a>
+or harass whoever made the object to add the functionality.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.4"></a>4.4) What image formats can GEM handle?
+<p>GEM can read in TIFF, JPEG, and SGI images.
+These can be in any color format.  Gray scale images are loaded in
+as gray scale (ie, one byte per pixel).  Everything else is loaded
+in or converted to an RGBA image (ie, four bytes per pixel).  If there
+is an alpha channel, then it will be respected.  Otherwise, the alpha
+channel will be set to fully opaque (alpha == 255).
+<p>GEM can write TIFF and JPEG images.
+TIFF-images will be full RGBA-images, wheras JPEG-files only support (compressed) RGB.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.5"></a>4.5) What movie formats can GEM handle?
+<p>The movie formats GEM can handle (still) depend on the platform
+you are using.
+<p>On Windoze you can read all AVI-files you have codecs for
+<p>On linux the readable formats depend on the libraries you had installed when you compiled GEM.
+Currently there is (optional) support for AVI,  quicktime (*.MOV) and MPEG (*.MPG) files.
+Not all quicktime-formats are supported. This is unfortunate but is due to linux restrictions.
+I highly recommend that you install the mpeg3-library from Heroine because it is much more stable than mpeg1 (which comes with many linux-distributions).
+If you have compiled in support for libavifile, you will be able to open Micro$oft-AVI-files.
+If you have installed the proper codecs
+(libavifile supports a mechanism for loading codecs from windows-DLLs) you should be able to
+open almost any format.
+
+If you have serious problems, mail them <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">to me</a>.
+(Be ready to upload the movie-file that won't work)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="4.6"></a>4.6) Why is <i>pix_draw</i> so slow?
+<p><i>pix_draw</i> is almost never hardware accelerated
+on PCs graphics accelerator.  This means that it runs <i>extremely</i>
+slowly.  Always use <i>pix_texture</i>, even if you are just displaying
+an image.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="WorkingWithPd"></a><h3><i>WORKING WITH PD</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="5.1"></a>5.1) Why do I get clicks in the audio?
+<p>If you are getting a constant stream of clicks in
+your audio, then it is probably because you are trying to do graphics and
+audio in the same process.  Rendering a graphics frame usually takes
+longer than the size of the audio buffer, which is why you get clicks (the
+clicks are usually at 20Hz...the typical frame rate).
+<br> One way around this is to use two computers, one
+for graphics and one for audio.  If you have enough processing power
+(or dual processors), then you can run two versions of Pd, one for graphics
+and one for audio.  Just use <i>netsend</i> and <i>netreceive</i>
+to have the two versions of Pd talk to each other.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.2"></a>5.2) How do I get audio data to GEM?
+<p>One simple way to get raw audio values right now is
+to use <i>snapshot~</i>.  Just set up a <i>metro</i> which bangs <i>snapshot~</i>
+and use the floating point value.  If you want "musical" information,
+then use objects such as <i>env~</i>.
+You might also have a look at the <i>pix_sig2pix~</i> which interprets audio-data as pixels
+and its counterpart <i>pix_pix2sig~</i>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.3"></a>5.3) Why can't GEM find an image/model file?
+<p>This means that GEM can't locate the file.
+If you use an absolute path (with / for instance), then GEM will look there.
+Otherwise, GEM will look in the directory of where the patch is.
+Then pd/GEM will search the paths you specified at startup with the <i>-path</i> flag.
+<p>Check the following:
+<p>1) Does the file exist?
+<br> 2) Did you make a typo in the filename?
+<br> 3) Is the file in the search-path ?
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="5.4"></a>5.4) How can I optimize my patches?
+<p>One of the biggest performance hits is having UI
+elements in your patch which have to be updated.  The biggest performance
+hog is the number box.  While the number box is great for debugging,
+make sure that they are all gone from your "release" patch.  If you
+run a performance meter, you will see that whenever Tcl/Tk has to update
+the user interface, it sucks the entire processor.  Another examples
+of this is when you move a lot of objects at once, everything jerks and
+slides across the screen.  There are probably ways to improve this...
+<br> Another problem is doing unneccessary calculations.
+When you are throwing lots of numbers around, especially packing/unpacking,
+doing vector math, etc., they add up.  If the calculations are going
+unused (for instance, that part of the patch is turned off), then do not
+trigger the math objects.  Use <i>spigot</i> or <i>gate</i> and block
+the events early.  This is especially important with objects that
+send a lot of numbers, like ~ objects or <i>line</i>/<i>tripleLine</i>.
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="NewGemObjects"></a><h3><i>WRITING NEW GEM OBJECTS</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="6.1"></a>6.1) How do I write a new GEM object?
+<p>For the time being, you have to look at the code.
+It is fairly well documented and straight forward (if you know C++ and
+OOP).  Start with an object which is similar to what you want and
+derive a new class.  The biggest issue right now is how to load in
+GEM as a DSO/DLL. For SGIs, you will need to setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
+On NT, you will need to have your path include the directory with GEM.
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="6.2"></a>6.2) What are the default OpenGL states?
+<p>GemMan (and by association, gemwin) disables alpha
+testing, alpha blending, culling, and lighting.  Lighting defaults
+to two sided, with GL_COLOR_MATERIAL enabled.  The viewport is set
+to
+<p>float xDivy = (float)m_width / (float)m_height;
+<br> glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
+<br> glLoadIdentity();
+<br> glFrustum(-xDivy, xDivy, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 20.0);
+<br> gluLookAt(0.0, 0.0, 4.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0,
+0.0);
+<br> glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+<br> glViewport(0, 0, m_width, m_height);
+<p>which gives a range of about -4 to 4 in X and Y at the origin.
+This is a small range, but changing it now would break a lot of patches.
+<p>The specific functions to look at are:
+<p>GemMan::windowInit()
+<br>GemMan::resetValues()
+<br>gemhead::renderGL()
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="ObjectSpecific"></a><h3><i>OBJECT SPECIFIC</i></h3>
+<br><a NAME="7.1"></a>7.1) Why doesn't &lt;object> exist on &lt;platform>?
+<p>Usually, this is because I don't have the resources
+to get the object running on that platform.  If an object that you
+want doesn't exist on your platform, then ask for it!  However, if
+it is tied to hardware, then it is much less likely that I will be able
+to do anything about it (unless someone donates the hardware to me...)
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.2"></a>7.2) Why doesn't <i>gemtablet</i> work?
+<p><i>gemtablet</i> only works on WinNT.  I don't
+have drivers for IRIX or Linux (also, see question 7.4)
+<br> If GEM can find the tablet, then it will print a
+message at window creation time.  If you don't see a message, then
+GEM doesn't think that you have a tablet.
+<br> The tablet is mapped to the size of the GEM graphics
+window.
+<p>---
+<br><a NAME="7.3"></a>7.3) I don't want GEM to take over my tablet.
+How do I stop it?
+<p>Set the environment variable
+<p>GEM_NO_TABLET = 1
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.4"></a>7.4) Why doesn't <i>gemmouse</i> work in IRIX?
+<p>Basically, I don't have physical access to an SGI machine.
+This makes it hard to do some of the OS specific work.
+It should be straightforward to do the event handling, so if someone gets
+it working, I would love to include it (and give you credit).  All
+you have to do is call the correct event functions from GemEvent.h and
+everything should just start to work (ie, gemmouse doesn't have any OS
+specific code in it).
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.5"></a>7.5) Why doesn't gemorb work?
+<p>You need to make sure that your SpaceOrb is hooked
+up correctly. I am using a library which isn't supported by SpaceTec so
+there can be problems, although I have not had any.
+<br> &lt;RANT> When will companies wake up and actually
+provide drivers and support for their products under WinNT? &lt;/RANT>
+<p>----
+<br><a NAME="7.6"></a>7.6) What is wrong with <i>pix_video</i> in WinNT?
+<p>I haven't completely figured out how to get access
+to the video stream in WinNT.  I'm using Video for Windows with a
+Connectix QuickCam, as well as an Intel Video Capture Card, and it seems
+to assume that you are only writing to a file or previewing into a window.
+Windows tries to take over the system and doesn't really provide any stable
+hooks (unlike IRIX).  If anyone knows how to deal with this, please
+let me know.
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html b/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
index b564d99..46c863a 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/GemWPd.html
@@ -1,140 +1,140 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Using GEM with Pd</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Using GEM with Pd</u></h2></center>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An important fact is that GEM is NOT an application.
-It is a library that the application Pd loads in at run-time.&nbsp; Most
-of this information is taken directly from the GEM FAQ.
-<p><a href="#GEMIrix">How do I install GEM on IRIX?</a>
-<br><a href="#GEMWinNT">How do I install GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
-<br><a href="#GEMlinux">How do I install GEM on linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#GEMmacos">How do I install GEM on macOS-X?</a>
-<br><a href="#runIRIX">How do I run GEM on IRIX?</a>
-<br><a href="#runWinNT">How do I run GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
-<br><a href="#runlinux">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#runmacos">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
-<br><a href="#noRun">Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="GEMIrix"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</u></h4>
-See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded.&nbsp; GEM should
-be located at
-<p>pd/gem
-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
-<p>If you run the shell script, GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example
-files and documention
-<br>should be put in the correct locations.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="GEMWinNT"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</u></h4>
-See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
-<p>Unzip the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
-<p>pd\gem
-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
-<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
-should be put in the correct locations.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="GEMlinux"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</u></h4>
-See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
-<p>pd/gem
-<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
-<p>chdir into &lt;pd/gem&gt;/src/Gnu
-<p>read the README.build
-<p>run <tt>./configure</tt> and afterwards <tt>make</tt>
-<p>If you run <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documentation
-should be put in the correct locations.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="GEMmacos"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS-X?</u></h4>
-See the readme for installing Pd.
-<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on IRIX?</u></h4>
-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
-<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
-the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
-in the GEM FAQ
-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="runWinNT"></a><u>How do I run GEM on Win95/NT?</u></h4>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It is best to start Pd from a DOS command line.&nbsp;
-If you go to the Start menu, you should find an application called "Command
-Prompt" under the Program menu.&nbsp; You need to change to the drive where
-you installed Pd.&nbsp; For instance, if it is on your D: drive, just type
-d: at the prompt.
-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
-<p>\pd\bin\pd -lib /pd/gem/Gem
-<p>depending on where you installed Pd.
-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the
--lib flag. If you just try to double click GEM, you will get an error!
-Notice that last word is a capital Gem. If you get a "can't find gem_setup"
-error, then that is the problem. Look in the GEM FAQ for trouble shooting
-suggestions.
-<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Most people use the command shell to start Pd.&nbsp;
-It is difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment
-variable.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on linux?</u></h4>
-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
-<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
-<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
-the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
-in the GEM FAQ
-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on macOS-X?</u></h4>
-&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
-<code>/usr/local/bin/pd -lib /Users/zmoelnig/pd/Gem</code>
-<p>(where /usr/local/bin/pd is the path to the pd directory and 
-/Users/zmoelnig/pd is the path where the <i>Gem.pd_darwin</i> resides). 
-Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
-"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
-If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
-in the GEM FAQ
-<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
-<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
-<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h4>
-<a NAME="noRun"></a><u>Why doesn't GEM run?</u></h4>
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix styles
-slashes, even if you are on Windows.&nbsp; This means that you need to
-do <i>-lib /gem/Gem</i>, not <i>-lib \gem\Gem</i>
-<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You may also want to use the -nosound flag.&nbsp;
-For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
-turn off the audio part of Pd.&nbsp; However, other people can't get GEM
-to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).&nbsp; You can also try the
--dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
-only).
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Using GEM with Pd</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Using GEM with Pd</u></h2></center>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An important fact is that GEM is NOT an application.
+It is a library that the application Pd loads in at run-time.&nbsp; Most
+of this information is taken directly from the GEM FAQ.
+<p><a href="#GEMIrix">How do I install GEM on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMWinNT">How do I install GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMlinux">How do I install GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#GEMmacos">How do I install GEM on macOS-X?</a>
+<br><a href="#runIRIX">How do I run GEM on IRIX?</a>
+<br><a href="#runWinNT">How do I run GEM on Win95/NT/2k?</a>
+<br><a href="#runlinux">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#runmacos">How do I run GEM on linux?</a>
+<br><a href="#noRun">Why doesn't GEM run?</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMIrix"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on IRIX?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded.&nbsp; GEM should
+be located at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>If you run the shell script, GEM.INSTALL.sh, then all of the example
+files and documention
+<br>should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMWinNT"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on WinNT?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
+<p>Unzip the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
+<p>pd\gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>If you run GEM.INSTALL.bat, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMlinux"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on linux?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>Uncompress and untar the GEM file that you downloaded so that it is at
+<p>pd/gem
+<p>depending on where you have installed Pd.
+<p>chdir into &lt;pd/gem&gt;/src/Gnu
+<p>read the README.build
+<p>run <tt>./configure</tt> and afterwards <tt>make</tt>
+<p>If you run <tt>make install</tt>, then all of the example files and documentation
+should be put in the correct locations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="GEMmacos"></a><u>How do I install GEM and Pd on macOS-X?</u></h4>
+See the readme for installing Pd.
+<p>TODO: there should be a install package somewhere
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on IRIX?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
+the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runWinNT"></a><u>How do I run GEM on Win95/NT?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It is best to start Pd from a DOS command line.&nbsp;
+If you go to the Start menu, you should find an application called "Command
+Prompt" under the Program menu.&nbsp; You need to change to the drive where
+you installed Pd.&nbsp; For instance, if it is on your D: drive, just type
+d: at the prompt.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>\pd\bin\pd -lib /pd/gem/Gem
+<p>depending on where you installed Pd.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the
+-lib flag. If you just try to double click GEM, you will get an error!
