... more changes to try to upload 0.38 test 5 to CVS

svn path=/trunk/; revision=2011

39 files changed, 24980 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e70fbf4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.c
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_cpuload.c,v 1.1.2.14 2004/01/08 22:01:12 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library CPU Load measurement functions
+ * Portable CPU load measurement facility.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 2002 Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Functions to assist in measuring the CPU utilization of a callback
+ stream. Used to implement the Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad() function.
+
+ @todo Dynamically calculate the coefficients used to smooth the CPU Load
+ Measurements over time to provide a uniform characterisation of CPU Load
+ independent of rate at which PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement /
+ PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement are called.
+*/
+
+
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "pa_util.h"   /* for PaUtil_GetTime() */
+
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer, double sampleRate )
+{
+    assert( sampleRate > 0 );
+
+    measurer->samplingPeriod = 1. / sampleRate;
+    measurer->averageLoad = 0.;
+}
+
+void PaUtil_ResetCpuLoadMeasurer( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer )
+{
+    measurer->averageLoad = 0.;
+}
+
+void PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer )
+{
+    measurer->measurementStartTime = PaUtil_GetTime();
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer, unsigned long framesProcessed )
+{
+    double measurementEndTime, secondsFor100Percent, measuredLoad;
+
+    if( framesProcessed > 0 ){
+        measurementEndTime = PaUtil_GetTime();
+
+        assert( framesProcessed > 0 );
+        secondsFor100Percent = framesProcessed * measurer->samplingPeriod;
+
+        measuredLoad = (measurementEndTime - measurer->measurementStartTime) / secondsFor100Percent;
+
+        /* Low pass filter the calculated CPU load to reduce jitter using a simple IIR low pass filter. */
+        /** FIXME @todo these coefficients shouldn't be hardwired */
+#define LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0   (0.9)
+#define LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_1   (0.99999 - LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0)
+
+        measurer->averageLoad = (LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0 * measurer->averageLoad) +
+                               (LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_1 * measuredLoad);
+    }
+}
+
+
+double PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer )
+{
+    return measurer->averageLoad;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f77d9199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_cpuload.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#ifndef PA_CPULOAD_H
+#define PA_CPULOAD_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_cpuload.h,v 1.1.2.10 2004/01/08 22:01:12 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library CPU Load measurement functions
+ * Portable CPU load measurement facility.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 2002 Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Functions to assist in measuring the CPU utilization of a callback
+ stream. Used to implement the Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad() function.
+*/
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+typedef struct {
+    double samplingPeriod;
+    double measurementStartTime;
+    double averageLoad;
+} PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer; /**< @todo need better name than measurer */
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer, double sampleRate );
+void PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer );
+void PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer, unsigned long framesProcessed );
+void PaUtil_ResetCpuLoadMeasurer( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer );
+double PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer* measurer );
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */     
+#endif /* PA_CPULOAD_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb6bec38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.c
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_dither.c,v 1.1.2.5 2003/09/20 21:06:19 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library triangular dither generator
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Phil Burk, Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Functions for generating dither noise
+*/
+
+
+#include "pa_dither.h"
+
+#define PA_DITHER_BITS_   (15)
+
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeTriangularDitherState( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *state )
+{
+    state->previous = 0;
+    state->randSeed1 = 22222;
+    state->randSeed2 = 5555555;
+}
+
+
+signed long PaUtil_Generate16BitTriangularDither( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *state )
+{
+    signed long current, highPass;
+
+    /* Generate two random numbers. */
+    state->randSeed1 = (state->randSeed1 * 196314165) + 907633515;
+    state->randSeed2 = (state->randSeed2 * 196314165) + 907633515;
+
+    /* Generate triangular distribution about 0.
+     * Shift before adding to prevent overflow which would skew the distribution.
+     * Also shift an extra bit for the high pass filter. 
+     */
+#define DITHER_SHIFT_  ((32 - PA_DITHER_BITS_) + 1)
+    current = (((signed long)state->randSeed1)>>DITHER_SHIFT_) +
+              (((signed long)state->randSeed2)>>DITHER_SHIFT_);
+
+    /* High pass filter to reduce audibility. */
+    highPass = current - state->previous;
+    state->previous = current;
+    return highPass;
+}
+
+
+/* Multiply by PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_ to get a float between -2.0 and +1.99999 */
+#define PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_  (1.0f / ((1<<PA_DITHER_BITS_)-1))
+static const float const_float_dither_scale_ = PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_;
+
+float PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *state )
+{
+    signed long current, highPass;
+
+    /* Generate two random numbers. */
+    state->randSeed1 = (state->randSeed1 * 196314165) + 907633515;
+    state->randSeed2 = (state->randSeed2 * 196314165) + 907633515;
+
+    /* Generate triangular distribution about 0.
+     * Shift before adding to prevent overflow which would skew the distribution.
+     * Also shift an extra bit for the high pass filter. 
+     */
+#define DITHER_SHIFT_  ((32 - PA_DITHER_BITS_) + 1)
+    current = (((signed long)state->randSeed1)>>DITHER_SHIFT_) +
+              (((signed long)state->randSeed2)>>DITHER_SHIFT_);
+
+    /* High pass filter to reduce audibility. */
+    highPass = current - state->previous;
+    state->previous = current;
+    return ((float)highPass) * const_float_dither_scale_;
+}
+
+
+/*
+The following alternate dither algorithms (from musicdsp.org) could be
+considered
+*/
+
+/*Noise shaped dither  (March 2000)
+-------------------
+
+This is a simple implementation of highpass triangular-PDF dither with
+2nd-order noise shaping, for use when truncating floating point audio
+data to fixed point.
+
+The noise shaping lowers the noise floor by 11dB below 5kHz (@ 44100Hz
+sample rate) compared to triangular-PDF dither. The code below assumes
+input data is in the range +1 to -1 and doesn't check for overloads!
+
+To save time when generating dither for multiple channels you can do
+things like this:  r3=(r1 & 0x7F)<<8; instead of calling rand() again.
+
+
+
+  int   r1, r2;                //rectangular-PDF random numbers
+  float s1, s2;                //error feedback buffers
+  float s = 0.5f;              //set to 0.0f for no noise shaping
+  float w = pow(2.0,bits-1);   //word length (usually bits=16)
+  float wi= 1.0f/w;            
+  float d = wi / RAND_MAX;     //dither amplitude (2 lsb)
+  float o = wi * 0.5f;         //remove dc offset
+  float in, tmp;
+  int   out;
+
+
+//for each sample...
+
+  r2=r1;                               //can make HP-TRI dither by
+  r1=rand();                           //subtracting previous rand()
+    
+  in += s * (s1 + s1 - s2);            //error feedback
+  tmp = in + o + d * (float)(r1 - r2); //dc offset and dither 
+  
+  out = (int)(w * tmp);                //truncate downwards
+  if(tmp<0.0f) out--;                  //this is faster than floor()
+
+  s2 = s1;                            
+  s1 = in - wi * (float)out;           //error
+
+
+
+-- 
+paul.kellett@maxim.abel.co.uk
+http://www.maxim.abel.co.uk
+*/
+
+
+/*
+16-to-8-bit first-order dither
+
+Type : First order error feedforward dithering code
+References : Posted by Jon Watte
+
+Notes : 
+This is about as simple a dithering algorithm as you can implement, but it's
+likely to sound better than just truncating to N bits.
+
+Note that you might not want to carry forward the full difference for infinity.
+It's probably likely that the worst performance hit comes from the saturation
+conditionals, which can be avoided with appropriate instructions on many DSPs
+and integer SIMD type instructions, or CMOV.
+
+Last, if sound quality is paramount (such as when going from > 16 bits to 16
+bits) you probably want to use a higher-order dither function found elsewhere
+on this site. 
+
+
+Code : 
+// This code will down-convert and dither a 16-bit signed short 
+// mono signal into an 8-bit unsigned char signal, using a first 
+// order forward-feeding error term dither. 
+
+#define uchar unsigned char 
+
+void dither_one_channel_16_to_8( short * input, uchar * output, int count, int * memory ) 
+{ 
+  int m = *memory; 
+  while( count-- > 0 ) { 
+    int i = *input++; 
+    i += m; 
+    int j = i + 32768 - 128; 
+    uchar o; 
+    if( j < 0 ) { 
+      o = 0; 
+    } 
+    else if( j > 65535 ) { 
+      o = 255; 
+    } 
+    else { 
+      o = (uchar)((j>>8)&0xff); 
+    } 
+    m = ((j-32768+128)-i); 
+    *output++ = o; 
+  } 
+  *memory = m; 
+} 
+*/
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70369e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_dither.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#ifndef PA_DITHER_H
+#define PA_DITHER_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_dither.h,v 1.1.2.4 2003/09/20 21:06:19 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library triangular dither generator
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Phil Burk, Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Functions for generating dither noise
+*/
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+/** @brief State needed to generate a dither signal */
+typedef struct PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator{
+    unsigned long previous;
+    unsigned long randSeed1;
+    unsigned long randSeed2;
+} PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator;
+
+
+/** @brief Initialize dither state */
+void PaUtil_InitializeTriangularDitherState( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherState );
+
+
+/**
+ @brief Calculate 2 LSB dither signal with a triangular distribution.
+ Ranged for adding to a 1 bit right-shifted 32 bit integer
+ prior to >>15. eg:
+<pre>
+    signed long in = *
+    signed long dither = PaUtil_Generate16BitTriangularDither( ditherState );
+    signed short out = (signed short)(((in>>1) + dither) >> 15);
+</pre>
+ @return
+ A signed long with a range of +32767 to -32768
+*/
+signed long PaUtil_Generate16BitTriangularDither( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherState );
+
+
+/**
+ @brief Calculate 2 LSB dither signal with a triangular distribution.
+ Ranged for adding to a pre-scaled float.
+<pre>
+    float in = *
+    float dither = PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( ditherState );
+    // use smaller scaler to prevent overflow when we add the dither
+    signed short out = (signed short)(in*(32766.0f) + dither );
+</pre>
+ @return
+ A float with a range of -2.0 to +1.99999.
+*/
+float PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherState );
+
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_DITHER_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_endianness.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_endianness.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..052bced6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_endianness.h
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#ifndef PA_ENDIANNESS_H
+#define PA_ENDIANNESS_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_endianness.h,v 1.1.2.3 2003/09/20 21:06:19 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library current platform endianness macros
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Phil Burk, Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Configure endianness symbols for the target processor.
+
+ Arrange for either the PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN or PA_BIG_ENDIAN preprocessor symbols
+ to be defined. The one that is defined reflects the endianness of the target
+ platform and may be used to implement conditional compilation of byte-order
+ dependent code.
+
+ If either PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN or PA_BIG_ENDIAN is defined already, then no attempt
+ is made to override that setting. This may be useful if you have a better way
+ of determining the platform's endianness. The autoconf mechanism uses this for
+ example.
+
+ A PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS macro is provided to compare the compile time
+ and runtime endiannes and raise an assertion if they don't match.
+*/
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+#if defined(PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || defined(PA_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    /* endianness define has been set externally, such as by autoconf */
+
+    #if defined(PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(PA_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    #error both PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN and PA_BIG_ENDIAN have been defined externally to pa_endianness.h - only one endianness at a time please
+    #endif
+
+#else
+    /* endianness define has not been set externally */
+
+    /* set PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN or PA_BIG_ENDIAN by testing well known platform specific defines */
+
+    #if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(__WIN32__) || defined(__NT__)
+
+    #define PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN /* win32, assume intel byte order */
+
+    #else
+
+#endif
+
+    #if !defined(PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && !defined(PA_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    /*
+     If the following error is raised, you either need to modify the code above
+     to automatically determine the endianness from other symbols defined on your
+     platform, or define either PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN or PA_BIG_ENDIAN externally.
+    */
+    #error pa_endianness.h was unable to automatically determine the endianness of the target platform
+    #endif
+    
+#endif
+
+/* PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS compares the compile time and runtime endianness,
+ and raises an assertion if they don't match. <assert.h> must be included in
+ the context in which this macro is used.
+*/
+#if defined(PA_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+    #define PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS \
+    { \
+        const long nativeOne = 1; \
+        assert( "PortAudio: compile time and runtime endianness don't match" && (((char *)&nativeOne)[0]) == 1 ); \
+    }
+#elif defined(PA_BIG_ENDIAN)
+    #define PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS \
+    { \
+        const long nativeOne = 1; \
+        assert( "PortAudio: compile time and runtime endianness don't match" && (((char *)&nativeOne)[0]) == 0 ); \
+    }
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_ENDIANNESS_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_front.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_front.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..655c3bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_front.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1974 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_front.c,v 1.1.2.50 2004/02/13 07:50:20 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library Multi-Host API front end
+ * Validate function parameters and manage multiple host APIs.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/* doxygen index page */
+/** @mainpage
+
+PortAudio is an open-source cross-platform ‘C’ library for audio input
+and output. It is designed to simplify the porting of audio applications
+between various platforms, and also to simplify the development of audio
+software in general by hiding the complexities of device interfacing.
+
+See the PortAudio website for further information http://www.portaudio.com/
+
+This documentation pertains to PortAudio V19, API version 2.0 which is
+currently under development. API version 2.0 differs in a number of ways from
+previous versions, please consult the enhancement proposals for further details:
+http://www.portaudio.com/docs/proposals/index.html
+
+This documentation is under construction. Things you might be interested in
+include:
+
+- The PortAudio API 2.0, as documented in portaudio.h
+
+- The <a href="todo.html">TODO List</a>
+
+Feel free to pick an item off TODO list and fix/implement it. You may want to
+enquire about status on the PortAudio mailing list first.
+*/
+
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Implements public PortAudio API, checks some errors, forwards to
+ host API implementations.
+ 
+ Implements the functions defined in the PortAudio API, checks for
+ some parameter and state inconsistencies and forwards API requests to
+ specific Host API implementations (via the interface declared in
+ pa_hostapi.h), and Streams (via the interface declared in pa_stream.h).
+
+ This file handles initialization and termination of Host API
+ implementations via initializers stored in the paHostApiInitializers
+ global variable.
+
+ Some utility functions declared in pa_util.h are implemented in this file.
+
+ All PortAudio API functions can be conditionally compiled with logging code.
+ To compile with logging, define the PA_LOG_API_CALLS precompiler symbol.
+
+    @todo Consider adding host API specific error text in Pa_GetErrorText() for
+    paUnanticipatedHostError
+
+    @todo Consider adding a new error code for when (inputParameters == NULL)
+    && (outputParameters == NULL)
+
+    @todo review whether Pa_CloseStream() should call the interface's
+    CloseStream function if aborting the stream returns an error code.
+
+    @todo Create new error codes if a NULL buffer pointer, or a
+    zero frame count is passed to Pa_ReadStream or Pa_WriteStream.
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <memory.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h> /* needed by PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS */
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_endianness.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+
+
+#define PA_VERSION_  1899
+#define PA_VERSION_TEXT_ "PortAudio V19-devel"
+
+
+
+/* #define PA_LOG_API_CALLS */
+
+/*
+    The basic format for log messages is described below. If you need to
+    add any log messages, please follow this format.
+ 
+    Function entry (void function):
+ 
+        "FunctionName called.\n"
+ 
+    Function entry (non void function):
+ 
+        "FunctionName called:\n"
+        "\tParam1Type param1: param1Value\n"
+        "\tParam2Type param2: param2Value\n"      (etc...)
+ 
+ 
+    Function exit (no return value):
+ 
+        "FunctionName returned.\n"
+ 
+    Function exit (simple return value):
+ 
+        "FunctionName returned:\n"
+        "\tReturnType: returnValue\n\n"
+ 
+    If the return type is an error code, the error text is displayed in ()
+ 
+    If the return type is not an error code, but has taken a special value
+    because an error occurred, then the reason for the error is shown in []
+ 
+    If the return type is a struct ptr, the struct is dumped.