+Notice that last word is a capital Gem. If you get a "can't find gem_setup"
+error, then that is the problem. Look in the GEM FAQ for trouble shooting
+suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see a startup message from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Most people use the command shell to start Pd.&nbsp;
+It is difficult to configure Pd to run from double-clicking on the icon.
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment
+variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on linux?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<p>/usr/people/mdanks/pd/bin/pd -lib /usr/people/mdanks/pd/gem/Gem
+<p>(where /usr/people/mdanks is the path to the pd directory). Check out
+the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="runIRIX"></a><u>How do I run GEM on macOS-X?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; To use GEM type something like:
+<code>/usr/local/bin/pd -lib /Users/zmoelnig/pd/Gem</code>
+<p>(where /usr/local/bin/pd is the path to the pd directory and
+/Users/zmoelnig/pd is the path where the <i>Gem.pd_darwin</i> resides).
+Check out the README for Pd to see examples of the -lib flag. If you just try to
+"run" GEM, you will get an error! Notice that last word is a capital Gem.
+If you get a "can't find gem_setup" error, then that is the problem. Look
+in the GEM FAQ
+<br>for trouble shooting suggestions.
+<p>If you don't see startup messages from GEM, then something went wrong.
+<br>Also, you might need to add pd/bin to your PATH environment variable.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h4>
+<a NAME="noRun"></a><u>Why doesn't GEM run?</u></h4>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Notice that the -lib flag always requires Unix styles
+slashes, even if you are on Windows.&nbsp; This means that you need to
+do <i>-lib /gem/Gem</i>, not <i>-lib \gem\Gem</i>
+<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You may also want to use the -nosound flag.&nbsp;
+For instance, my PC has problems using audio (it leaks memory), so I just
+turn off the audio part of Pd.&nbsp; However, other people can't get GEM
+to work if the -nosound is used (on Win95).&nbsp; You can also try the
+-dac or -adc flags (for digital-analog-conversion only and analog-digital-conversion
+only).
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Gloss.html b/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
index 1d42709..fcf35c9 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Gloss.html
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Glossary/Index</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Glossary</u></h2></center>
-<a NAME="Alpha"></a>Alpha - The amount of opacity.&nbsp; An alpha equal
-to 1.0 means completely opaque.&nbsp; An alpha equal to 0.0 means completely
-transparent.
-<p><a NAME="Controls"></a>Controls - GEM objects which access the low levels
-of GEM, such as window managers.
-<p><a NAME="Geos"></a>Geos - GEM objects which have a shape of some kind,
-such as a cube.
-<p><a NAME="Manips"></a>Manips - GEM objects which manipulate the geos.
-<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a>MarkEx - A collection of objects which help with
-data manipulation, especially for usage in GEM.
-<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a>Nongeos - GEM objects which do not have an explicit
-shape, yet affect the rendering in some way.
-<p><a NAME="OpenGL"></a><a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a> - A
-graphics API which exists on many different platforms.<br>
-Gem can <i>also</i> be used as a wrapper for openGL, allowing to program openGL without having to
-compile
-<p><a NAME="Particles"></a>Particles - GEM objects which involve the particle
-system.
-<p><a NAME="Pd"></a><a href="http://pd.iem.at">Pd</a>
-- A visual programming language for audio processing.&nbsp; This is the
-host application for GEM.
-<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a>Pixes - Image processing objects in GEM
-<p><a NAME="Texture"></a>Texture mapping - Applying an image to a geometric
-object.
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Glossary/Index</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Glossary</u></h2></center>
+<a NAME="Alpha"></a>Alpha - The amount of opacity.&nbsp; An alpha equal
+to 1.0 means completely opaque.&nbsp; An alpha equal to 0.0 means completely
+transparent.
+<p><a NAME="Controls"></a>Controls - GEM objects which access the low levels
+of GEM, such as window managers.
+<p><a NAME="Geos"></a>Geos - GEM objects which have a shape of some kind,
+such as a cube.
+<p><a NAME="Manips"></a>Manips - GEM objects which manipulate the geos.
+<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a>MarkEx - A collection of objects which help with
+data manipulation, especially for usage in GEM.
+<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a>Nongeos - GEM objects which do not have an explicit
+shape, yet affect the rendering in some way.
+<p><a NAME="OpenGL"></a><a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a> - A
+graphics API which exists on many different platforms.<br>
+Gem can <i>also</i> be used as a wrapper for openGL, allowing to program openGL without having to
+compile
+<p><a NAME="Particles"></a>Particles - GEM objects which involve the particle
+system.
+<p><a NAME="Pd"></a><a href="http://pd.iem.at">Pd</a>
+- A visual programming language for audio processing.&nbsp; This is the
+host application for GEM.
+<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a>Pixes - Image processing objects in GEM
+<p><a NAME="Texture"></a>Texture mapping - Applying an image to a geometric
+object.
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Images.html b/Gem/manual/Images.html
index 182d153..cc6eb99 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Images.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Images.html
@@ -1,112 +1,112 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-   <title>Images</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Dealing with Images</u></h2></center>
-Images are files which are loaded into GEM.  The images can be manipulated,
-applied to objects, and used in any number of different ways.  In
-this section, you will load in an image and display it on the screen. 
-This section will not apply the images to a <i>geo</i>; that occurs in
-the next part of the manual.
-<p>The pix objects are GEM objects which deal with <i>pix</i>els. 
-They do everything from loading in images to applying filters to the data. 
-The objects in this section of the manual only load in pix data from outside
-sources.  How you actually display the image is up to you.  The
-most common usages are with <i>[pix_draw]</i> and <i>[pix_texture]</i>.
-<p><b>Warning</b>:  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is almost always slower than <i>[pix_texture]</i>. 
-Because <i>[pix_draw]</i> is easier to use than <i>[pix_texture]</i>, it is
-used in these examples.  However, in any real usage or piece, <i>[pix_texture]</i>
-should always be used instead.  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is slow because PC
-graphics accelerators do not provide hardware acceleration for that functionality. 
-<i>[pix_texture]</i> does have hardware acceleration and will be much faster.
-<p><a href="#pix_image">[pix_image]</a> - load in an image
-<br><a href="#pix_multiimage">[pix_multiimage]</a> - load in multiple images
-<br><a href="#pix_movie">[pix_movie]</a> - load in a movie file
-<br><a href="#pix_video">[pix_video]</a> - use a real time video source
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="pix_image"></a>[pix_image]</h3>
-<i>[pix_image]</i> is used to load in images.  Images can be in a variety
-of different formats, including TIFF, JPEG, and SGI formats.  The
-patch gem_pix/gemImage.pd is the simplest use of the <i>[pix_image]</i> object. 
-In this patch, the <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the file dancer.JPG.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="pixImage.jpg" BORDER=1 height=180 width=151></center>
-
-<p>As is the case with every GEM chain, this patch starts with the <i>[gemhead]</i>
-object.  The next object is <i>[pix_image]</i>, which actually loads
-the image.  <i>[pix_image]</i> makes the file dancer.JPG the current
-pixel data, which will be used in all subsequent operations in the chain. 
-The <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is used to move the image around. 
-Finally, the <i>[pix_draw]</i> object renders the pixel data to the screen.
-<p>The patch mentions that changing the Z in <i>[translateXYZ]</i> does not
-change the size of the image, as would occur with a <i>geo</i> object like
-<i>[square]</i>. 
-This is because <i>[pix_draw]</i> simply draws the pixel at the current raster
-position, without any transformation.  If you want to change the size
-on the fly and rotate the image, you need to texture map the pix, which
-is described in the next section.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="pix_multiimage"></a>[pix_multiimage]</h3>
-The <i>[pix_image]</i> object only loads in one image at time.  If you
-try to change the image rapidly while the patch is running, you will notice
-a lag every time it has to load in a new file.  To avoid this lag,
-there is another object called <i>[pix_multiimage]</i>.  If you look
-at patch gem_pix/gemMultiImage.pd, you will see this object in action.
-<p>Basically, the * in the file name is replaced by the number that you
-pass in.  This allows you to play sequences of images with random
-access.  The one downside is that every image is loaded into memory
-when the object is created, so you need to have a lot of RAM to use it.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3><a NAME="pix_movie"></a>[pix_movie]/[pix_film]</h3>
-These objects are used to read movie-files from disk (or if supported from the internet).
-
-The movie is streamed off of disk, 
-using whatever decompression libraries are installed on your computer. 
-On Windows AVI movies seem to work fine,
-but there is also a prelaminary support for quicktimes (and mpeg).
-On macOS-X all formats supported by the system (basically: quicktime) should work ok.
-On linux the support is highly depending on what libraries are installed during compile time.
-There is support for MPEG (with libmpeg1 or (preferred:) libmpeg3), 
-quicktime (either libquicktime or quicktime4linux; 
-most likely you will not be able to decode quicktimes with proprietary codecs)
-and AVI (with libavifile which is able to utilize windows-dlls for (proprietary) codecs).
-There is also some rudimentary support for FFMPEG.
-
-The right inlet of <i>[pix_movie]</i>
-accepts a number to specify the frame to display.  Look at 04.pix/04.movie.pd
-for an image.
-<p>A key fact of <i>[pix_movie]</i> is that it immediately sends the movie
-data to OpenGL as a texture map.  This means that you do not need
-the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object in your chain.  This also means that
-you cannot process the movie data with pix objects.  The main reason
-for this is that it removes the need for a copy of all of the movie data. 
-If you want to apply some image-processing, you will have to use <i>[pix_film]</i>
-(and <i>[pix_texture]</i> for texture-mapping).
-<p>Some of the geos will not texture map the <i>[pix_movie]</i> data correctly. 
-Cone and sphere do not use texture coordinates when they are provided,
-so when you display a movie on one of these objects, you will have a black
-region (unless your movie size is a power of two...however, most movies
-are 320x160 pixels or something).  This will be fixed in a future
-release.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="pix_video"></a>pix_video</h3>
-The "image" can come from the <i>[pix_video]</i> object.
-This means that you can use a real-time video source and display it on the screen.
-<p>You can play with <i>[pix_video]</i> with the patches in 04.video/.
-The patches are explained in more depth in the advanced section of the GEM manual.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+   <title>Images</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Dealing with Images</u></h2></center>
+Images are files which are loaded into GEM.  The images can be manipulated,
+applied to objects, and used in any number of different ways.  In
+this section, you will load in an image and display it on the screen.
+This section will not apply the images to a <i>geo</i>; that occurs in
+the next part of the manual.
+<p>The pix objects are GEM objects which deal with <i>pix</i>els.
+They do everything from loading in images to applying filters to the data.
+The objects in this section of the manual only load in pix data from outside
+sources.  How you actually display the image is up to you.  The
+most common usages are with <i>[pix_draw]</i> and <i>[pix_texture]</i>.
+<p><b>Warning</b>:  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is almost always slower than <i>[pix_texture]</i>.
+Because <i>[pix_draw]</i> is easier to use than <i>[pix_texture]</i>, it is
+used in these examples.  However, in any real usage or piece, <i>[pix_texture]</i>
+should always be used instead.  <i>[pix_draw]</i> is slow because PC
+graphics accelerators do not provide hardware acceleration for that functionality.
+<i>[pix_texture]</i> does have hardware acceleration and will be much faster.
+<p><a href="#pix_image">[pix_image]</a> - load in an image
+<br><a href="#pix_multiimage">[pix_multiimage]</a> - load in multiple images
+<br><a href="#pix_movie">[pix_movie]</a> - load in a movie file
+<br><a href="#pix_video">[pix_video]</a> - use a real time video source
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_image"></a>[pix_image]</h3>
+<i>[pix_image]</i> is used to load in images.  Images can be in a variety
+of different formats, including TIFF, JPEG, and SGI formats.  The
+patch gem_pix/gemImage.pd is the simplest use of the <i>[pix_image]</i> object.
+In this patch, the <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the file dancer.JPG.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="pixImage.jpg" BORDER=1 height=180 width=151></center>
+
+<p>As is the case with every GEM chain, this patch starts with the <i>[gemhead]</i>
+object.  The next object is <i>[pix_image]</i>, which actually loads
+the image.  <i>[pix_image]</i> makes the file dancer.JPG the current
+pixel data, which will be used in all subsequent operations in the chain.
+The <i>[translateXYZ]</i> object is used to move the image around.
+Finally, the <i>[pix_draw]</i> object renders the pixel data to the screen.
+<p>The patch mentions that changing the Z in <i>[translateXYZ]</i> does not
+change the size of the image, as would occur with a <i>geo</i> object like
+<i>[square]</i>.
+This is because <i>[pix_draw]</i> simply draws the pixel at the current raster
+position, without any transformation.  If you want to change the size
+on the fly and rotate the image, you need to texture map the pix, which
+is described in the next section.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_multiimage"></a>[pix_multiimage]</h3>
+The <i>[pix_image]</i> object only loads in one image at time.  If you
+try to change the image rapidly while the patch is running, you will notice
+a lag every time it has to load in a new file.  To avoid this lag,
+there is another object called <i>[pix_multiimage]</i>.  If you look
+at patch gem_pix/gemMultiImage.pd, you will see this object in action.
+<p>Basically, the * in the file name is replaced by the number that you
+pass in.  This allows you to play sequences of images with random
+access.  The one downside is that every image is loaded into memory
+when the object is created, so you need to have a lot of RAM to use it.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3><a NAME="pix_movie"></a>[pix_movie]/[pix_film]</h3>
+These objects are used to read movie-files from disk (or if supported from the internet).
+
+The movie is streamed off of disk,
+using whatever decompression libraries are installed on your computer.
+On Windows AVI movies seem to work fine,
+but there is also a prelaminary support for quicktimes (and mpeg).
+On macOS-X all formats supported by the system (basically: quicktime) should work ok.
+On linux the support is highly depending on what libraries are installed during compile time.
+There is support for MPEG (with libmpeg1 or (preferred:) libmpeg3),
+quicktime (either libquicktime or quicktime4linux;
+most likely you will not be able to decode quicktimes with proprietary codecs)
+and AVI (with libavifile which is able to utilize windows-dlls for (proprietary) codecs).
+There is also some rudimentary support for FFMPEG.
+
+The right inlet of <i>[pix_movie]</i>
+accepts a number to specify the frame to display.  Look at 04.pix/04.movie.pd
+for an image.
+<p>A key fact of <i>[pix_movie]</i> is that it immediately sends the movie
+data to OpenGL as a texture map.  This means that you do not need
+the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object in your chain.  This also means that
+you cannot process the movie data with pix objects.  The main reason
+for this is that it removes the need for a copy of all of the movie data.
+If you want to apply some image-processing, you will have to use <i>[pix_film]</i>
+(and <i>[pix_texture]</i> for texture-mapping).
+<p>Some of the geos will not texture map the <i>[pix_movie]</i> data correctly.
+Cone and sphere do not use texture coordinates when they are provided,
+so when you display a movie on one of these objects, you will have a black
+region (unless your movie size is a power of two...however, most movies
+are 320x160 pixels or something).  This will be fixed in a future
+release.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="pix_video"></a>pix_video</h3>
+The "image" can come from the <i>[pix_video]</i> object.
+This means that you can use a real-time video source and display it on the screen.
+<p>You can play with <i>[pix_video]</i> with the patches in 04.video/.
+The patches are explained in more depth in the advanced section of the GEM manual.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Input.html b/Gem/manual/Input.html
index fe089d0..3b027e1 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Input.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Input.html
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Input devices</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Input devices</u></h2></center>
-
-<p><br>Nothing here yet
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Input devices</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Input devices</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Nothing here yet
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Intro.html b/Gem/manual/Intro.html
index 23e8d23..165ad27 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Intro.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Intro.html
@@ -1,62 +1,62 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>GEM - Introduction</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Introduction</u></h2></center>
-GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. It was originally written by
-<a href="http://www.danks.org/mark">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer graphics,
-especially for audio-visual compositions.
-Because GEM is a visual programming environment, users do not need any experience
-in traditional computer languages.
-<p>GEM is a collection of externals which allow the user to create
-<a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a>
-graphics within <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
-a program for real-time audio processing by <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller
-Puckette</a> (of <a href="http://www.ircam.fr">Max</a> fame).
-<p>There are many different shapes and objects, including polygonal graphics,
-lighting, texture mapping, image processing, and camera motion. All of
-this is possible in real-time without any previous programming experience.
-Because GEM is an add-on library for <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
-users can combine audio and graphics, controlling one medium from another.
-<p>GEM is supported in part by a grant from the <a href="http://www.intel.com">Intel
-Research Council</a> for the <a href="http://www.gvm.com">The Global Visual
-Music</a> project of <a href="http://felix.usc.edu/vibeke.html">Vibeke
-Sorensen</a>, <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller Puckette</a>
-and <a href="http://www.earunit.org/rand.htm">Rand Steiger</a>.
-<p>An important thing to remember is that GEM is NOT an application.&nbsp;
-It is a library that Pd loads at run-time.&nbsp; Make sure that you see
-the section on <a href="GemWPd.html">using GEM with Pd</a>.&nbsp; This
-manual assumes that you have Pd working correctly and can load up patches
-already.&nbsp; If you do not have that working yet, look at the Pd manual
-and the GEM FAQ.&nbsp; Also, it is assumed that you have a basic understanding
-of how to use Pd and the idea behind the data flow model.&nbsp; In other
-words, if I ask you to pass a message with 3 floats into an object, you
-would know what I mean.
-<p>The system requirements vary depending on your system and what you are
-trying to do.&nbsp; In general, you should have the most powerful computer
-available and the best graphics accelerator on the market.&nbsp; In reality,
-people have been doing some amazing work with a Pentium II and an <a href="http://www.nvidia.com">nVidia
-Riva TNT</a> or <a href="http://www.3dfx.com">3Dfx Voodoo2</a> card.&nbsp;
-If you are on an SGI, then everything from an O2 up seems to be okay.&nbsp;
-The biggest requirement is that you have some kind of OpenGL graphics accelerator.&nbsp;
-This means that a Matrox Millennium II will not run very quickly.
-<p>The other factor is what you are trying to do.&nbsp; Pushing real-time
-video around requires a fast bus, which really only exists on SGIs.&nbsp;
-Doing thousands of texture mapped polygons is great on a PC...if it is
-a constant texture.&nbsp; There are many issues which mean that there is
-no one answer to "Is this system good enough?".&nbsp; In general, you will
-have to try and see.
-<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="http://www.iem.at/info/personal/jz.htm">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
-So any bug-reports and donations should go to him instead of Mark...
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>GEM - Introduction</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Introduction</u></h2></center>
+GEM is the Graphics Environment for Multimedia. It was originally written by
+<a href="http://www.danks.org/mark">Mark Danks</a> to generate real-time computer graphics,
+especially for audio-visual compositions.
+Because GEM is a visual programming environment, users do not need any experience
+in traditional computer languages.
+<p>GEM is a collection of externals which allow the user to create
+<a href="http://www.opengl.org">OpenGL</a>
+graphics within <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
+a program for real-time audio processing by <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller
+Puckette</a> (of <a href="http://www.ircam.fr">Max</a> fame).
+<p>There are many different shapes and objects, including polygonal graphics,
+lighting, texture mapping, image processing, and camera motion. All of
+this is possible in real-time without any previous programming experience.
+Because GEM is an add-on library for <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/software.html">Pd</a>,
+users can combine audio and graphics, controlling one medium from another.
+<p>GEM is supported in part by a grant from the <a href="http://www.intel.com">Intel
+Research Council</a> for the <a href="http://www.gvm.com">The Global Visual
+Music</a> project of <a href="http://felix.usc.edu/vibeke.html">Vibeke
+Sorensen</a>, <a href="http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp">Miller Puckette</a>
+and <a href="http://www.earunit.org/rand.htm">Rand Steiger</a>.
+<p>An important thing to remember is that GEM is NOT an application.&nbsp;
+It is a library that Pd loads at run-time.&nbsp; Make sure that you see
+the section on <a href="GemWPd.html">using GEM with Pd</a>.&nbsp; This
+manual assumes that you have Pd working correctly and can load up patches
+already.&nbsp; If you do not have that working yet, look at the Pd manual
+and the GEM FAQ.&nbsp; Also, it is assumed that you have a basic understanding
+of how to use Pd and the idea behind the data flow model.&nbsp; In other
+words, if I ask you to pass a message with 3 floats into an object, you
+would know what I mean.
+<p>The system requirements vary depending on your system and what you are
+trying to do.&nbsp; In general, you should have the most powerful computer
+available and the best graphics accelerator on the market.&nbsp; In reality,
+people have been doing some amazing work with a Pentium II and an <a href="http://www.nvidia.com">nVidia
+Riva TNT</a> or <a href="http://www.3dfx.com">3Dfx Voodoo2</a> card.&nbsp;
+If you are on an SGI, then everything from an O2 up seems to be okay.&nbsp;
+The biggest requirement is that you have some kind of OpenGL graphics accelerator.&nbsp;
+This means that a Matrox Millennium II will not run very quickly.
+<p>The other factor is what you are trying to do.&nbsp; Pushing real-time
+video around requires a fast bus, which really only exists on SGIs.&nbsp;
+Doing thousands of texture mapped polygons is great on a PC...if it is
+a constant texture.&nbsp; There are many issues which mean that there is
+no one answer to "Is this system good enough?".&nbsp; In general, you will
+have to try and see.
+<p>GEM is now maintained by <a href="http://www.iem.at/info/personal/jz.htm">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a>.
+So any bug-reports and donations should go to him instead of Mark...
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Lighting.html b/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
index dcff171..5c30fb9 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Lighting.html
@@ -1,107 +1,107 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-   <title>Lighting</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Lighting</u></h2></center>
-Lighting is an important factor is how we perceive the quality of an image. 
-For example, without lighting and shading, a sphere would just look like
-a circle.  GEM provides two types of lights, a local light and world
-light.
-<p>OpenGL uses a vertex lighting model.  This means that for every
-vertex in the scene, the influence of the light is calculated.  The
-color for the polygon is then modified by the light value of all of the
-vertices.  This generally produces a very smooth effect, but you will
-occasionally run into rendering artifacts, especially if you use local
-lights.  For example, imagine you have a local light close a large
-square.  The corners of the square are far away from the light, so
-none of them will be lit very brightly, even though the light itself is
-very close to the surface of the square.
-<p>It is important to realize that lighting is an expensive operation to
-use.  The number of polygons that you will be able to render will
-be much lower if lighting is turned on.  As usual, the complexity
-of the scene and the speed of your computer and graphics card will greatly
-affect your frame rate.
-<p>GEM has only a maximum of 8 lights at one time.  If you try to
-create more lights than that, you will get an error message.
-<p><a href="#Activate">Activate lighting</a>
-<br><a href="#world_light">[world_light]</a> - A directional light
-<br><a href="#light">[light]</a> - A point light in the world
-<br><a href="#Moving">Moving lights</a>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="Activate"></a>Activate lighting</h3>
-Lighting is activated by sending a message to <i>[gemwin]</i>.  If you
-send "lighting 1", then lighting will be turned on.  If you send "lighting
-0", then lighting will be turned off.  The lighting state is kept
-even if you destroy the gemwin.  This means that if you close a patch
-and open another one, the lighting will still be the same.
-<p>Individual lights can be turned on and off by sending a 1 or 0 to the
-left inlet of the light object itself.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="world_light"></a>[world_light]</h3>
-A <i>[world_light]</i> is a light which exists infintely far away. 
-This reduces the computation needed, so your patch can run faster, but
-it means that all of the light rays are parallel.  The <i>[world_light]</i>
-is good for objects like the sun and other lighting affects.  This
-means that translating a <i>[world_light]</i> has no effect, although rotation
-does.
-<p>The following patch is 03.lighting/01.world_light.pd.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="world_light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=370></center>
-
-<p>The <i>[world_light]</i> has one extra inlet.  The right inlet accepts
-three floats to set the color of the light.  A <i>[color]</i> object
-would do nothing.  In this case, the light is being set to purple. 
-The <i>[world_light]</i> also accepts a debug message.  The debug message
-turns on and off a graphical representation of the light in the scene. 
-The <i>[world_light]</i> looks like a cone.  The cone shows the direction
-that the light is coming from.  Remember that the actual position
-of the light does not matter, so geos behind the cone will still be lit. 
-It is the direction of the light that matters.  This is why you can
-rotate the light.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="light"></a>[light]</h3>
-A <i>[light]</i> object generates a point light in the world.  Because
-the light is local to the scene, there is more math to generate the effect
-of the light on the vertices.  However, unlike a <i>[world_light]</i>,
-you can translate the <i>[light]</i> object.
-<p>Below is the patch 03.lighting/02.light.pd.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=215 width=212></center>
-
-<p>The <i>[light]</i> object has a right inlet for the color, just light
-the <i>[world_light]</i> object.  As this patch shows, the light can
-be moved around the scene with both <i>[rotate]</i> and <i>[translate]</i>
-objects.  If you were to set the translate X value equal to 1.0, then
-the sphere would not be lit at all.  This is because the light would
-be inside of the sphere.  When you turn on the debug representation,
-it is a sphere with its origin where the light it.  The <i>[light]</i>
-object does not have any size.  It exists as a point source.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="Moving"></a>Moving lights</h3>
-The patch 03.lighting/03.controlLights.pd allows you to move a <i>[light]</i>
-and <i>[world_light]</i> object in the same scene to see the difference between
-the two objects.
-<p>The patch 03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd is an example which moves
-two spheres around the world.  Turn on and off the individual lights
-for a demonstration of a local versus infinite light.
-<p>The patch 03.lighting/05.materials.pd uses the material objects to
-selectively control the color of the object. Notice that the diffuse object
-sets the "overall" color, while the specular objects sets the bright reflective
-area where the light directly shines.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br> 
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+   <title>Lighting</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Lighting</u></h2></center>
+Lighting is an important factor is how we perceive the quality of an image.
+For example, without lighting and shading, a sphere would just look like
+a circle.  GEM provides two types of lights, a local light and world
+light.
+<p>OpenGL uses a vertex lighting model.  This means that for every
+vertex in the scene, the influence of the light is calculated.  The
+color for the polygon is then modified by the light value of all of the
+vertices.  This generally produces a very smooth effect, but you will
+occasionally run into rendering artifacts, especially if you use local
+lights.  For example, imagine you have a local light close a large
+square.  The corners of the square are far away from the light, so
+none of them will be lit very brightly, even though the light itself is
+very close to the surface of the square.