+ 
+    See the code below for examples
+*/
+
+
+int Pa_GetVersion( void )
+{
+    return PA_VERSION_;
+}
+
+
+const char* Pa_GetVersionText( void )
+{
+    return PA_VERSION_TEXT_;
+}
+
+
+
+#define PA_LAST_HOST_ERROR_TEXT_LENGTH_  1024
+
+static char lastHostErrorText_[ PA_LAST_HOST_ERROR_TEXT_LENGTH_ + 1 ] = {0};
+
+static PaHostErrorInfo lastHostErrorInfo_ = { (PaHostApiTypeId)-1, 0, lastHostErrorText_ };
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType, long errorCode,
+        const char *errorText )
+{
+    lastHostErrorInfo_.hostApiType = hostApiType;
+    lastHostErrorInfo_.errorCode = errorCode;
+
+    strncpy( lastHostErrorText_, errorText, PA_LAST_HOST_ERROR_TEXT_LENGTH_ );
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_DebugPrint( const char *format, ... )
+{
+    va_list ap;
+
+    va_start( ap, format );
+    vfprintf( stderr, format, ap );
+    va_end( ap );
+
+    fflush( stderr );
+}
+
+
+static PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApis_ = 0;
+static int hostApisCount_ = 0;
+static int initializationCount_ = 0;
+static int deviceCount_ = 0;
+
+PaUtilStreamRepresentation *firstOpenStream_ = NULL;
+
+
+#define PA_IS_INITIALISED_ (initializationCount_ != 0)
+
+
+static int CountHostApiInitializers( void )
+{
+    int result = 0;
+
+    while( paHostApiInitializers[ result ] != 0 )
+        ++result;
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void TerminateHostApis( void )
+{
+    /* terminate in reverse order from initialization */
+
+    while( hostApisCount_ > 0 )
+    {
+        --hostApisCount_;
+        hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->Terminate( hostApis_[hostApisCount_] );
+    }
+    hostApisCount_ = 0;
+    deviceCount_ = 0;
+
+    if( hostApis_ != 0 )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( hostApis_ );
+    hostApis_ = 0;
+}
+
+
+static PaError InitializeHostApis( void )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int i, initializerCount, baseDeviceIndex;
+
+    initializerCount = CountHostApiInitializers();
+
+    hostApis_ = (PaUtilHostApiRepresentation**)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(
+            sizeof(PaUtilHostApiRepresentation*) * initializerCount );
+    if( !hostApis_ )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error; 
+    }
+
+    hostApisCount_ = 0;
+    deviceCount_ = 0;
+    baseDeviceIndex = 0;
+
+    for( i=0; i< initializerCount; ++i )
+    {
+        hostApis_[hostApisCount_] = NULL;
+        result = paHostApiInitializers[i]( &hostApis_[hostApisCount_], hostApisCount_ );
+        if( result != paNoError )
+            goto error;
+
+        if( hostApis_[hostApisCount_] )
+        {
+
+            hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->privatePaFrontInfo.baseDeviceIndex = baseDeviceIndex;
+
+            if( hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.defaultInputDevice != paNoDevice )
+                hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.defaultInputDevice += baseDeviceIndex;
+
+            if( hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.defaultOutputDevice != paNoDevice )
+                hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.defaultOutputDevice += baseDeviceIndex;
+
+            baseDeviceIndex += hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.deviceCount;
+            deviceCount_ += hostApis_[hostApisCount_]->info.deviceCount;
+
+            ++hostApisCount_;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    TerminateHostApis();
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    FindHostApi() finds the index of the host api to which
+    <device> belongs and returns it. if <hostSpecificDeviceIndex> is
+    non-null, the host specific device index is returned in it.
+    returns -1 if <device> is out of range.
+ 
+*/
+static int FindHostApi( PaDeviceIndex device, int *hostSpecificDeviceIndex )
+{
+    int i=0;
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+        return -1;
+
+    if( device < 0 )
+        return -1;
+
+    while( i < hostApisCount_
+            && device >= hostApis_[i]->info.deviceCount )
+    {
+
+        device -= hostApis_[i]->info.deviceCount;
+        ++i;
+    }
+
+    if( i >= hostApisCount_ )
+        return -1;
+
+    if( hostSpecificDeviceIndex )
+        *hostSpecificDeviceIndex = device;
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+
+static void AddOpenStream( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    ((PaUtilStreamRepresentation*)stream)->nextOpenStream = firstOpenStream_;
+    firstOpenStream_ = (PaUtilStreamRepresentation*)stream;
+}
+
+
+static void RemoveOpenStream( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation *previous = NULL;
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation *current = firstOpenStream_;
+
+    while( current != NULL )
+    {
+        if( ((PaStream*)current) == stream )
+        {
+            if( previous == NULL )
+            {
+                firstOpenStream_ = current->nextOpenStream;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                previous->nextOpenStream = current->nextOpenStream;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            previous = current;
+            current = current->nextOpenStream;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void CloseOpenStreams( void )
+{
+    /* we call Pa_CloseStream() here to ensure that the same destruction
+        logic is used for automatically closed streams */
+
+    while( firstOpenStream_ != NULL )
+        Pa_CloseStream( firstOpenStream_ );
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_Initialize( void )
+{
+    PaError result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint( "Pa_Initialize called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    if( PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        ++initializationCount_;
+        result = paNoError;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PA_VALIDATE_ENDIANNESS;
+        
+        PaUtil_InitializeClock();
+        PaUtil_ResetTraceMessages();
+
+        result = InitializeHostApis();
+        if( result == paNoError )
+            ++initializationCount_;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint( "Pa_Initialize returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint( "\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_Terminate( void )
+{
+    PaError result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_Terminate called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    if( PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        if( --initializationCount_ == 0 )
+        {
+            CloseOpenStreams();
+
+            TerminateHostApis();
+
+            PaUtil_DumpTraceMessages();
+        }
+        result = paNoError;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result=  paNotInitialized;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_Terminate returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+const PaHostErrorInfo* Pa_GetLastHostErrorInfo( void )
+{
+    return &lastHostErrorInfo_;
+}
+
+
+const char *Pa_GetErrorText( PaError errorCode )
+{
+    const char *result;
+
+    switch( errorCode )
+    {
+    case paNoError:                  result = "Success"; break;
+    case paNotInitialized:           result = "PortAudio not initialized"; break;
+    /** @todo could catenate the last host error text to result in the case of paUnanticipatedHostError */
+    case paUnanticipatedHostError:   result = "Unanticipated host error"; break;
+    case paInvalidChannelCount:      result = "Invalid number of channels"; break;
+    case paInvalidSampleRate:        result = "Invalid sample rate"; break;
+    case paInvalidDevice:            result = "Invalid device"; break;
+    case paInvalidFlag:              result = "Invalid flag"; break;
+    case paSampleFormatNotSupported: result = "Sample format not supported"; break;
+    case paBadIODeviceCombination:   result = "Illegal combination of I/O devices"; break;
+    case paInsufficientMemory:       result = "Insufficient memory"; break;
+    case paBufferTooBig:             result = "Buffer too big"; break;
+    case paBufferTooSmall:           result = "Buffer too small"; break;
+    case paNullCallback:             result = "No callback routine specified"; break;
+    case paBadStreamPtr:             result = "Invalid stream pointer"; break;
+    case paTimedOut:                 result = "Wait timed out"; break;
+    case paInternalError:            result = "Internal PortAudio error"; break;
+    case paDeviceUnavailable:        result = "Device unavailable"; break;
+    case paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo:   result = "Incompatible host API specific stream info"; break;
+    case paStreamIsStopped:          result = "Stream is stopped"; break;
+    case paStreamIsNotStopped:       result = "Stream is not stopped"; break;
+    case paInputOverflowed:          result = "Input overflowed"; break;
+    case paOutputUnderflowed:        result = "Output underflowed"; break;
+    case paHostApiNotFound:          result = "Host API not found"; break;
+    case paInvalidHostApi:           result = "Invalid host API"; break;
+    case paCanNotReadFromACallbackStream:       result = "Can't read from a callback stream"; break;
+    case paCanNotWriteToACallbackStream:        result = "Can't write to a callback stream"; break;
+    case paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream:    result = "Can't read from an output only stream"; break;
+    case paCanNotWriteToAnInputOnlyStream:      result = "Can't write to an input only stream"; break;
+    default:                         result = "Illegal error number"; break;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex( PaHostApiTypeId type )
+{
+    PaHostApiIndex result;
+    int i;
+    
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiTypeId type: %d\n", type );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = paHostApiNotFound;
+        
+        for( i=0; i < hostApisCount_; ++i )
+        {
+            if( hostApis_[i]->info.type == type )
+            {
+                result = i;
+                break;
+            }         
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex returned:\n" );
+    if( result < 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiIndex: %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_GetHostApiRepresentation( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi,
+        PaHostApiTypeId type )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    int i;
+    
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = paHostApiNotFound;
+                
+        for( i=0; i < hostApisCount_; ++i )
+        {
+            if( hostApis_[i]->info.type == type )
+            {
+                *hostApi = hostApis_[i];
+                result = paNoError;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(
+        PaDeviceIndex *hostApiDevice, PaDeviceIndex device, struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaDeviceIndex x;
+    
+    x = device - hostApi->privatePaFrontInfo.baseDeviceIndex;
+
+    if( x < 0 || x >= hostApi->info.deviceCount )
+    {
+        result = paInvalidDevice;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *hostApiDevice = x;
+        result = paNoError;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_GetHostApiCount( void )
+{
+    int result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiCount called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = hostApisCount_;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiCount returned:\n" );
+    if( result < 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiIndex %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_GetDefaultHostApi( void )
+{
+    int result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultHostApi called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = paDefaultHostApiIndex;
+
+        /* internal consistency check: make sure that the default host api
+         index is within range */
+
+        if( result < 0 || result >= hostApisCount_ )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError;
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultHostApi returned:\n" );
+    if( result < 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiIndex %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+const PaHostApiInfo* Pa_GetHostApiInfo( PaHostApiIndex hostApi )
+{
+    PaHostApiInfo *info;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiInfo called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiIndex hostApi: %d\n", hostApi );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        info = NULL;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiInfo*: NULL [ PortAudio not initialized ]\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else if( hostApi < 0 || hostApi >= hostApisCount_ )
+    {
+        info = NULL;
+        
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiInfo*: NULL [ hostApi out of range ]\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        info = &hostApis_[hostApi]->info;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetHostApiInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiInfo*: 0x%p\n", info );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t{" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tint structVersion: %d\n", info->structVersion );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tPaHostApiTypeId type: %d\n", info->type );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tconst char *name: %s\n\n", info->name );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t}\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+     return info;