+<p>It is important to realize that lighting is an expensive operation to
+use.  The number of polygons that you will be able to render will
+be much lower if lighting is turned on.  As usual, the complexity
+of the scene and the speed of your computer and graphics card will greatly
+affect your frame rate.
+<p>GEM has only a maximum of 8 lights at one time.  If you try to
+create more lights than that, you will get an error message.
+<p><a href="#Activate">Activate lighting</a>
+<br><a href="#world_light">[world_light]</a> - A directional light
+<br><a href="#light">[light]</a> - A point light in the world
+<br><a href="#Moving">Moving lights</a>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="Activate"></a>Activate lighting</h3>
+Lighting is activated by sending a message to <i>[gemwin]</i>.  If you
+send "lighting 1", then lighting will be turned on.  If you send "lighting
+0", then lighting will be turned off.  The lighting state is kept
+even if you destroy the gemwin.  This means that if you close a patch
+and open another one, the lighting will still be the same.
+<p>Individual lights can be turned on and off by sending a 1 or 0 to the
+left inlet of the light object itself.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="world_light"></a>[world_light]</h3>
+A <i>[world_light]</i> is a light which exists infintely far away.
+This reduces the computation needed, so your patch can run faster, but
+it means that all of the light rays are parallel.  The <i>[world_light]</i>
+is good for objects like the sun and other lighting affects.  This
+means that translating a <i>[world_light]</i> has no effect, although rotation
+does.
+<p>The following patch is 03.lighting/01.world_light.pd.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="world_light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=370></center>
+
+<p>The <i>[world_light]</i> has one extra inlet.  The right inlet accepts
+three floats to set the color of the light.  A <i>[color]</i> object
+would do nothing.  In this case, the light is being set to purple.
+The <i>[world_light]</i> also accepts a debug message.  The debug message
+turns on and off a graphical representation of the light in the scene.
+The <i>[world_light]</i> looks like a cone.  The cone shows the direction
+that the light is coming from.  Remember that the actual position
+of the light does not matter, so geos behind the cone will still be lit.
+It is the direction of the light that matters.  This is why you can
+rotate the light.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="light"></a>[light]</h3>
+A <i>[light]</i> object generates a point light in the world.  Because
+the light is local to the scene, there is more math to generate the effect
+of the light on the vertices.  However, unlike a <i>[world_light]</i>,
+you can translate the <i>[light]</i> object.
+<p>Below is the patch 03.lighting/02.light.pd.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="light.jpg" BORDER=1 height=215 width=212></center>
+
+<p>The <i>[light]</i> object has a right inlet for the color, just light
+the <i>[world_light]</i> object.  As this patch shows, the light can
+be moved around the scene with both <i>[rotate]</i> and <i>[translate]</i>
+objects.  If you were to set the translate X value equal to 1.0, then
+the sphere would not be lit at all.  This is because the light would
+be inside of the sphere.  When you turn on the debug representation,
+it is a sphere with its origin where the light it.  The <i>[light]</i>
+object does not have any size.  It exists as a point source.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="Moving"></a>Moving lights</h3>
+The patch 03.lighting/03.controlLights.pd allows you to move a <i>[light]</i>
+and <i>[world_light]</i> object in the same scene to see the difference between
+the two objects.
+<p>The patch 03.lighting/04.moveSpheres.pd is an example which moves
+two spheres around the world.  Turn on and off the individual lights
+for a demonstration of a local versus infinite light.
+<p>The patch 03.lighting/05.materials.pd uses the material objects to
+selectively control the color of the object. Notice that the diffuse object
+sets the "overall" color, while the specular objects sets the bright reflective
+area where the light directly shines.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html b/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
index 2708993..da6ab37 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/ListObjects.html
@@ -1,231 +1,231 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>List of GEM objects</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>List of GEM objects</u></h2></center>
-<a href="#Controls">Controls</a>
-<br><a href="#Manips">Manipulators</a>
-<br><a href="#Geos">Geos</a>
-<br><a href="#Particles">Particles</a>
-<br><a href="#Nongeos">Nongeos</a>
-<br><a href="#Pixes">Pixes</a>
-<br><a href="#TV">TV</a>
-<br><a href="#MarkEx">MarkEx</a>
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="Controls"></a><i><u>Controls</u></i>
-<br>gemhead - the start of rendering chain
-<br>gemwin - the window manager
-<br>gemmouse - outputs the mouse position and buttons in the GEM window
-<br>gemkeyboard - outputs the keycode of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different keycodes in Windows/Linux)
-<br>gemkeyname - outputs a symbolic description of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different symbols in Windows/Linux)
-<br>gemorb - outputs the position, rotation, and buttons for a Space Orb
-<br>gemtablet - outputs the pen position, pressure, and buttons in the
-GEM window
-<p>
-<hr WIDTH="100%">
-<br><a NAME="Manips"></a><i><u>Manipulators</u></i>
-<br>accumrotate - accumulate a rotation
-<br>alpha - enable/disable alpha blending
-<br>ambient - set the ambient color with a vector
-<br>ambientRGB - set the ambient color with 3 discrete values
-<br>camera - 
-<br>color - set the color with a vector
-<br>colorRGB - set the color with 3 discrete values
-<br>depth - enable/disable depth testing
-<br>diffuse - set the diffuse color with a vector
-<br>diffuseRGB - set the diffuse color with 3 discrete values
-<br>emission - set the emissive color with a vector
-<br>emissionRGB - set the emissive color with 3 discrete values
-<br>linear_path - generate a path from an array of points
-<br>ortho - change the view to orthogonal, with the viewport the size of
-the window
-<br>polygon_smooth - turn on anti-aliasing for the objects below
-<br>rotate - rotate with an angle and vector
-<br>rotateXYZ - rotate with 3 discrete values
-<br>scale - scale with a vector
-<br>scaleXYZ - scale with 3 discrete values
-<br>separator - push the OpenGL state for the rest of the chain and pop
-when done
-<br>shininess - set the shininess of an object
-<br>specular - set the specular color with a vector
-<br>specularRGB - set the specular color with 3 discrete values
-<br>spline_path - generate a spline from an array of knots
-<br>translate - translate with a vector
-<br>translateXYZ - translate with 3 discrete values
-
-<p><a NAME="Geos"></a><i><u>Geos</u></i>
-<br>circle - render a circle
-<br>colorSquare - render a colored square (evtl. with color gradients)
-<br>cone - render a cone
-<br>cube - render a cube
-<br>cuboid - render a box
-<br>curve - render a Bezier curve
-<br>curve3d - render a surface
-<br>cylinder - render a cylinder
-<br>disk - render a disk
-<br>imageVert - make pixel colors to a height field map
-<br>model - render an Alias|Wavefront model
-<br>multimodel - render a series of Alias|Wavefront models, render by number
-<br>newWave - render a wave (that is evolving over time)
-<br>polygon - render a polygon
-<br>primTri - a triangle primitive
-<br>rectangle - render a rectangle
-<br>ripple - a rectangle with distorted (over time) texture-coordinates
-<br>rubber - a grid where you can move one of the grid-points
-<br>slideSquare - render a number of sliding squares
-<br>sphere - render a sphere
-<br>square - render a square
-<br>teapot - render a teapot
-<br>text2d - render 2-D text (a bitmap)
-<br>text3d - render 3-D text (polygonal)
-<br>textextruded - render an extruded 3D-text
-<br>textoutline - render outlined text (polygonal)
-<br>triangle - render a triangle
-<p><a NAME="Particles"></a><i><u>Particles</u></i>
-<br>part_head - The start of a particle group
-<br>part_color - Set the range of colors for the new particles
-<br>part_damp - set the damping for particles
-<br>part_draw - Apply the actions and render the particles.&nbsp; Accepts
-a message "draw line" or "draw point" to change the drawing style.
-<br>part_follow - Particles will follow each other like a snake
-<br>part_gravity - Have the particles accelerate in a direction
-<br>part_info - get the information (position, color, size,...) of each particle
-<br>part_killold - Remove particles past a certain age
-<br>part_killslow - Remove particles below a certain speed
-<br>part_orbitpoint - Orbit the particles around a specified point
-<br>part_render - render the remaining gem-tree as particles.
-<br>part_size - Set the size of new particles
-<br>part_source - Generate particles
-<br>part_targetcolor - Change color of the particles toward the specified
-color
-<br>part_targetsize - Change size of the particles toward the specified
-size
-<br>part_velocity - Set the velocity domain
-(distribution like CONE and the appropriate arguments)
-<br>part_vertex - emit a single particle
-
-<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a><i><u>Nongeos</u></i>
-<br>light - make a point light
-<br>world_light - make a light at infinity
-<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a><i><u>Pixes</u></i>
-<br>pix_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey (still an RGBA image)
-<br>pix_a_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey based on alpha channel
-<br>pix_add - add two pixes together
-<br>pix_aging - super8-like aging effect
-<br>pix_alpha - set the alpha value of a pix
-<br>pix_background - let through only pixels that differ from a static "background" image
-<br>pix_backlight - a backlight photo effect
-<br>pix_biquad - 2p2z-filter for subsequent images
-<br>pix_bitmask - apply a bitmask to a pix
-<br>pix_blob - get center of gravity
-<br>pix_buf - buffer a pix
-<br>pix_buffer - storage room for pixes (like [table] for floats)
-<br>pix_buffer_read/pix_buffer_write - put/get pixes into/from a pix_buffer
-<br>pix_chroma_key - color keying (like "blue-box")
-<br>pix_coloralpha - set the alpha-channel of a pix as a mean-value of the color-components
-<br>pix_colormatrix - recombine the RGBA-channels with matrix-operation
-<br>pix_color - set the color of a pix (leaving alpha alone)
-<br>pix_colorreduce - reduce the number of colors (statistically)
-<br>pix_composite - composite two pixes together
-<br>pix_convolve - convolve a pix with a kernal
-<br>pix_coordinate - set the texture coordinates
-<br>pix_crop - get a sub-image of a pix
-<br>pix_curve - apply color-curves onto a pix
-<br>pix_data - get pixel data information
-<br>pix_delay - frame-wise delay
-<br>pix_diff - get absolute difference of two pixes
-<br>pix_dot - rasterize a pix with big dots
-<br>pix_draw - draw a pix
-<br>pix_dump - dump the pixel-data as a long list of floats
-<br>pix_duotone - reduce the number of colors by thresholding
-<br>pix_film - use a movie file as a pix source for image-processing
-<br>pix_flip - flip the pixels of a pix
-<br>pix_gain - apply a gain to a pix
-<br>pix_grey - convert any pix into greyscale colorspace
-<br>pix_halftone - rasterize a pix like it was printed in a newspaper
-<br>pix_histo - get the histogram of a pix
-<br>pix_hsv2rgb - transform a pix from HSV-colorspace into RGB-colorspace
-<br>pix_image - load in an image file
-<br>pix_imageInPlace - load a series of image files directly into texture-buffer, display by number
-<br>pix_info - get information about the pix (like dimension, colorspace,...)
-<br>pix_invert - invert a pix
-<br>pix_kaleidoscope - as if you were looking at the pix through a kaleidoscope
-<br>pix_levels - level adjustment
-<br>pix_lumaoffset - y-offset pixels depending on their luminance
-<br>pix_mask - mask a pix based on another pix
-<br>pix_metaimage - recompose an image out of smaller versions of itself
-<br>pix_mix - mix to pixes together
-<br>pix_motionblur - motionblur an image
-<br>pix_movie - use a movie file as a pix source and load it immediately into the texture-buffer
-<br>pix_movement - set the alpha-channel with respect to the change between two frames
-<br>pix_multiply - multiply two pixes
-<br>pix_multiimage - load in a series of image files, display by number
-<br>pix_normalize - normalize a pix
-<br>pix_offset - add an offset to a pix (wrapping instead of clipping)
-<br>pix_pix2sig~ - interpret a pix as 4 (RGBA) audio-signals
-<br>pix_posterize - posterization photo effect
-<br>pix_puzzle - shuffle an image
-<br>pix_rds - generate a Random Dot Stereogram out of the image (aka: Magic Eye (tm))
-<br>pix_rectangle - generate a rectangle in a pix buffer
-<br>pix_refraction - break up an image into coloured "glass-bricks"
-<br>pix_resize - resize a pix to next power of 2
-<br>pix_rgb2hsv - transform a pix from RGB-colorspace into HSV-colorspace
-<br>pix_rgba - transform a pix of any format into RGBA
-<br>pix_roll - (sc)roll through an image (wrapping)
-<br>pix_rtx - swap time-axis and x-axis
-<br>pix_scanline - take every nth line of the original image
-<br>pix_set - set the pixel-data with a long list of floats
-<br>pix_sig2pix~ - interpret 4 audio-signals as (RGBA) image-data
-<br>pix_snap - capture the render window into a pix
-<br>pix_snap2tex - capture the render window directly as a texture
-<br>pix_subtract - subtract two pixes
-<br>pix_tIIR - time-base Infinite-Impulse-Response filter (for motion-bluring,...) with settable number of poles/zeros
-<br>pix_takealpha - take the alpha channel of one pix and put it into another pix
-<br>pix_texture - use a pix as a texture map
-<br>pix_threshold - apply a threshold to a pix
-<br>pix_video - use a video camera as a pix source
-<br>pix_write -  capture the render window to disk
-<br>pix_zoom - zoom into a pix (using OpenGL)
-
-<p><a NAME="openGL"></a><i><u>openGL</u></i>
-there are more than 250 objects that
-form a complete wrapper around the openGL set of functions
-(as defined in the openGL-1.2 standard).<br>
-each openGL-function is prefixed with "GEM", eg:
-<i>[GEMglVertex3f]</i> is wrapped around <i>glVertex3f</i>.
-
-<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a><i><u>MarkEx</u></i>
-<br>alternate - alternate between two outlets
-<br>average - average a sequence of numbers
-<br>change - only output on change
-<br>counter - count bangs
-<br>invert - non-zero numbers to zero, zero to 1
-<br>multiselect/multisel - a select object which accepts a list in the
-right inlet
-<br>oneshot - send a bang, then block until reset
-<br>randomF / randF - floating point random numbers
-<br>strcat - string concatentation
-<br>tripleLine - do a line with three numbers
-<br>tripleRand - random with three numbers
-<br>vector+ / v+ - add a scalar to a vector
-<br>vector- / v- - subtract a scalar from a vector
-<br>vector* / v* - multiply a vector by a scalar
-<br>vector/ / v/ - divide a vector by a scalar
-<br>vectorpack / vpack - attach a scalar to the end of a vector
-<br>rgb2hsv - convert a list of three floats from RGB to an HSV value
-<br>hsv2rgb - convert a list of three floats from HSV to an RGB value
-<br>abs~ - absolute value of a signal
-<br>reson~ - resonant filter
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>List of GEM objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>List of GEM objects</u></h2></center>
+<a href="#Controls">Controls</a>
+<br><a href="#Manips">Manipulators</a>
+<br><a href="#Geos">Geos</a>
+<br><a href="#Particles">Particles</a>
+<br><a href="#Nongeos">Nongeos</a>
+<br><a href="#Pixes">Pixes</a>
+<br><a href="#TV">TV</a>
+<br><a href="#MarkEx">MarkEx</a>
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="Controls"></a><i><u>Controls</u></i>
+<br>gemhead - the start of rendering chain
+<br>gemwin - the window manager
+<br>gemmouse - outputs the mouse position and buttons in the GEM window
+<br>gemkeyboard - outputs the keycode of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different keycodes in Windows/Linux)
+<br>gemkeyname - outputs a symbolic description of a key pressed when you are in the GEM window (there might be different symbols in Windows/Linux)
+<br>gemorb - outputs the position, rotation, and buttons for a Space Orb
+<br>gemtablet - outputs the pen position, pressure, and buttons in the
+GEM window
+<p>
+<hr WIDTH="100%">
+<br><a NAME="Manips"></a><i><u>Manipulators</u></i>
+<br>accumrotate - accumulate a rotation
+<br>alpha - enable/disable alpha blending
+<br>ambient - set the ambient color with a vector
+<br>ambientRGB - set the ambient color with 3 discrete values
+<br>camera -
+<br>color - set the color with a vector
+<br>colorRGB - set the color with 3 discrete values
+<br>depth - enable/disable depth testing
+<br>diffuse - set the diffuse color with a vector
+<br>diffuseRGB - set the diffuse color with 3 discrete values
+<br>emission - set the emissive color with a vector
+<br>emissionRGB - set the emissive color with 3 discrete values
+<br>linear_path - generate a path from an array of points
+<br>ortho - change the view to orthogonal, with the viewport the size of
+the window
+<br>polygon_smooth - turn on anti-aliasing for the objects below
+<br>rotate - rotate with an angle and vector
+<br>rotateXYZ - rotate with 3 discrete values
+<br>scale - scale with a vector
+<br>scaleXYZ - scale with 3 discrete values
+<br>separator - push the OpenGL state for the rest of the chain and pop
+when done
+<br>shininess - set the shininess of an object
+<br>specular - set the specular color with a vector
+<br>specularRGB - set the specular color with 3 discrete values
+<br>spline_path - generate a spline from an array of knots
+<br>translate - translate with a vector
+<br>translateXYZ - translate with 3 discrete values
+
+<p><a NAME="Geos"></a><i><u>Geos</u></i>
+<br>circle - render a circle
+<br>colorSquare - render a colored square (evtl. with color gradients)
+<br>cone - render a cone
+<br>cube - render a cube
+<br>cuboid - render a box
+<br>curve - render a Bezier curve
+<br>curve3d - render a surface
+<br>cylinder - render a cylinder
+<br>disk - render a disk
+<br>imageVert - make pixel colors to a height field map
+<br>model - render an Alias|Wavefront model
+<br>multimodel - render a series of Alias|Wavefront models, render by number
+<br>newWave - render a wave (that is evolving over time)
+<br>polygon - render a polygon
+<br>primTri - a triangle primitive
+<br>rectangle - render a rectangle
+<br>ripple - a rectangle with distorted (over time) texture-coordinates
+<br>rubber - a grid where you can move one of the grid-points
+<br>slideSquare - render a number of sliding squares
+<br>sphere - render a sphere
+<br>square - render a square
+<br>teapot - render a teapot
+<br>text2d - render 2-D text (a bitmap)
+<br>text3d - render 3-D text (polygonal)
+<br>textextruded - render an extruded 3D-text
+<br>textoutline - render outlined text (polygonal)
+<br>triangle - render a triangle
+<p><a NAME="Particles"></a><i><u>Particles</u></i>
+<br>part_head - The start of a particle group
+<br>part_color - Set the range of colors for the new particles
+<br>part_damp - set the damping for particles
+<br>part_draw - Apply the actions and render the particles.&nbsp; Accepts
+a message "draw line" or "draw point" to change the drawing style.
+<br>part_follow - Particles will follow each other like a snake
+<br>part_gravity - Have the particles accelerate in a direction
+<br>part_info - get the information (position, color, size,...) of each particle
+<br>part_killold - Remove particles past a certain age
+<br>part_killslow - Remove particles below a certain speed
+<br>part_orbitpoint - Orbit the particles around a specified point
+<br>part_render - render the remaining gem-tree as particles.
+<br>part_size - Set the size of new particles
+<br>part_source - Generate particles
+<br>part_targetcolor - Change color of the particles toward the specified
+color
+<br>part_targetsize - Change size of the particles toward the specified
+size
+<br>part_velocity - Set the velocity domain
+(distribution like CONE and the appropriate arguments)
+<br>part_vertex - emit a single particle
+
+<p><a NAME="Nongeos"></a><i><u>Nongeos</u></i>
+<br>light - make a point light
+<br>world_light - make a light at infinity
+<p><a NAME="Pixes"></a><i><u>Pixes</u></i>
+<br>pix_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey (still an RGBA image)
+<br>pix_a_2grey - convert rgb pixels to grey based on alpha channel
+<br>pix_add - add two pixes together
+<br>pix_aging - super8-like aging effect
+<br>pix_alpha - set the alpha value of a pix
+<br>pix_background - let through only pixels that differ from a static "background" image
+<br>pix_backlight - a backlight photo effect
+<br>pix_biquad - 2p2z-filter for subsequent images
+<br>pix_bitmask - apply a bitmask to a pix
+<br>pix_blob - get center of gravity
+<br>pix_buf - buffer a pix
+<br>pix_buffer - storage room for pixes (like [table] for floats)
+<br>pix_buffer_read/pix_buffer_write - put/get pixes into/from a pix_buffer
+<br>pix_chroma_key - color keying (like "blue-box")
+<br>pix_coloralpha - set the alpha-channel of a pix as a mean-value of the color-components
+<br>pix_colormatrix - recombine the RGBA-channels with matrix-operation
+<br>pix_color - set the color of a pix (leaving alpha alone)
+<br>pix_colorreduce - reduce the number of colors (statistically)
+<br>pix_composite - composite two pixes together
+<br>pix_convolve - convolve a pix with a kernal
+<br>pix_coordinate - set the texture coordinates
+<br>pix_crop - get a sub-image of a pix
+<br>pix_curve - apply color-curves onto a pix
+<br>pix_data - get pixel data information
+<br>pix_delay - frame-wise delay
+<br>pix_diff - get absolute difference of two pixes
+<br>pix_dot - rasterize a pix with big dots
+<br>pix_draw - draw a pix
+<br>pix_dump - dump the pixel-data as a long list of floats
+<br>pix_duotone - reduce the number of colors by thresholding
+<br>pix_film - use a movie file as a pix source for image-processing
+<br>pix_flip - flip the pixels of a pix
+<br>pix_gain - apply a gain to a pix
+<br>pix_grey - convert any pix into greyscale colorspace
+<br>pix_halftone - rasterize a pix like it was printed in a newspaper
+<br>pix_histo - get the histogram of a pix
+<br>pix_hsv2rgb - transform a pix from HSV-colorspace into RGB-colorspace
+<br>pix_image - load in an image file
+<br>pix_imageInPlace - load a series of image files directly into texture-buffer, display by number
+<br>pix_info - get information about the pix (like dimension, colorspace,...)
+<br>pix_invert - invert a pix
+<br>pix_kaleidoscope - as if you were looking at the pix through a kaleidoscope
+<br>pix_levels - level adjustment
+<br>pix_lumaoffset - y-offset pixels depending on their luminance
+<br>pix_mask - mask a pix based on another pix
+<br>pix_metaimage - recompose an image out of smaller versions of itself
+<br>pix_mix - mix to pixes together
+<br>pix_motionblur - motionblur an image
+<br>pix_movie - use a movie file as a pix source and load it immediately into the texture-buffer
+<br>pix_movement - set the alpha-channel with respect to the change between two frames
+<br>pix_multiply - multiply two pixes
+<br>pix_multiimage - load in a series of image files, display by number
+<br>pix_normalize - normalize a pix
+<br>pix_offset - add an offset to a pix (wrapping instead of clipping)
+<br>pix_pix2sig~ - interpret a pix as 4 (RGBA) audio-signals
+<br>pix_posterize - posterization photo effect
+<br>pix_puzzle - shuffle an image
+<br>pix_rds - generate a Random Dot Stereogram out of the image (aka: Magic Eye (tm))
+<br>pix_rectangle - generate a rectangle in a pix buffer
+<br>pix_refraction - break up an image into coloured "glass-bricks"
+<br>pix_resize - resize a pix to next power of 2
+<br>pix_rgb2hsv - transform a pix from RGB-colorspace into HSV-colorspace
+<br>pix_rgba - transform a pix of any format into RGBA
+<br>pix_roll - (sc)roll through an image (wrapping)
+<br>pix_rtx - swap time-axis and x-axis
+<br>pix_scanline - take every nth line of the original image
+<br>pix_set - set the pixel-data with a long list of floats
+<br>pix_sig2pix~ - interpret 4 audio-signals as (RGBA) image-data
+<br>pix_snap - capture the render window into a pix
+<br>pix_snap2tex - capture the render window directly as a texture
+<br>pix_subtract - subtract two pixes
+<br>pix_tIIR - time-base Infinite-Impulse-Response filter (for motion-bluring,...) with settable number of poles/zeros
+<br>pix_takealpha - take the alpha channel of one pix and put it into another pix
+<br>pix_texture - use a pix as a texture map
+<br>pix_threshold - apply a threshold to a pix
+<br>pix_video - use a video camera as a pix source
+<br>pix_write -  capture the render window to disk
+<br>pix_zoom - zoom into a pix (using OpenGL)
+
+<p><a NAME="openGL"></a><i><u>openGL</u></i>
+there are more than 250 objects that
+form a complete wrapper around the openGL set of functions
+(as defined in the openGL-1.2 standard).<br>
+each openGL-function is prefixed with "GEM", eg:
+<i>[GEMglVertex3f]</i> is wrapped around <i>glVertex3f</i>.
+
+<p><a NAME="MarkEx"></a><i><u>MarkEx</u></i>
+<br>alternate - alternate between two outlets
+<br>average - average a sequence of numbers
+<br>change - only output on change
+<br>counter - count bangs
+<br>invert - non-zero numbers to zero, zero to 1
+<br>multiselect/multisel - a select object which accepts a list in the
+right inlet
+<br>oneshot - send a bang, then block until reset
+<br>randomF / randF - floating point random numbers
+<br>strcat - string concatentation
+<br>tripleLine - do a line with three numbers
+<br>tripleRand - random with three numbers
+<br>vector+ / v+ - add a scalar to a vector
+<br>vector- / v- - subtract a scalar from a vector
+<br>vector* / v* - multiply a vector by a scalar
+<br>vector/ / v/ - divide a vector by a scalar
+<br>vectorpack / vpack - attach a scalar to the end of a vector
+<br>rgb2hsv - convert a list of three floats from RGB to an HSV value
+<br>hsv2rgb - convert a list of three floats from HSV to an RGB value
+<br>abs~ - absolute value of a signal
+<br>reson~ - resonant filter
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Particles.html b/Gem/manual/Particles.html
index 7b8ceb6..4a4f80c 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Particles.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Particles.html
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Particles</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Particles</u></h2></center>
-
-<p><br>Nothing here yet
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Particles</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Particles</u></h2></center>
+
+<p><br>Nothing here yet
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Pixes.html b/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
index badf8bc..6b90842 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Pixes.html
@@ -1,105 +1,105 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-  <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-  <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-  <title>Pixes (image processing)</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Image processing</u></h2></center>
-The pix objects are used to do image processing to pixel data. If
-you load in an image with <i>[pix_image]</i>, then you can change what the
-image looks like before rendering it out
-<p>In general, processing images is <i>extremely</i> expensive, so you
-probably cannot have that many active pix objects. GEM only reprocesses
-images when the source image changes or one of the parameters for a pix
-object changes. This means that GEM will only process an image when
-something is different, instead of every frame. If you want to do
-a lot of processing at start up, but then not change anything once the
-patch is running, GEM will only do the computation once.<br>
-Modern CPUs use SIMD (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) (like MMX, SSE2, altivec)
-to make pixel-processing more effective (by processing data parallely).