+}
+
+
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToDeviceIndex( PaHostApiIndex hostApi, int hostApiDeviceIndex )
+{
+    PaDeviceIndex result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToPaDeviceIndex called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaHostApiIndex hostApi: %d\n", hostApi );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint hostApiDeviceIndex: %d\n", hostApiDeviceIndex );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if( hostApi < 0 || hostApi >= hostApisCount_ )
+        {
+            result = paInvalidHostApi;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( hostApiDeviceIndex < 0 ||
+                    hostApiDeviceIndex >= hostApis_[hostApi]->info.deviceCount )
+            {
+                result = paInvalidDevice;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result = hostApis_[hostApi]->privatePaFrontInfo.baseDeviceIndex + hostApiDeviceIndex;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToPaDeviceIndex returned:\n" );
+    if( result < 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex: %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDeviceCount( void )
+{
+    PaDeviceIndex result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDeviceCount called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = deviceCount_;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDeviceCount returned:\n" );
+    if( result < 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex: %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDefaultInputDevice( void )
+{
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApi;
+    PaDeviceIndex result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultInputDevice called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    hostApi = Pa_GetDefaultHostApi();
+    if( hostApi < 0 )
+    {
+        result = paNoDevice;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = hostApis_[hostApi]->info.defaultInputDevice;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultInputDevice returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex: %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice( void )
+{
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApi;
+    PaDeviceIndex result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice called.\n" );
+#endif
+
+    hostApi = Pa_GetDefaultHostApi();
+    if( hostApi < 0 )
+    {
+        result = paNoDevice;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = hostApis_[hostApi]->info.defaultOutputDevice;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex: %d\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+const PaDeviceInfo* Pa_GetDeviceInfo( PaDeviceIndex device )
+{
+    int hostSpecificDeviceIndex;
+    int hostApiIndex = FindHostApi( device, &hostSpecificDeviceIndex );
+    PaDeviceInfo *result;
+
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDeviceInfo called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex device: %d\n", device );
+#endif
+
+    if( hostApiIndex < 0 )
+    {
+        result = NULL;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDeviceInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceInfo* NULL [ invalid device index ]\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = hostApis_[hostApiIndex]->deviceInfos[ hostSpecificDeviceIndex ];
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetDeviceInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceInfo*: 0x%p:\n", result );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t{\n" );
+
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tint structVersion: %d\n", result->structVersion );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tconst char *name: %s\n", result->name );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tPaHostApiIndex hostApi: %d\n", result->hostApi );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tint maxInputChannels: %d\n", result->maxInputChannels );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tint maxOutputChannels: %d\n", result->maxOutputChannels );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t}\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    SampleFormatIsValid() returns 1 if sampleFormat is a sample format
+    defined in portaudio.h, or 0 otherwise.
+*/
+static int SampleFormatIsValid( PaSampleFormat format )
+{
+    switch( format & ~paNonInterleaved )
+    {
+    case paFloat32: return 1;
+    case paInt16: return 1;
+    case paInt32: return 1;
+    case paInt24: return 1;
+    case paInt8: return 1;
+    case paUInt8: return 1;
+    case paCustomFormat: return 1;
+    default: return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+    NOTE: make sure this validation list is kept syncronised with the one in
+            pa_hostapi.h
+
+    ValidateOpenStreamParameters() checks that parameters to Pa_OpenStream()
+    conform to the expected values as described below. This function is
+    also designed to be used with the proposed Pa_IsFormatSupported() function.
+    
+    There are basically two types of validation that could be performed:
+    Generic conformance validation, and device capability mismatch
+    validation. This function performs only generic conformance validation.
+    Validation that would require knowledge of device capabilities is
+    not performed because of potentially complex relationships between
+    combinations of parameters - for example, even if the sampleRate
+    seems ok, it might not be for a duplex stream - we have no way of
+    checking this in an API-neutral way, so we don't try.
+ 
+    On success the function returns PaNoError and fills in hostApi,
+    hostApiInputDeviceID, and hostApiOutputDeviceID fields. On failure
+    the function returns an error code indicating the first encountered
+    parameter error.
+ 
+ 
+    If ValidateOpenStreamParameters() returns paNoError, the following
+    assertions are guaranteed to be true.
+ 
+    - at least one of inputParameters & outputParmeters is valid (not NULL)
+
+    - if inputParameters & outputParmeters are both valid, that
+        inputParameters->device & outputParmeters->device  both use the same host api
+ 
+    PaDeviceIndex inputParameters->device
+        - is within range (0 to Pa_GetDeviceCount-1) Or:
+        - is paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification and
+            inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo is non-NULL and refers
+            to a valid host api
+
+    int inputParameters->channelCount
+        - if inputParameters->device is not paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification, channelCount is > 0
+        - upper bound is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+    PaSampleFormat inputParameters->sampleFormat
+        - is one of the sample formats defined in portaudio.h
+
+    void *inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo
+        - if supplied its hostApi field matches the input device's host Api
+ 
+    PaDeviceIndex outputParmeters->device
+        - is within range (0 to Pa_GetDeviceCount-1)
+ 
+    int outputParmeters->channelCount
+        - if inputDevice is valid, channelCount is > 0
+        - upper bound is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+    PaSampleFormat outputParmeters->sampleFormat
+        - is one of the sample formats defined in portaudio.h
+        
+    void *outputParmeters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo
+        - if supplied its hostApi field matches the output device's host Api
+ 
+    double sampleRate
+        - is not an 'absurd' rate (less than 1000. or greater than 200000.)
+        - sampleRate is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+    PaStreamFlags streamFlags
+        - unused platform neutral flags are zero
+        - paNeverDropInput is only used for full-duplex callback streams with
+            variable buffer size (paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
+*/
+static PaError ValidateOpenStreamParameters(
+    const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+    const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+    double sampleRate,
+    unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+    PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+    PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi,
+    PaDeviceIndex *hostApiInputDevice,
+    PaDeviceIndex *hostApiOutputDevice )
+{
+    int inputHostApiIndex  = -1, /* Surpress uninitialised var warnings: compiler does */
+        outputHostApiIndex = -1; /* not see that if inputParameters and outputParame-  */
+                                 /* ters are both nonzero, these indices are set.      */
+
+    if( (inputParameters == NULL) && (outputParameters == NULL) )
+    {
+        return paInvalidDevice; /** @todo should be a new error code "invalid device parameters" or something */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if( inputParameters == NULL )
+        {
+            *hostApiInputDevice = paNoDevice;
+        }
+        else if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+        {
+            if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            {
+                inputHostApiIndex = Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex(
+                        ((PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader*)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->hostApiType );
+
+                if( inputHostApiIndex != -1 )
+                {
+                    *hostApiInputDevice = paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification;
+                    *hostApi = hostApis_[inputHostApiIndex];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return paInvalidDevice;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return paInvalidDevice;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( inputParameters->device < 0 || inputParameters->device >= deviceCount_ )
+                return paInvalidDevice;
+
+            inputHostApiIndex = FindHostApi( inputParameters->device, hostApiInputDevice );
+            if( inputHostApiIndex < 0 )
+                return paInternalError;
+
+            *hostApi = hostApis_[inputHostApiIndex];
+
+            if( inputParameters->channelCount <= 0 )
+                return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+            if( !SampleFormatIsValid( inputParameters->sampleFormat ) )
+                return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+
+            if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo != NULL )
+            {
+                if( ((PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader*)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->hostApiType
+                        != (*hostApi)->info.type )
+                    return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( outputParameters == NULL )
+        {
+            *hostApiOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
+        }
+        else if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification  )
+        {
+            if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            {
+                outputHostApiIndex = Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex(
+                        ((PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader*)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->hostApiType );
+
+                if( outputHostApiIndex != -1 )
+                {
+                    *hostApiOutputDevice = paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification;
+                    *hostApi = hostApis_[outputHostApiIndex];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return paInvalidDevice;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return paInvalidDevice;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( outputParameters->device < 0 || outputParameters->device >= deviceCount_ )
+                return paInvalidDevice;
+
+            outputHostApiIndex = FindHostApi( outputParameters->device, hostApiOutputDevice );
+            if( outputHostApiIndex < 0 )
+                return paInternalError;
+
+            *hostApi = hostApis_[outputHostApiIndex];
+
+            if( outputParameters->channelCount <= 0 )
+                return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+            if( !SampleFormatIsValid( outputParameters->sampleFormat ) )
+                return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+
+            if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo != NULL )
+            {
+                if( ((PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader*)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->hostApiType
+                        != (*hostApi)->info.type )
+                    return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+            }
+        }   
+
+        if( (inputParameters != NULL) && (outputParameters != NULL) )
+        {
+            /* ensure that both devices use the same API */
+            if( inputHostApiIndex != outputHostApiIndex )
+                return paBadIODeviceCombination;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    
+    /* Check for absurd sample rates. */
+    if( (sampleRate < 1000.0) || (sampleRate > 200000.0) )
+        return paInvalidSampleRate;
+
+    if( ((streamFlags & ~paPlatformSpecificFlags) & ~(paClipOff | paDitherOff | paNeverDropInput | paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback ) ) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag;