-Until now, only the macOS version of Gem has support for SIMD for some pix-objects.
-MMX/SSE2 boosts will hopefully come in future Gem-releases.
-
-<p>The pix objects are divided into two general groups, those which take
-one input, and those which require two input images. For example,
-<i>[pix_invert]</i>
-will "invert" all of the pixels (if a pixel is white, it will change to
-black), while <i>[pix_add]</i> will add two images together.
-<p>Only some of the pix objects are described here. Look in the reference
-patches for explanations for the other pix objects.
-<p><a href="#invert">[pix_invert]</a> - invert the pixel data
-<br><a href="#add">[pix_add]</a> - add two pixes together
-<br><a href="#mask">[pix_mask]</a> - create an alpha mask
-<br><a href="#convolve">[pix_convolve]</a> - convolve a pix with a kernel
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="invert"></a>[pix_invert]</h3>
-<i>[pix_invert]</i> inverts the pixels in an image. To use <i>[pix_invert]</i>,
-simply make sure that you have already loaded an image into the chain. 
-In the following patch, the fractal image will be inverted.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="invert.jpg" BORDER=1 height=120 width=179></center>
-
-<p>Here is the difference between the fractal image and the inverted version.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="normalFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256><img SRC="invertFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256></center>
-
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="add"></a>pix_add</h3>
-<i>[pix_add]</i> does what you would expect. It adds two images together.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="add.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=305></center>
-
-<p>This patch adds the fractal image with a car image. The processed
-image will often contain a lot of white pixels, because the data is just
-added together. This occurs in the resulting image, shown below.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="addResult.jpg" height=257 width=255></center>
-
-<p><br>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="mask"></a>pix_mask</h3>
-<i>[pix_mask]</i> is used to create an alpha mask from another image. 
-In the following example (gem_pix/gemMaskDancer.pd), the fractal image's
-alpha channel is replaced by the dancer image. If the <i>[alpha]</i>
-object was removed, then you would just see the solid fractal image (because
-the alpha channel wouldn't be used).
-<p>In other words, images are composed of a red, a green, a blue, and an
-alpha channel. The alpha channel is the transparency of the pixel.
-
-<i>[pix_mask]</i> only modifies the alpha channel and does not touch the
-red, green, or blue data.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="mask.jpg" BORDER=1 height=262 width=191></center>
-
-<p>The result is this image.
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="maskResult.jpg" height=218 width=187></center>
-
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="convolve"></a>pix_convolve</h3>
-<i>[pix_convolve]</i> convolves pix data with a convolution kernel. 
-Basically, you can get really nice effects if you choose the correct kernel...and
-garbage if you choose the wrong one.
-<p>Edge detection is done with a convolution kernel, as is smoothing. 
-The biggest problem is that convolving an image is about the most expensive
-operation that you can do in GEM.
-<p>Look at gem_pix/gemPixConvolve.pd to get an idea of some of the kernels
-that you can send to <i>[pix_convolve]</i> and the effects that you can get.
-<p>If you want to learn the math behind convolution, then find any standard
-image processing (or audio processing book, this is just 2D convolution).
-<br> 
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+  <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+  <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+  <title>Pixes (image processing)</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Image processing</u></h2></center>
+The pix objects are used to do image processing to pixel data. If
+you load in an image with <i>[pix_image]</i>, then you can change what the
+image looks like before rendering it out
+<p>In general, processing images is <i>extremely</i> expensive, so you
+probably cannot have that many active pix objects. GEM only reprocesses
+images when the source image changes or one of the parameters for a pix
+object changes. This means that GEM will only process an image when
+something is different, instead of every frame. If you want to do
+a lot of processing at start up, but then not change anything once the
+patch is running, GEM will only do the computation once.<br>
+Modern CPUs use SIMD (Single Instruction - Multiple Data) (like MMX, SSE2, altivec)
+to make pixel-processing more effective (by processing data parallely).
+Until now, only the macOS version of Gem has support for SIMD for some pix-objects.
+MMX/SSE2 boosts will hopefully come in future Gem-releases.
+
+<p>The pix objects are divided into two general groups, those which take
+one input, and those which require two input images. For example,
+<i>[pix_invert]</i>
+will "invert" all of the pixels (if a pixel is white, it will change to
+black), while <i>[pix_add]</i> will add two images together.
+<p>Only some of the pix objects are described here. Look in the reference
+patches for explanations for the other pix objects.
+<p><a href="#invert">[pix_invert]</a> - invert the pixel data
+<br><a href="#add">[pix_add]</a> - add two pixes together
+<br><a href="#mask">[pix_mask]</a> - create an alpha mask
+<br><a href="#convolve">[pix_convolve]</a> - convolve a pix with a kernel
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="invert"></a>[pix_invert]</h3>
+<i>[pix_invert]</i> inverts the pixels in an image. To use <i>[pix_invert]</i>,
+simply make sure that you have already loaded an image into the chain.
+In the following patch, the fractal image will be inverted.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="invert.jpg" BORDER=1 height=120 width=179></center>
+
+<p>Here is the difference between the fractal image and the inverted version.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="normalFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256><img SRC="invertFrac.jpg" height=256 width=256></center>
+
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="add"></a>pix_add</h3>
+<i>[pix_add]</i> does what you would expect. It adds two images together.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="add.jpg" BORDER=1 height=152 width=305></center>
+
+<p>This patch adds the fractal image with a car image. The processed
+image will often contain a lot of white pixels, because the data is just
+added together. This occurs in the resulting image, shown below.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="addResult.jpg" height=257 width=255></center>
+
+<p><br>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="mask"></a>pix_mask</h3>
+<i>[pix_mask]</i> is used to create an alpha mask from another image.
+In the following example (gem_pix/gemMaskDancer.pd), the fractal image's
+alpha channel is replaced by the dancer image. If the <i>[alpha]</i>
+object was removed, then you would just see the solid fractal image (because
+the alpha channel wouldn't be used).
+<p>In other words, images are composed of a red, a green, a blue, and an
+alpha channel. The alpha channel is the transparency of the pixel.
+
+<i>[pix_mask]</i> only modifies the alpha channel and does not touch the
+red, green, or blue data.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="mask.jpg" BORDER=1 height=262 width=191></center>
+
+<p>The result is this image.
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="maskResult.jpg" height=218 width=187></center>
+
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="convolve"></a>pix_convolve</h3>
+<i>[pix_convolve]</i> convolves pix data with a convolution kernel.
+Basically, you can get really nice effects if you choose the correct kernel...and
+garbage if you choose the wrong one.
+<p>Edge detection is done with a convolution kernel, as is smoothing.
+The biggest problem is that convolving an image is about the most expensive
+operation that you can do in GEM.
+<p>Look at gem_pix/gemPixConvolve.pd to get an idea of some of the kernels
+that you can send to <i>[pix_convolve]</i> and the effects that you can get.
+<p>If you want to learn the math behind convolution, then find any standard
+image processing (or audio processing book, this is just 2D convolution).
+<br>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Texture.html b/Gem/manual/Texture.html
index 1de889c..0e35a1d 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Texture.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Texture.html
@@ -1,126 +1,126 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-   <title>Texture mapping</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Texture Mapping</u></h2></center>
-<a href="Gloss.html#Texture">Texture mapping</a> is the act of applying
-pixel data to a geometric object.  In GEM, this is achieved with the
-<i>[pix_texture]</i>
-object.  It is important to understand that the
-<i>[pix_texture]</i>
-object merely sets the pix as the current texture.  It does not do
-any rendering!  You need to use a geo object which does texture mapping. 
-All of the basic geo objects can texture map, such as <i>[square]</i> or
-<i>[sphere]</i>.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p>A simple example of texture mapping is the following patch:
-<center>
-<p><img SRC="texture.jpg" BORDER=1 height=182 width=160></center>
-
-<p>This patch can be found at 07.texture/01.texture.pd.  Change
-the number box connected to the rotate object to see what a texture map
-on a cube looks like.
-<p>The <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the fractal image file.  The
-<i>[pix_texture]</i>
-object says that the pix data should be used as a texture map.  Notice
-that this is different than the previous manual section when we used the
-<i>[pix_draw]</i> object.  The final object in the chain is the <i>[cube]</i>
-object.  Because we have enabled texture mapping with the <i>[pix_texture]</i>
-object, the cube takes the pix data and applies it to the geometry.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p>Texture mapping can be used with any GEM object.  In the previous
-manual section, you saw how to load in pix data with a variety of objects,
-including <i>[pix_multiimage]</i> and <i>[pix_video]</i>.  All of these
-objects can be used with the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object.
-<p>Because the pix data is applied to geometry, you can move, rotate, and
-scale the image.  This is extremely useful on the <i>[square]</i> object. 
-Instead of doing a one-to-one pixel mapping as occurs with the <i>[pix_draw]</i>
-object, you can resize and reshape the image.
-<p>OpenGL originally required that images must have dimensions that are power-of-2, such as 64, 128, or 256. This restriction has been released with recent gfx-cards
-(like some radeon/nvidia products).
-However, if the width or height of an image is not a power of two,
-then the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object will take care of this, 
-and still render it (depending on you hardware with some tricks).
-You can thus texture images of any size, but since this is based on tricking 
-the texture-coordinates, <i>[pix_coordinate]</i> might not give the wanted result any more.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p>The example patch 07.texture/02.moveImages.pd is a much more complex
-patch which uses alpha blending to create a transparent object, in this
-case, the dancer.  Make sure to turn on the rotation with the <i>[metro]</i>
-object.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
-<p>People have been asking how textures are handled in GEM.  Here
-is a long explanation from an email which I wrote.
-<p><tt>  Here is how textures are dealt with under OpenGL and hardware
-accelerators.  This can obviously change in the future, but right
-now, I am fairly certain that the info is correct (I make games in my day
-job, so I have vested interest in this :-)</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  The amount of memory (VRAM) on the card (12mb for Voodoo2,
-16mb for TNT, 64mb for GeForce2, etc) is used for both textures (TRAM)
-and frame buffer space.  If you have a large rendering window, like
-1600x1200, it will take up 1600x1200x4x3 in 32-bit mode with double buffering
-and a Z buffer (or 23mb).  Most people run at TV resolution, like
-NTSC, so it takes 640x480x4x3 = 3.7mb   All of the space left
-is for textures onboard the card (FYI, if you have heard that people are
-having problems with the PlayStation2, notice that it only has 4mb of VRAM...not
-much onboard texture space, huh? :-)  Thankfully it has an <i>extremely</i>
-fast DMA bus)</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  Sooo, when GEM "creates" a texture, it immediately tries
-to send the texture to the card, which uses some of the left over space
-in the VRAM.  If you had a 640x480 window on a Voodoo2, you have ~8mb
-of texture space left over.  On a GeForce2, ~60mb.  The problem
-is what happens if you want more textures than can fit into TRAM. 
-OpenGL requires that the video drivers deal with the problem, so GEM doesn't
-care too much (more about this later).</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  In most cases, the drivers cache the textures in main memory
-and if a texture is requested for rendering and it isn't resident on the
-card, it will download it.  If you have AGP, then this is pretty quick,
-although none of 3dfx cards really take advantage of this (ie, those cards
-are about the same speed as the PCI bus).  So depending on the number
-of textures, and how complex the scene is, you might be able to display
-more textures than you have TRAM.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  One slowdown that can happen with GEM is that it makes a
-copy of the image before sending it down the chain of objects.  If
-you are constantly changing images with a pix_multiimage, this can be a
-performance hit, but you can modify the actual pixel data with the pix
-objects.  The pixels aren't sent to the graphics card until the pix_texture
-object is reached.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  GEM tries to help with this with a few objects.  pix_imageInPlace
-acts much the same as pix_multiimage, but it downloads _every_ image in
-the sequence to the card when a download message is recieved.  It
-also immediately turns on texturing, instead of making a copy (ie, you
-don't need a pix_texture object).  Much faster, but not as flexible. 
-pix_movie does much the same thing.  It sends the pixel data without
-copying it if there is a new frame to display.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  The entire pix system uses a caching system so that the copying
-and processing only occurs if something actually changes.  For example,
-if you had a pix_threshold object, it would only process when rendering
-started...and every time that the values actually changed.  You can
-use pix_buf to isolate parts which don't change from those that do, but
-it involves another copy.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  On the Voodoo2, the hardware itself limits textures to 256x256...this
-will never change.  The newest Voodoo5 boards have a higher texture
-size.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  If you load the _exact_ same image (this means the exact
-same file/path name), then the pix_image has a cache system which means
-that it is only loaded into the</tt>
-<br><tt>computers memory once.  However, each pix_image still sends
-its own copy down to the gfx card.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  You could use a single [pix_image]/[pix_texture] with [separator]
-to do this...I have done it a lot in the past.</tt><tt></tt>
-<p><tt>  The reason that [pix_image] doesn't share the actual texture
-data is that you can modify the pixel data with other pix objects...[pix_image]
-doesn't actually send the texture data to the gfx card, [pix_texture] does.</tt>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br> 
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+   <title>Texture mapping</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Texture Mapping</u></h2></center>
+<a href="Gloss.html#Texture">Texture mapping</a> is the act of applying
+pixel data to a geometric object.  In GEM, this is achieved with the
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object.  It is important to understand that the
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object merely sets the pix as the current texture.  It does not do
+any rendering!  You need to use a geo object which does texture mapping.
+All of the basic geo objects can texture map, such as <i>[square]</i> or
+<i>[sphere]</i>.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>A simple example of texture mapping is the following patch:
+<center>
+<p><img SRC="texture.jpg" BORDER=1 height=182 width=160></center>
+
+<p>This patch can be found at 07.texture/01.texture.pd.  Change
+the number box connected to the rotate object to see what a texture map
+on a cube looks like.
+<p>The <i>[pix_image]</i> object loads in the fractal image file.  The
+<i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object says that the pix data should be used as a texture map.  Notice
+that this is different than the previous manual section when we used the
+<i>[pix_draw]</i> object.  The final object in the chain is the <i>[cube]</i>
+object.  Because we have enabled texture mapping with the <i>[pix_texture]</i>
+object, the cube takes the pix data and applies it to the geometry.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>Texture mapping can be used with any GEM object.  In the previous
+manual section, you saw how to load in pix data with a variety of objects,
+including <i>[pix_multiimage]</i> and <i>[pix_video]</i>.  All of these
+objects can be used with the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object.
+<p>Because the pix data is applied to geometry, you can move, rotate, and
+scale the image.  This is extremely useful on the <i>[square]</i> object.
+Instead of doing a one-to-one pixel mapping as occurs with the <i>[pix_draw]</i>
+object, you can resize and reshape the image.
+<p>OpenGL originally required that images must have dimensions that are power-of-2, such as 64, 128, or 256. This restriction has been released with recent gfx-cards
+(like some radeon/nvidia products).
+However, if the width or height of an image is not a power of two,
+then the <i>[pix_texture]</i> object will take care of this,
+and still render it (depending on you hardware with some tricks).
+You can thus texture images of any size, but since this is based on tricking
+the texture-coordinates, <i>[pix_coordinate]</i> might not give the wanted result any more.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p>The example patch 07.texture/02.moveImages.pd is a much more complex
+patch which uses alpha blending to create a transparent object, in this
+case, the dancer.  Make sure to turn on the rotation with the <i>[metro]</i>
+object.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
+<p>People have been asking how textures are handled in GEM.  Here
+is a long explanation from an email which I wrote.
+<p><tt>  Here is how textures are dealt with under OpenGL and hardware
+accelerators.  This can obviously change in the future, but right
+now, I am fairly certain that the info is correct (I make games in my day
+job, so I have vested interest in this :-)</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The amount of memory (VRAM) on the card (12mb for Voodoo2,
+16mb for TNT, 64mb for GeForce2, etc) is used for both textures (TRAM)
+and frame buffer space.  If you have a large rendering window, like
+1600x1200, it will take up 1600x1200x4x3 in 32-bit mode with double buffering
+and a Z buffer (or 23mb).  Most people run at TV resolution, like
+NTSC, so it takes 640x480x4x3 = 3.7mb   All of the space left
+is for textures onboard the card (FYI, if you have heard that people are
+having problems with the PlayStation2, notice that it only has 4mb of VRAM...not
+much onboard texture space, huh? :-)  Thankfully it has an <i>extremely</i>
+fast DMA bus)</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  Sooo, when GEM "creates" a texture, it immediately tries
+to send the texture to the card, which uses some of the left over space
+in the VRAM.  If you had a 640x480 window on a Voodoo2, you have ~8mb
+of texture space left over.  On a GeForce2, ~60mb.  The problem
+is what happens if you want more textures than can fit into TRAM.
+OpenGL requires that the video drivers deal with the problem, so GEM doesn't
+care too much (more about this later).</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  In most cases, the drivers cache the textures in main memory
+and if a texture is requested for rendering and it isn't resident on the
+card, it will download it.  If you have AGP, then this is pretty quick,
+although none of 3dfx cards really take advantage of this (ie, those cards
+are about the same speed as the PCI bus).  So depending on the number
+of textures, and how complex the scene is, you might be able to display
+more textures than you have TRAM.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  One slowdown that can happen with GEM is that it makes a
+copy of the image before sending it down the chain of objects.  If
+you are constantly changing images with a pix_multiimage, this can be a
+performance hit, but you can modify the actual pixel data with the pix
+objects.  The pixels aren't sent to the graphics card until the pix_texture
+object is reached.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  GEM tries to help with this with a few objects.  pix_imageInPlace
+acts much the same as pix_multiimage, but it downloads _every_ image in
+the sequence to the card when a download message is recieved.  It
+also immediately turns on texturing, instead of making a copy (ie, you
+don't need a pix_texture object).  Much faster, but not as flexible.
+pix_movie does much the same thing.  It sends the pixel data without
+copying it if there is a new frame to display.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The entire pix system uses a caching system so that the copying
+and processing only occurs if something actually changes.  For example,
+if you had a pix_threshold object, it would only process when rendering
+started...and every time that the values actually changed.  You can
+use pix_buf to isolate parts which don't change from those that do, but
+it involves another copy.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  On the Voodoo2, the hardware itself limits textures to 256x256...this
+will never change.  The newest Voodoo5 boards have a higher texture
+size.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  If you load the _exact_ same image (this means the exact
+same file/path name), then the pix_image has a cache system which means
+that it is only loaded into the</tt>
+<br><tt>computers memory once.  However, each pix_image still sends
+its own copy down to the gfx card.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  You could use a single [pix_image]/[pix_texture] with [separator]
+to do this...I have done it a lot in the past.</tt><tt></tt>
+<p><tt>  The reason that [pix_image] doesn't share the actual texture
+data is that you can modify the pixel data with other pix objects...[pix_image]
+doesn't actually send the texture data to the gfx card, [pix_texture] does.</tt>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561><a href="index.html"></a>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/Utility.html b/Gem/manual/Utility.html
index c8f6e17..b2e619e 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/Utility.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/Utility.html
@@ -1,149 +1,149 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
-   <title>Utility objects</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Utility objects</u></h2></center>
-There are a number of objects which were written to make it easier to use
-both GEM and pd.&nbsp; For instance, you often pass around 3 floats at
-a time in GEM, either for position or colors.&nbsp; To help with this,
-there are a collection of vector objects.&nbsp; Use the list below to find
-out about the objects.
-<p>These objects used to be in a separate library called MarkEx, but they
-have now been folded into GEM.
-<p><a href="#counter">counter</a> - count the number of bangs
-<br><a href="#average">average</a> - average a series of numbers together
-<br><a href="#change">change</a> - only output when there is a change in
-the number
-<br><a href="#invert">invert</a> - invert a number
-<br><a href="#randF">randomF/randF</a> - floating point random number
-<br><a href="#tripleLine">tripleLine</a> - line object for 3 values
-<br><a href="#tripleRand">tripleRand</a> - three random numbers
-<br><a href="#vector">vector objects</a> - process a series of numbers
-<br><a href="#hsv2rgb">hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</a> - convert between RGB and
-HSV color space
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="counter"></a>counter</h3>
-
-<center><img SRC="counter.jpg" BORDER=1 height=85 width=87></center>
-
-<p>The inlets are:
-<br>bang (increment or decrement the counter)
-<br>set direction (1 = count up, 2 = count down, 3 = count up and down)
-<br>set low value
-<br>set hight value
-<br>The outlet is the current count.
-<p>So in this case, the top <i>counter</i> will count up from 1 to 10.&nbsp;
-The bottom <i>counter</i> will count up from 2 to 5.
-<p>The <i>counter</i> also accepts the messages reset and clear.&nbsp;
-Reset immediately sets the counter to its low value and outputs the value.&nbsp;
-The clear message means that the next bang will set the <i>counter</i>
-to its low value.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="average"></a>average</h3>
-The <i>average</i> object just averages a series of numbers as they come
-in.&nbsp; The left inlet accepts a single float.&nbsp; It then outputs
-the current average.&nbsp; The default number of floats to average together
-is 10, but that can be changed by sending a new value to the right inlet.
-<p>The <i>average</i> object also accepts the messages clear and reset.&nbsp;
-Clear will immediately set all of the values that the object has been storing
-for averaging to 0.&nbsp; With the reset message, you must pass in a number
-to set all of the values.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="change"></a>change</h3>
-<i>Change</i> only accepts a number into its left inlet.&nbsp; If the number
-is the same as the last number sent to the <i>change</i> object, then it
-does nothing.&nbsp; If the number is different, then the <i>change</i>
-object will output the new number and store it for the next comparision.
-<p>This object is very useful for the == object and others like it, since
-they send a 0 or a 1 every time they do a comparision, and you usually
-only care when the state actually changes.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="invert"></a>invert</h3>
-The <i>invert</i> object is very simple.&nbsp; If the number sent to its
-left inlet is equal to 0., then <i>invert</i> outputs a 1.&nbsp; If the
-number is not equal to 0., the <i>invert</i> outputs a 0.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="randF"></a>randomF/randF</h3>
-One problem with the <i>random</i> object in pd is that it only sends out
-integers.&nbsp; This a real problem in GEM, where you often want a value
-between 0 and 1.&nbsp; <i>randomF</i> is exactly like the <i>random</i>
-object.
-<p>When the left inlet gets a bang, <i>randomF</i> outputs a random number
-between 0 and the given range.&nbsp; The range can be set with a number
-to the right inlet.
-<p><i>randF</i> is just an alternate name for <i>randomF</i>.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="tripleLine"></a>tripleLine</h3>
-
-<center><img SRC="tripleLine.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=111></center>
-
-<p>The <i>line</i> object is really great for dealing with a single number.&nbsp;
-To do a line with 3 values, like an RGB color value, means that you have
-to unpack, do a <i>line</i>, then repack the number.&nbsp; Not only is
-it a pain, but it expensive computationally.
-<p><i>tripleLine</i> behaves just like the <i>line</i> object, only it
-accepts three numbers to interpolate between.&nbsp; In the example, <i>tripleLine</i>
-will interpolate from the current values to 1., .2, .4 over 1000 milliseconds.&nbsp;
-The default output resolution is 50 milliseconds, which is the same default
-rendering time.&nbsp; Going faster with GEM objects will not produce any
-benefit, unless you increase the frames per second.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="tripleRand"></a>tripleRand</h3>
-
-<center><img SRC="tripleRand.jpg" BORDER=1 height=89 width=149></center>
-
-<p>Just as using <i>tripleLine</i> makes it easier to interpolate between
-3 values at once, <i>tripleRand</i> makes it easy to generate three random
-values.&nbsp; In the above example, when the bang is sent, <i>tripleRand</i>
-will create three values and output them, with the first between 0 - 1,
-the second between 0 - .5, and the third from 0 - .8.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="vector"></a>Vector objects</h3>
-The vector math objects are
-<br><i>vector+ </i>or<i> v+</i>
-<br><i>vector- </i>or<i> v-</i>
-<br><i>vector* </i>or<i> v*</i>
-<br><i>vector/ </i>or<i> v/</i>
-<br>All of the above objects perform math on a list of numbers.&nbsp; The
-left inlet accepts a list of numbers of any length.&nbsp; The right inlet
-accepts a single value, which is the operand for the computation.&nbsp;
-In other words, they work just like the normal *, +, -, and / objects,
-except they can handle more than one number in the left inlet.
-<p>There are two other objects which are also useful.
-<p>The first is <i>vectorabs </i>or<i> vabs</i>. It computes the absolute
-value on a list of numbers.
-<p>The second object is <i>vectorpack </i>or<i> vpack</i>. <i>vpack</i>
-accepts a list of numbers in the left inlet and a single number into the
-right inlet.&nbsp; The output is a single list of numbers that is the vector
-with the single number appended to the end.&nbsp; This is very useful when
-you want to change the time for a <i>tripleLine</i> without unpacking and
-repacking all of the data.<i></i>
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<h3>
-<a NAME="hsv2rgb"></a>hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</h3>
-These two objects convert three numbers between HSV and RGB color space.&nbsp;
-HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value.&nbsp; The simple way to think
-of HSV space is that hue is the "color", such as red, blue, etc, the saturation
-is how intense the color is, and the value is how bright the color is.
-<p>You can get some really nice effects by varying the hue of a color,
-because the brightness will not change while you do it.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.5 [en] (WinNT; I) [Netscape]">
+   <title>Utility objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Utility objects</u></h2></center>
+There are a number of objects which were written to make it easier to use
+both GEM and pd.&nbsp; For instance, you often pass around 3 floats at
+a time in GEM, either for position or colors.&nbsp; To help with this,
+there are a collection of vector objects.&nbsp; Use the list below to find
+out about the objects.
+<p>These objects used to be in a separate library called MarkEx, but they
+have now been folded into GEM.
+<p><a href="#counter">counter</a> - count the number of bangs
+<br><a href="#average">average</a> - average a series of numbers together
+<br><a href="#change">change</a> - only output when there is a change in
+the number
+<br><a href="#invert">invert</a> - invert a number
+<br><a href="#randF">randomF/randF</a> - floating point random number
+<br><a href="#tripleLine">tripleLine</a> - line object for 3 values
+<br><a href="#tripleRand">tripleRand</a> - three random numbers
+<br><a href="#vector">vector objects</a> - process a series of numbers
+<br><a href="#hsv2rgb">hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</a> - convert between RGB and
+HSV color space
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="counter"></a>counter</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="counter.jpg" BORDER=1 height=85 width=87></center>
+
+<p>The inlets are:
+<br>bang (increment or decrement the counter)
+<br>set direction (1 = count up, 2 = count down, 3 = count up and down)
+<br>set low value
+<br>set hight value
+<br>The outlet is the current count.