+
+    if( streamFlags & paNeverDropInput )
+    {
+        /* must be a callback stream */
+        if( !streamCallback )
+             return paInvalidFlag;
+
+        /* must be a full duplex stream */
+        if( (inputParameters == NULL) || (outputParameters == NULL) )
+            return paInvalidFlag;
+
+        /* must use paFramesPerBufferUnspecified */
+        if( framesPerBuffer != paFramesPerBufferUnspecified )
+            return paInvalidFlag;
+    }
+    
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_IsFormatSupported( const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                              const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                              double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi;
+    PaDeviceIndex hostApiInputDevice, hostApiOutputDevice;
+    PaStreamParameters hostApiInputParameters, hostApiOutputParameters;
+    PaStreamParameters *hostApiInputParametersPtr, *hostApiOutputParametersPtr;
+
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsFormatSupported called:\n" );
+
+    if( inputParameters == NULL ){
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *inputParameters: NULL\n" );
+    }else{
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *inputParameters: 0x%p\n", inputParameters );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex inputParameters->device: %d\n", inputParameters->device );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint inputParameters->channelCount: %d\n", inputParameters->channelCount );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat inputParameters->sampleFormat: %d\n", inputParameters->sampleFormat );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime inputParameters->suggestedLatency: %f\n", inputParameters->suggestedLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo: 0x%p\n", inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo );
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters == NULL ){
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *outputParameters: NULL\n" );
+    }else{
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *outputParameters: 0x%p\n", outputParameters );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex outputParameters->device: %d\n", outputParameters->device );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint outputParameters->channelCount: %d\n", outputParameters->channelCount );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat outputParameters->sampleFormat: %d\n", outputParameters->sampleFormat );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime outputParameters->suggestedLatency: %f\n", outputParameters->suggestedLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo: 0x%p\n", outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo );
+    }
+    
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tdouble sampleRate: %g\n", sampleRate );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsFormatSupported returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    result = ValidateOpenStreamParameters( inputParameters,
+                                           outputParameters,
+                                           sampleRate, 0, paNoFlag, 0,
+                                           &hostApi,
+                                           &hostApiInputDevice,
+                                           &hostApiOutputDevice );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+    {
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsFormatSupported returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        hostApiInputParameters.device = hostApiInputDevice;
+        hostApiInputParameters.channelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        hostApiInputParameters.sampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        hostApiInputParameters.suggestedLatency = inputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+        hostApiInputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = &hostApiInputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParameters.device = hostApiOutputDevice;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.channelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.sampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.suggestedLatency = outputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = &hostApiOutputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = hostApi->IsFormatSupported( hostApi,
+                                  hostApiInputParametersPtr, hostApiOutputParametersPtr,
+                                  sampleRate );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream returned:\n" );
+    if( result == paFormatIsSupported )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: 0 [ paFormatIsSupported ]\n\n" );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_OpenStream( PaStream** stream,
+                       const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                       const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                       double sampleRate,
+                       unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                       PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                       PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                       void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi;
+    PaDeviceIndex hostApiInputDevice, hostApiOutputDevice;
+    PaStreamParameters hostApiInputParameters, hostApiOutputParameters;
+    PaStreamParameters *hostApiInputParametersPtr, *hostApiOutputParametersPtr;
+
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream** stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+
+    if( inputParameters == NULL ){
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *inputParameters: NULL\n" );
+    }else{
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *inputParameters: 0x%p\n", inputParameters );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex inputParameters->device: %d\n", inputParameters->device );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint inputParameters->channelCount: %d\n", inputParameters->channelCount );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat inputParameters->sampleFormat: %d\n", inputParameters->sampleFormat );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime inputParameters->suggestedLatency: %f\n", inputParameters->suggestedLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo: 0x%p\n", inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo );
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters == NULL ){
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *outputParameters: NULL\n" );
+    }else{
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamParameters *outputParameters: 0x%p\n", outputParameters );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaDeviceIndex outputParameters->device: %d\n", outputParameters->device );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint outputParameters->channelCount: %d\n", outputParameters->channelCount );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat outputParameters->sampleFormat: %d\n", outputParameters->sampleFormat );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime outputParameters->suggestedLatency: %f\n", outputParameters->suggestedLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo: 0x%p\n", outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo );
+    }
+    
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tdouble sampleRate: %g\n", sampleRate );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tunsigned long framesPerBuffer: %d\n", framesPerBuffer );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamFlags streamFlags: 0x%x\n", streamFlags );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamCallback *streamCallback: 0x%p\n", streamCallback );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *userData: 0x%p\n", userData );
+#endif
+
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ )
+    {
+        result = paNotInitialized;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t*(PaStream** stream): undefined\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for parameter errors.
+        NOTE: make sure this validation list is kept syncronised with the one
+        in pa_hostapi.h
+    */
+
+    if( stream == NULL )
+    {
+        result = paBadStreamPtr;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t*(PaStream** stream): undefined\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    result = ValidateOpenStreamParameters( inputParameters,
+                                           outputParameters,
+                                           sampleRate, framesPerBuffer,
+                                           streamFlags, streamCallback,
+                                           &hostApi,
+                                           &hostApiInputDevice,
+                                           &hostApiOutputDevice );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+    {
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t*(PaStream** stream): undefined\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+        return result;
+    }
+    
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        hostApiInputParameters.device = hostApiInputDevice;
+        hostApiInputParameters.channelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        hostApiInputParameters.sampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        hostApiInputParameters.suggestedLatency = inputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+        hostApiInputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = &hostApiInputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParameters.device = hostApiOutputDevice;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.channelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.sampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.suggestedLatency = outputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = &hostApiOutputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = hostApi->OpenStream( hostApi, stream,
+                                  hostApiInputParametersPtr, hostApiOutputParametersPtr,
+                                  sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, streamFlags, streamCallback, userData );
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+        AddOpenStream( *stream );
+
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t*(PaStream** stream): 0x%p\n", *stream );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_OpenDefaultStream( PaStream** stream,
+                              int inputChannelCount,
+                              int outputChannelCount,
+                              PaSampleFormat sampleFormat,
+                              double sampleRate,
+                              unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                              PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                              void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaStreamParameters hostApiInputParameters, hostApiOutputParameters;
+    PaStreamParameters *hostApiInputParametersPtr, *hostApiOutputParametersPtr;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenDefaultStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream** stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint inputChannelCount: %d\n", inputChannelCount );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint outputChannelCount: %d\n", outputChannelCount );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat sampleFormat: %d\n", sampleFormat );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tdouble sampleRate: %g\n", sampleRate );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tunsigned long framesPerBuffer: %d\n", framesPerBuffer );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamCallback *streamCallback: 0x%p\n", streamCallback );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tvoid *userData: 0x%p\n", userData );
+#endif
+
+
+    if( inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        hostApiInputParameters.device = Pa_GetDefaultInputDevice();
+        hostApiInputParameters.channelCount = inputChannelCount;
+        hostApiInputParameters.sampleFormat = sampleFormat;
+        /* defaultHighInputLatency is used below instead of
+           defaultLowInputLatency because it is more important for the default
+           stream to work reliably than it is for it to work with the lowest
+           latency.
+         */
+        hostApiInputParameters.suggestedLatency = 
+             Pa_GetDeviceInfo( hostApiInputParameters.device )->defaultHighInputLatency;
+        hostApiInputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = NULL;
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = &hostApiInputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiInputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if( outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParameters.device = Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice();
+        hostApiOutputParameters.channelCount = outputChannelCount;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.sampleFormat = sampleFormat;
+        /* defaultHighOutputLatency is used below instead of
+           defaultLowOutputLatency because it is more important for the default
+           stream to work reliably than it is for it to work with the lowest
+           latency.