+<p>So in this case, the top <i>counter</i> will count up from 1 to 10.&nbsp;
+The bottom <i>counter</i> will count up from 2 to 5.
+<p>The <i>counter</i> also accepts the messages reset and clear.&nbsp;
+Reset immediately sets the counter to its low value and outputs the value.&nbsp;
+The clear message means that the next bang will set the <i>counter</i>
+to its low value.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="average"></a>average</h3>
+The <i>average</i> object just averages a series of numbers as they come
+in.&nbsp; The left inlet accepts a single float.&nbsp; It then outputs
+the current average.&nbsp; The default number of floats to average together
+is 10, but that can be changed by sending a new value to the right inlet.
+<p>The <i>average</i> object also accepts the messages clear and reset.&nbsp;
+Clear will immediately set all of the values that the object has been storing
+for averaging to 0.&nbsp; With the reset message, you must pass in a number
+to set all of the values.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="change"></a>change</h3>
+<i>Change</i> only accepts a number into its left inlet.&nbsp; If the number
+is the same as the last number sent to the <i>change</i> object, then it
+does nothing.&nbsp; If the number is different, then the <i>change</i>
+object will output the new number and store it for the next comparision.
+<p>This object is very useful for the == object and others like it, since
+they send a 0 or a 1 every time they do a comparision, and you usually
+only care when the state actually changes.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="invert"></a>invert</h3>
+The <i>invert</i> object is very simple.&nbsp; If the number sent to its
+left inlet is equal to 0., then <i>invert</i> outputs a 1.&nbsp; If the
+number is not equal to 0., the <i>invert</i> outputs a 0.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="randF"></a>randomF/randF</h3>
+One problem with the <i>random</i> object in pd is that it only sends out
+integers.&nbsp; This a real problem in GEM, where you often want a value
+between 0 and 1.&nbsp; <i>randomF</i> is exactly like the <i>random</i>
+object.
+<p>When the left inlet gets a bang, <i>randomF</i> outputs a random number
+between 0 and the given range.&nbsp; The range can be set with a number
+to the right inlet.
+<p><i>randF</i> is just an alternate name for <i>randomF</i>.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="tripleLine"></a>tripleLine</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="tripleLine.jpg" BORDER=1 height=92 width=111></center>
+
+<p>The <i>line</i> object is really great for dealing with a single number.&nbsp;
+To do a line with 3 values, like an RGB color value, means that you have
+to unpack, do a <i>line</i>, then repack the number.&nbsp; Not only is
+it a pain, but it expensive computationally.
+<p><i>tripleLine</i> behaves just like the <i>line</i> object, only it
+accepts three numbers to interpolate between.&nbsp; In the example, <i>tripleLine</i>
+will interpolate from the current values to 1., .2, .4 over 1000 milliseconds.&nbsp;
+The default output resolution is 50 milliseconds, which is the same default
+rendering time.&nbsp; Going faster with GEM objects will not produce any
+benefit, unless you increase the frames per second.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="tripleRand"></a>tripleRand</h3>
+
+<center><img SRC="tripleRand.jpg" BORDER=1 height=89 width=149></center>
+
+<p>Just as using <i>tripleLine</i> makes it easier to interpolate between
+3 values at once, <i>tripleRand</i> makes it easy to generate three random
+values.&nbsp; In the above example, when the bang is sent, <i>tripleRand</i>
+will create three values and output them, with the first between 0 - 1,
+the second between 0 - .5, and the third from 0 - .8.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="vector"></a>Vector objects</h3>
+The vector math objects are
+<br><i>vector+ </i>or<i> v+</i>
+<br><i>vector- </i>or<i> v-</i>
+<br><i>vector* </i>or<i> v*</i>
+<br><i>vector/ </i>or<i> v/</i>
+<br>All of the above objects perform math on a list of numbers.&nbsp; The
+left inlet accepts a list of numbers of any length.&nbsp; The right inlet
+accepts a single value, which is the operand for the computation.&nbsp;
+In other words, they work just like the normal *, +, -, and / objects,
+except they can handle more than one number in the left inlet.
+<p>There are two other objects which are also useful.
+<p>The first is <i>vectorabs </i>or<i> vabs</i>. It computes the absolute
+value on a list of numbers.
+<p>The second object is <i>vectorpack </i>or<i> vpack</i>. <i>vpack</i>
+accepts a list of numbers in the left inlet and a single number into the
+right inlet.&nbsp; The output is a single list of numbers that is the vector
+with the single number appended to the end.&nbsp; This is very useful when
+you want to change the time for a <i>tripleLine</i> without unpacking and
+repacking all of the data.<i></i>
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<h3>
+<a NAME="hsv2rgb"></a>hsv2rgb and rgb2hsv</h3>
+These two objects convert three numbers between HSV and RGB color space.&nbsp;
+HSV stands for hue, saturation, and value.&nbsp; The simple way to think
+of HSV space is that hue is the "color", such as red, blue, etc, the saturation
+is how intense the color is, and the value is how bright the color is.
+<p>You can get some really nice effects by varying the hue of a color,
+because the brightness will not change while you do it.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html b/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
index d4d0480..1fb8e30 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/WriteCode.html
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
-   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
-   <title>Writing new objects</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>Creating new GEM objects</u></h2></center>
-Look at the source code :-)&nbsp; GEM is written in C++, which means that
-you have to jump through some hopes to interact properly with Pd, which
-is written in C.&nbsp; If you look in Base/CPPExtern.h, you will see a
-collection of macros which you can use to help you create new objects.&nbsp;
-Use one of the GEM objects which is closest to what you want to do as a
-template.
-<p>One problem on SGI...you will need to
-<p>setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH "/where/ever/pd/gem"
-<p>so that rld (the run-time linker) can find the GEM dso.&nbsp; Because
-you are linking with GEM, Pd isn't involved with the run time linking process;
-it is all done when Pd calls dlopen.
-<p>On NT, there is much the same problem...
-<p>set your PATH environment variable to \where\ever\pd\gem
-<p>or
-<p>make sure that your new .dll is located in the same directory where
-GEM is.
-<p>On NT, all of the classes and functions are exported through declexport/declimport.&nbsp;
-You shouldn't have to do anything to call the functions.&nbsp; I have not
-had any problems making other dll's which are loaded into Pd at runtime.&nbsp;
-You need to make certain that you are exporting the correct functions.&nbsp;
-If your dll cannot find the gem.dll, then it will silently fail.
-<p>And of course, e-mail IOhannes m zm�lnig (<a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">zmoelnig@iem.at</a>) if you have any problems,
-questions, or solutions
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks">
+   <meta name="Author" content="IOhannes m zm�lnig">
+   <title>Writing new objects</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>Creating new GEM objects</u></h2></center>
+Look at the source code :-)&nbsp; GEM is written in C++, which means that
+you have to jump through some hopes to interact properly with Pd, which
+is written in C.&nbsp; If you look in Base/CPPExtern.h, you will see a
+collection of macros which you can use to help you create new objects.&nbsp;
+Use one of the GEM objects which is closest to what you want to do as a
+template.
+<p>One problem on SGI...you will need to
+<p>setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH "/where/ever/pd/gem"
+<p>so that rld (the run-time linker) can find the GEM dso.&nbsp; Because
+you are linking with GEM, Pd isn't involved with the run time linking process;
+it is all done when Pd calls dlopen.
+<p>On NT, there is much the same problem...
+<p>set your PATH environment variable to \where\ever\pd\gem
+<p>or
+<p>make sure that your new .dll is located in the same directory where
+GEM is.
+<p>On NT, all of the classes and functions are exported through declexport/declimport.&nbsp;
+You shouldn't have to do anything to call the functions.&nbsp; I have not
+had any problems making other dll's which are loaded into Pd at runtime.&nbsp;
+You need to make certain that you are exporting the correct functions.&nbsp;
+If your dll cannot find the gem.dll, then it will silently fail.
+<p>And of course, e-mail IOhannes m zm�lnig (<a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">zmoelnig@iem.at</a>) if you have any problems,
+questions, or solutions
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="index.html">[return]</a>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/Gem/manual/index.html b/Gem/manual/index.html
index 6d67068..c6739d5 100644
--- a/Gem/manual/index.html
+++ b/Gem/manual/index.html
@@ -1,67 +1,67 @@
-<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
-<html>
-<head>
-   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks; IOhannes m zm&ouml;nig">
-   <title>Gem Manual</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-<center>
-<h2>
-<u>GEM Manual</u></h2></center>
-
-<center><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" ALT="a simple patch" BORDER=2 height=138 width=91></center>
-
-<p>This is the first attempt at a manual for GEM, so bear with me.
-Any comments are appreciated. Send them to <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a>
-<hr>
-In fact, this ought to be the second attempt at such a manual. There will not be much now.
-But send any comments to <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a> instead.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<p><a href="Intro.html">Introduction</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An introduction to GEM and what you can do with
-it.&nbsp; The general system requirements are also described here.
-<p><a href="GemWPd.html">Using GEM with Pd</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to use GEM with Pd.&nbsp; This includes how
-to start Pd so that the GEM library is loaded and working properly.
-<p><a href="BasicObj.html">Basic objects</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The basic objects that GEM has.&nbsp; This section
-shows you how to create a simple patch.
-<p><a href="Images.html">Images</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Using images is an important part of GEM. Here you
-will load in images and learn the basics of dealing with images.
-<p><a href="Texture.html">Texture mapping</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loading in images is only one part.&nbsp; Applying
-those images to 3-D shapes is called texture mapping.
-<p><a href="Pixes.html">Pixes (image processing)</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Once you have texture mapped the images, you will
-probably want to process and change them in response to user interaction.&nbsp;
-The <i>pix</i> objects provide this functionality.
-<p><a href="Lighting.html">Lighting</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shading and lighting are easy with the lighting
-objects.
-<p>Particles
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle systems can create effects such as smoke,
-fire, and water.
-<p><a href="Utility.html">Utility objects</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To help you deal with the data which GEM uses, there
-are a number of utility objects.
-<p>Input devices
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GEM provides interaction with the mouse and other
-input devices.
-<p>Advanced
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Now that you know all about the other objects, here
-are a few of the more advanced ones.
-<p><a href="WriteCode.html">Writing new objects</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to write new objects for GEM.
-<p><a href="GemFaq.html">FAQ</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frequently asked questions about GEM.
-<p><a href="ListObjects.html">List of Objects</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All of the objects in GEM with a very brief description..
-<p><a href="Gloss.html">Glossary/Index</a>
-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A collection of definitions and links to explanations.
-<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
-<br>&nbsp;
-</body>
-</html>
+<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
+<html>
+<head>
+   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+   <meta name="Author" content="Mark Danks; IOhannes m zm&ouml;nig">
+   <title>Gem Manual</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<center>
+<h2>
+<u>GEM Manual</u></h2></center>
+
+<center><img SRC="redSquare.jpg" ALT="a simple patch" BORDER=2 height=138 width=91></center>
+
+<p>This is the first attempt at a manual for GEM, so bear with me.
+Any comments are appreciated. Send them to <a href="mailto:mark@danks.org">Mark Danks</a>
+<hr>
+In fact, this ought to be the second attempt at such a manual. There will not be much now.
+But send any comments to <a href="mailto:zmoelnig@iem.at">IOhannes m zm&ouml;lnig</a> instead.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<p><a href="Intro.html">Introduction</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An introduction to GEM and what you can do with
+it.&nbsp; The general system requirements are also described here.
+<p><a href="GemWPd.html">Using GEM with Pd</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to use GEM with Pd.&nbsp; This includes how
+to start Pd so that the GEM library is loaded and working properly.
+<p><a href="BasicObj.html">Basic objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The basic objects that GEM has.&nbsp; This section
+shows you how to create a simple patch.
+<p><a href="Images.html">Images</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Using images is an important part of GEM. Here you
+will load in images and learn the basics of dealing with images.
+<p><a href="Texture.html">Texture mapping</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Loading in images is only one part.&nbsp; Applying
+those images to 3-D shapes is called texture mapping.
+<p><a href="Pixes.html">Pixes (image processing)</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Once you have texture mapped the images, you will
+probably want to process and change them in response to user interaction.&nbsp;
+The <i>pix</i> objects provide this functionality.
+<p><a href="Lighting.html">Lighting</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shading and lighting are easy with the lighting
+objects.
+<p>Particles
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Particle systems can create effects such as smoke,
+fire, and water.
+<p><a href="Utility.html">Utility objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To help you deal with the data which GEM uses, there
+are a number of utility objects.
+<p>Input devices
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GEM provides interaction with the mouse and other
+input devices.
+<p>Advanced
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Now that you know all about the other objects, here
+are a few of the more advanced ones.
+<p><a href="WriteCode.html">Writing new objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; How to write new objects for GEM.
+<p><a href="GemFaq.html">FAQ</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Frequently asked questions about GEM.
+<p><a href="ListObjects.html">List of Objects</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All of the objects in GEM with a very brief description..
+<p><a href="Gloss.html">Glossary/Index</a>
+<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A collection of definitions and links to explanations.
+<p><img SRC="tribar.gif" height=13 width=561>
+<br>&nbsp;
+</body>
+</html>