+         */
+        hostApiOutputParameters.suggestedLatency =
+             Pa_GetDeviceInfo( hostApiOutputParameters.device )->defaultHighOutputLatency;
+        hostApiOutputParameters.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = NULL;
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = &hostApiOutputParameters;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        hostApiOutputParametersPtr = NULL;
+    }
+
+
+    result = Pa_OpenStream(
+                 stream, hostApiInputParametersPtr, hostApiOutputParametersPtr,
+                 sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, paNoFlag, streamCallback, userData );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_OpenDefaultStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t*(PaStream** stream): 0x%p", *stream );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    if( !PA_IS_INITIALISED_ ) return paNotInitialized;
+
+    if( stream == NULL ) return paBadStreamPtr;
+
+    if( ((PaUtilStreamRepresentation*)stream)->magic != PA_STREAM_MAGIC )
+        return paBadStreamPtr;
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_CloseStream( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    PaUtilStreamInterface *interface;
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_CloseStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    /* always remove the open stream from our list, even if this function
+        eventually returns an error. Otherwise CloseOpenStreams() will
+        get stuck in an infinite loop */
+    RemoveOpenStream( stream ); /* be sure to call this _before_ closing the stream */
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        interface = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream);
+
+        /* abort the stream if it isn't stopped */
+        result = interface->IsStopped( stream );
+        if( result == 1 )
+            result = paNoError;
+        else if( result == 0 )
+            result = interface->Abort( stream );
+
+        if( result == paNoError )                 /** @todo REVIEW: shouldn't we close anyway? */
+            result = interface->Close( stream );
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_CloseStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback( PaStream *stream, PaStreamFinishedCallback* streamFinishedCallback )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStreamFinishedCallback* streamFinishedCallback: 0x%p\n", streamFinishedCallback );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+        if( result == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paStreamIsNotStopped ;
+        }
+        if( result == 1 )
+        {
+            PA_STREAM_REP( stream )->streamFinishedCallback = streamFinishedCallback;
+            result = paNoError;
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_StartStream( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_StartStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+        if( result == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paStreamIsNotStopped ;
+        }
+        else if( result == 1 )
+        {
+            result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->Start( stream );
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_StartStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_StopStream( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_StopStream called\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+        if( result == 0 )
+        {
+            result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->Stop( stream );
+        }
+        else if( result == 1 )
+        {
+            result = paStreamIsStopped;
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_StopStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_AbortStream( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_AbortStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+        if( result == 0 )
+        {
+            result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->Abort( stream );
+        }
+        else if( result == 1 )
+        {
+            result = paStreamIsStopped;
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_AbortStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_IsStreamStopped( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsStreamStopped called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsStreamStopped returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsStreamActive called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsActive( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_IsStreamActive returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+const PaStreamInfo* Pa_GetStreamInfo( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError error = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+    const PaStreamInfo *result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamInfo called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( error != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = 0;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tconst PaStreamInfo*: 0 [PaError error:%d ( %s )]\n\n", result, error, Pa_GetErrorText( error ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = &PA_STREAM_REP( stream )->streamInfo;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamInfo returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tconst PaStreamInfo*: 0x%p:\n", result );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t{" );
+
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tint structVersion: %d\n", result->structVersion );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tPaTime inputLatency: %f\n", result->inputLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tPaTime outputLatency: %f\n", result->outputLatency );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t\tdouble sampleRate: %f\n", result->sampleRate );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\t}\n\n" );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaTime Pa_GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError error = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+    PaTime result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamTime called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( error != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = 0;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamTime returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime: 0 [PaError error:%d ( %s )]\n\n", result, error, Pa_GetErrorText( error ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->GetTime( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamTime returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaTime: %g\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+double Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    PaError error = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+    double result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( error != paNoError )
+    {
+
+        result = 0.0;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tdouble: 0.0 [PaError error: %d ( %s )]\n\n", error, Pa_GetErrorText( error ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->GetCpuLoad( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tdouble: %g\n\n", result );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_ReadStream( PaStream* stream,
+                       void *buffer,
+                       unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_ReadStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        if( frames == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError; /** @todo should return a different error code */
+        }
+        else if( buffer == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError; /** @todo should return a different error code */
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+            if( result == 0 )
+            {
+                result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->Read( stream, buffer, frames );
+            }
+            else if( result == 1 )
+            {
+                result = paStreamIsStopped;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_ReadStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_WriteStream( PaStream* stream,
+                        const void *buffer,
+                        unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_WriteStream called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+    {
+        if( frames == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError; /** @todo should return a different error code */
+        }
+        else if( buffer == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError; /** @todo should return a different error code */
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->IsStopped( stream );
+            if( result == 0 )
+            {
+                result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->Write( stream, buffer, frames );
+            }
+            else if( result == 1 )
+            {
+                result = paStreamIsStopped;
+            }  
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_WriteStream returned:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+signed long Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    PaError error = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+    signed long result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( error != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = 0;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tunsigned long: 0 [ PaError error: %d ( %s ) ]\n\n", error, Pa_GetErrorText( error ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->GetReadAvailable( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+signed long Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    PaError error = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( stream );
+    signed long result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaStream* stream: 0x%p\n", stream );
+#endif
+
+    if( error != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = 0;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tunsigned long: 0 [ PaError error: %d ( %s ) ]\n\n", error, Pa_GetErrorText( error ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = PA_STREAM_INTERFACE(stream)->GetWriteAvailable( stream );
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable returned:\n" );
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError Pa_GetSampleSize( PaSampleFormat format )
+{
+    int result;
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetSampleSize called:\n" );
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaSampleFormat format: %d\n", format );
+#endif
+
+    switch( format & ~paNonInterleaved )
+    {
+
+    case paUInt8:
+    case paInt8:
+        result = 1;
+        break;
+
+    case paInt16:
+        result = 2;
+        break;
+
+    case paInt24:
+        result = 3;
+        break;
+
+    case paFloat32:
+    case paInt32:
+        result = 4;
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+        break;
+    }
+
+#ifdef PA_LOG_API_CALLS
+    PaUtil_DebugPrint("Pa_GetSampleSize returned:\n" );
+    if( result > 0 )
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tint: %d\n\n", result );
+    else
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint("\tPaError: %d ( %s )\n\n", result, Pa_GetErrorText( result ) );
+#endif
+
+    return (PaError) result;
+}
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_hostapi.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_hostapi.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0550706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_hostapi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#ifndef PA_HOSTAPI_H
+#define PA_HOSTAPI_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_hostapi.h,v 1.1.2.14 2004/01/08 22:01:12 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * host api representation
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Interface used by pa_front to virtualize functions which operate on
+ host APIs.
+*/
+
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+/** **FOR THE USE OF pa_front.c ONLY**
+    Do NOT use fields in this structure, they my change at any time.
+    Use functions defined in pa_util.h if you think you need functionality
+    which can be derived from here.
+*/
+typedef struct PaUtilPrivatePaFrontHostApiInfo {
+
+
+    unsigned long baseDeviceIndex;
+}PaUtilPrivatePaFrontHostApiInfo;
+
+
+/** The common header for all data structures whose pointers are passed through
+ the hostApiSpecificStreamInfo field of the PaStreamParameters structure.
+ Note that in order to keep the public PortAudio interface clean, this structure
+ is not used explicitly when declaring hostApiSpecificStreamInfo data structures.
+ However, some code in pa_front depends on the first 3 members being equivalent
+ with this structure.
+ @see PaStreamParameters
+*/
+typedef struct PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader
+{
+    unsigned long size;             /**< size of whole structure including this header */
+    PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType;    /**< host API for which this data is intended */
+    unsigned long version;          /**< structure version */
+} PaUtilHostApiSpecificStreamInfoHeader;
+
+
+
+/** A structure representing the interface to a host API. Contains both
+ concrete data and pointers to functions which implement the interface.
+*/
+typedef struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation {
+    PaUtilPrivatePaFrontHostApiInfo privatePaFrontInfo;
+
+    /** The host api implementation should populate the info field. In the
+        case of info.defaultInputDevice and info.defaultOutputDevice the
+        values stored should be 0 based indices within the host api's own
+        device index range (0 to deviceCount). These values will be converted
+        to global device indices by pa_front after PaUtilHostApiInitializer()
+        returns.
+    */
+    PaHostApiInfo info;
+
+    PaDeviceInfo** deviceInfos;
+
+    /**
+        (*Terminate)() is guaranteed to be called with a valid <hostApi>
+        parameter, which was previously returned from the same implementation's
+        initializer.
+    */
+    void (*Terminate)( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+
+    /**
+        The inputParameters and outputParameters pointers should not be saved
+        as they will not remain valid after OpenStream is called.
+
+        
+        The following guarantees are made about parameters to (*OpenStream)():
+
+            [NOTE: the following list up to *END PA FRONT VALIDATIONS* should be
+                kept in sync with the one for ValidateOpenStreamParameters and
+                Pa_OpenStream in pa_front.c]
+                
+            PaHostApiRepresentation *hostApi
+                - is valid for this implementation
+
+            PaStream** stream
+                - is non-null
+
+            - at least one of inputParameters & outputParmeters is valid (not NULL)
+
+            - if inputParameters & outputParmeters are both valid, that
+                inputParameters->device & outputParmeters->device  both use the same host api
+ 
+            PaDeviceIndex inputParameters->device
+                - is within range (0 to Pa_CountDevices-1) Or:
+                - is paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification and
+                    inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo is non-NULL and refers
+                    to a valid host api
+
+            int inputParameters->numChannels
+                - if inputParameters->device is not paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification, numInputChannels is > 0
+                - upper bound is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+            PaSampleFormat inputParameters->sampleFormat
+                - is one of the sample formats defined in portaudio.h
+
+            void *inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo
+                - if supplied its hostApi field matches the input device's host Api
+ 
+            PaDeviceIndex outputParmeters->device
+                - is within range (0 to Pa_CountDevices-1)
+ 
+            int outputParmeters->numChannels
+                - if inputDevice is valid, numInputChannels is > 0
+                - upper bound is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+            PaSampleFormat outputParmeters->sampleFormat
+                - is one of the sample formats defined in portaudio.h
+        
+            void *outputParmeters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo
+                - if supplied its hostApi field matches the output device's host Api
+ 
+            double sampleRate
+                - is not an 'absurd' rate (less than 1000. or greater than 200000.)
+                - sampleRate is NOT validated against device capabilities
+ 
+            PaStreamFlags streamFlags
+                - unused platform neutral flags are zero
+                - paNeverDropInput is only used for full-duplex callback streams
+                    with variable buffer size (paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
+
+            [*END PA FRONT VALIDATIONS*]
+
+
+        The following validations MUST be performed by (*OpenStream)():
+
+            - check that input device can support numInputChannels
+            
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - if inputStreamInfo is supplied, validate its contents,
+                or return an error if no inputStreamInfo is expected
+
+            - check that output device can support numOutputChannels
+            
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - if outputStreamInfo is supplied, validate its contents,
+                or return an error if no outputStreamInfo is expected
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+            - alter sampleRate to a close allowable rate if necessary
+
+            - validate inputLatency and outputLatency
+
+            - validate any platform specific flags, if flags are supplied they
+                must be valid.
+    */
+    PaError (*OpenStream)( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** stream,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerCallback,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+
+
+    PaError (*IsFormatSupported)( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+} PaUtilHostApiRepresentation;
+
+
+/** Prototype for the initialization function which must be implemented by every
+ host API.
+ 
+ @see paHostApiInitializers
+*/
+typedef PaError PaUtilHostApiInitializer( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation**, PaHostApiIndex );
+
+
+/** paHostApiInitializers is a NULL-terminated array of host API initialization
+ functions. These functions are called by pa_front to initialize the host APIs
+ when the client calls Pa_Initialize().
+
+ There is a platform specific file which defines paHostApiInitializers for that
+ platform, pa_win/pa_win_hostapis.c contains the Win32 definitions for example.
+*/
+extern PaUtilHostApiInitializer *paHostApiInitializers[];
+
+
+/** The index of the default host API in the paHostApiInitializers array.
+ 
+ There is a platform specific file which defines paDefaultHostApiIndex for that
+ platform, see pa_win/pa_win_hostapis.c for example.
+*/
+extern int paDefaultHostApiIndex;
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_HOSTAPI_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acbd9536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1740 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_process.c,v 1.1.2.45 2004/05/11 13:40:42 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * streamCallback <-> host buffer processing adapter
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Buffer Processor implementation.
+    
+ The code in this file is not optimised yet - although it's not clear that
+ it needs to be. there may appear to be redundancies
+ that could be factored into common functions, but the redundanceis are left
+ intentionally as each appearance may have different optimisation possibilities.
+
+ The optimisations which are planned involve only converting data in-place
+ where possible, rather than copying to the temp buffer(s).
+
+ Note that in the extreme case of being able to convert in-place, and there
+ being no conversion necessary there should be some code which short-circuits
+ the operation.
+
+    @todo Consider cache tilings for intereave<->deinterleave.
+
+    @todo implement timeInfo->currentTime int PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing()
+
+    @todo specify and implement some kind of logical policy for handling the
+        underflow and overflow stream flags when the underflow/overflow overlaps
+        multiple user buffers/callbacks.
+
+	@todo provide support for priming the buffers with data from the callback.
+        The client interface is now implemented through PaUtil_SetNoInput()
+        which sets bp->hostInputChannels[0][0].data to zero. However this is
+        currently only implemented in NonAdaptingProcess(). It shouldn't be
+        needed for AdaptingInputOnlyProcess() (no priming should ever be
+        requested for AdaptingInputOnlyProcess()).
+        Not sure if additional work should be required to make it work with
+        AdaptingOutputOnlyProcess, but it definitely is required for
+        AdaptingProcess.
+
+    @todo implement PaUtil_SetNoOutput for AdaptingProcess
+
+    @todo don't allocate temp buffers for blocking streams unless they are
+        needed. At the moment they are needed, but perhaps for host APIs
+        where the implementation passes a buffer to the host they could be
+        used.
+*/
+
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h> /* memset() */
+
+#include "pa_process.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+
+
+#define PA_FRAMES_PER_TEMP_BUFFER_WHEN_HOST_BUFFER_SIZE_IS_UNKNOWN_    1024
+
+#define PA_MIN_( a, b ) ( ((a)<(b)) ? (a) : (b) )
+
+
+/* greatest common divisor - PGCD in French */
+static unsigned long GCD( unsigned long a, unsigned long b )
+{
+    return (b==0) ? a : GCD( b, a%b);
+}
+
+/* least common multiple - PPCM in French */
+static unsigned long LCM( unsigned long a, unsigned long b )
+{
+    return (a*b) / GCD(a,b);
+}
+
+#define PA_MAX_( a, b ) (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))
+
+static unsigned long CalculateFrameShift( unsigned long M, unsigned long N )
+{
+    unsigned long result = 0;
+    unsigned long i;
+    unsigned long lcm;
+
+    assert( M > 0 );
+    assert( N > 0 );
+
+    lcm = LCM( M, N );
+    for( i = M; i < lcm; i += M )
+        result = PA_MAX_( result, i % N );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        int inputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat userInputSampleFormat,
+        PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat,
+        int outputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat userOutputSampleFormat,
+        PaSampleFormat hostOutputSampleFormat,
+        double sampleRate,
+        PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+        unsigned long framesPerUserBuffer,
+        unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer,
+        PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode hostBufferSizeMode,
+        PaStreamCallback *streamCallback, void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaError bytesPerSample;
+    unsigned long tempInputBufferSize, tempOutputBufferSize;
+
+    /* initialize buffer ptrs to zero so they can be freed if necessary in error */
+    bp->tempInputBuffer = 0;
+    bp->tempInputBufferPtrs = 0;
+    bp->tempOutputBuffer = 0;
+    bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs = 0;
+
+    bp->framesPerUserBuffer = framesPerUserBuffer;
+    bp->framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerHostBuffer;
+
+    bp->inputChannelCount = inputChannelCount;
+    bp->outputChannelCount = outputChannelCount;
+
+    bp->hostBufferSizeMode = hostBufferSizeMode;
+
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0] = 0;
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0] = 0;
+    
+    if( framesPerUserBuffer == 0 ) /* streamCallback will accept any buffer size */
+    {
+        bp->useNonAdaptingProcess = 1;
+        bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+        bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = 0;
+
+        if( hostBufferSizeMode == paUtilFixedHostBufferSize
+                || hostBufferSizeMode == paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize )
+        {
+            bp->framesPerTempBuffer = framesPerHostBuffer;
+        }
+        else /* unknown host buffer size */
+        {
+             bp->framesPerTempBuffer = PA_FRAMES_PER_TEMP_BUFFER_WHEN_HOST_BUFFER_SIZE_IS_UNKNOWN_;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        bp->framesPerTempBuffer = framesPerUserBuffer;
+
+        if( hostBufferSizeMode == paUtilFixedHostBufferSize
+                && framesPerHostBuffer % framesPerUserBuffer == 0 )
+        {
+            bp->useNonAdaptingProcess = 1;
+            bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+            bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            bp->useNonAdaptingProcess = 0;
+
+            if( inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0 )
+            {
+                /* full duplex */
+                if( hostBufferSizeMode == paUtilFixedHostBufferSize )
+                {
+                    unsigned long frameShift =
+                        CalculateFrameShift( framesPerHostBuffer, framesPerUserBuffer );
+
+                    if( framesPerUserBuffer > framesPerHostBuffer )
+                    {
+                        bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = frameShift;
+                        bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+                        bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = frameShift;
+                    }
+                }
+                else /* variable host buffer size, add framesPerUserBuffer latency */
+                {
+                    bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+                    bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = framesPerUserBuffer;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* half duplex */
+                bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+                bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    bp->framesInTempInputBuffer = bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer;
+    bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer = bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer;
+
+    
+    if( inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        bytesPerSample = Pa_GetSampleSize( hostInputSampleFormat );
+        if( bytesPerSample > 0 )
+        {
+            bp->bytesPerHostInputSample = bytesPerSample;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = bytesPerSample;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bytesPerSample = Pa_GetSampleSize( userInputSampleFormat );
+        if( bytesPerSample > 0 )
+        {
+            bp->bytesPerUserInputSample = bytesPerSample;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = bytesPerSample;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bp->inputConverter =
+            PaUtil_SelectConverter( hostInputSampleFormat, userInputSampleFormat, streamFlags );
+
+        bp->inputZeroer = PaUtil_SelectZeroer( hostInputSampleFormat );
+            
+        bp->userInputIsInterleaved = (userInputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved)?0:1;
+
+
+        tempInputBufferSize =
+            bp->framesPerTempBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * inputChannelCount;
+         
+        bp->tempInputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory( tempInputBufferSize );
+        if( bp->tempInputBuffer == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+        
+        if( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer > 0 )
+            memset( bp->tempInputBuffer, 0, tempInputBufferSize );
+
+        if( userInputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved )
+        {
+            bp->tempInputBufferPtrs =
+                (void **)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(void*)*inputChannelCount );
+            if( bp->tempInputBufferPtrs == 0 )
+            {
+                result = paInsufficientMemory;
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        bp->hostInputChannels[0] = (PaUtilChannelDescriptor*)
+                PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaUtilChannelDescriptor) * inputChannelCount * 2);
+        if( bp->hostInputChannels[0] == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bp->hostInputChannels[1] = &bp->hostInputChannels[0][inputChannelCount];
+    }
+
+    if( outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        bytesPerSample = Pa_GetSampleSize( hostOutputSampleFormat );
+        if( bytesPerSample > 0 )
+        {
+            bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample = bytesPerSample;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = bytesPerSample;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bytesPerSample = Pa_GetSampleSize( userOutputSampleFormat );
+        if( bytesPerSample > 0 )
+        {
+            bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample = bytesPerSample;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = bytesPerSample;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bp->outputConverter =
+            PaUtil_SelectConverter( userOutputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat, streamFlags );
+
+        bp->outputZeroer = PaUtil_SelectZeroer( hostOutputSampleFormat );
+
+        bp->userOutputIsInterleaved = (userOutputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved)?0:1;
+
+        tempOutputBufferSize =
+                bp->framesPerTempBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * outputChannelCount;
+
+        bp->tempOutputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory( tempOutputBufferSize );
+        if( bp->tempOutputBuffer == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer > 0 )
+            memset( bp->tempOutputBuffer, 0, tempOutputBufferSize );
+        
+        if( userOutputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved )
+        {
+            bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs =
+                (void **)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(void*)*outputChannelCount );
+            if( bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs == 0 )
+            {
+                result = paInsufficientMemory;
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[0] = (PaUtilChannelDescriptor*)
+                PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaUtilChannelDescriptor)*outputChannelCount * 2 );
+        if( bp->hostOutputChannels[0] == 0 )
+        {                                                                     
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[1] = &bp->hostOutputChannels[0][outputChannelCount];
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeTriangularDitherState( &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+    bp->samplePeriod = 1. / sampleRate;
+
+    bp->streamCallback = streamCallback;
+    bp->userData = userData;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( bp->tempInputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempInputBuffer );
+
+    if( bp->tempInputBufferPtrs )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempInputBufferPtrs );
+
+    if( bp->hostInputChannels[0] )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->hostInputChannels[0] );
+
+    if( bp->tempOutputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempOutputBuffer );
+
+    if( bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs );
+
+    if( bp->hostOutputChannels[0] )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->hostOutputChannels[0] );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    if( bp->tempInputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempInputBuffer );
+
+    if( bp->tempInputBufferPtrs )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempInputBufferPtrs );
+
+    if( bp->hostInputChannels[0] )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->hostInputChannels[0] );
+        
+    if( bp->tempOutputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempOutputBuffer );
+
+    if( bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs );
+
+    if( bp->hostOutputChannels[0] )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( bp->hostOutputChannels[0] );
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    unsigned long tempInputBufferSize, tempOutputBufferSize;
+
+    bp->framesInTempInputBuffer = bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer;
+    bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer = bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer;
+
+    if( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer > 0 )
+    {
+        tempInputBufferSize =
+            bp->framesPerTempBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->inputChannelCount;
+        memset( bp->tempInputBuffer, 0, tempInputBufferSize );
+    }
+
+    if( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer > 0 )
+    {      
+        tempOutputBufferSize =
+            bp->framesPerTempBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * bp->outputChannelCount;
+        memset( bp->tempOutputBuffer, 0, tempOutputBufferSize );
+    }
+}
+
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    return bp->initialFramesInTempInputBuffer;
+}
+
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    return bp->initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    if( frameCount == 0 )
+        bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] = bp->framesPerHostBuffer;
+    else
+        bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] = frameCount;
+}
+        
+
+void PaUtil_SetNoInput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    assert( bp->inputChannelCount > 0 );
+
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0][0].data = 0;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+    
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel].stride = stride;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned int channel = firstChannel;
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)data;
+
+    if( channelCount == 0 )
+        channelCount = bp->inputChannelCount;
+
+    assert( firstChannel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+    assert( firstChannel + channelCount <= bp->inputChannelCount );
+
+    for( i=0; i< channelCount; ++i )
+    {
+        bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel+i].data = p;
+        p += bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+        bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel+i].stride = channelCount;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+    
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostInputChannels[0][channel].stride = 1;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    bp->hostInputFrameCount[1] = frameCount;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+
+    bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel].stride = stride;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedInputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned int channel = firstChannel;
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)data;
+
+    if( channelCount == 0 )
+        channelCount = bp->inputChannelCount;
+
+    assert( firstChannel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+    assert( firstChannel + channelCount <= bp->inputChannelCount );
+    
+    for( i=0; i< channelCount; ++i )
+    {
+        bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel+i].data = p;
+        p += bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+        bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel+i].stride = channelCount;
+    }
+}
+
+        
+void PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->inputChannelCount );
+    
+    bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostInputChannels[1][channel].stride = 1;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    if( frameCount == 0 )
+        bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] = bp->framesPerHostBuffer;
+    else
+        bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] = frameCount;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetNoOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    assert( bp->outputChannelCount > 0 );
+
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0][0].data = 0;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+    
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel].stride = stride;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned int channel = firstChannel;
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)data;
+
+    if( channelCount == 0 )
+        channelCount = bp->outputChannelCount;
+
+    assert( firstChannel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+    assert( firstChannel + channelCount <= bp->outputChannelCount );
+    
+    for( i=0; i< channelCount; ++i )
+    {
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel+i].data = p;
+        p += bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel+i].stride = channelCount;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[0][channel].stride = 1;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndOutputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1] = frameCount;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel].stride = stride;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedOutputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned int channel = firstChannel;
+    unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)data;
+
+    if( channelCount == 0 )
+        channelCount = bp->outputChannelCount;
+
+    assert( firstChannel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+    assert( firstChannel + channelCount <= bp->outputChannelCount );
+    
+    for( i=0; i< channelCount; ++i )
+    {
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel+i].data = p;
+        p += bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+        bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel+i].stride = channelCount;
+    }
+}
+
+        
+void PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data )
+{
+    assert( channel < bp->outputChannelCount );
+    
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel].data = data;
+    bp->hostOutputChannels[1][channel].stride = 1;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo* timeInfo, PaStreamCallbackFlags callbackStatusFlags )
+{
+    bp->timeInfo = timeInfo;
+
+    /* the first streamCallback will be called to process samples which are
+        currently in the input buffer before the ones starting at the timeInfo time */
+        
+    bp->timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime -= bp->framesInTempInputBuffer * bp->samplePeriod;
+    
+    bp->timeInfo->currentTime = 0; /** FIXME: @todo time info currentTime not implemented */
+
+    /* the first streamCallback will be called to generate samples which will be
+        outputted after the frames currently in the output buffer have been
+        outputted. */
+    bp->timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime += bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer * bp->samplePeriod;
+
+    bp->callbackStatusFlags = callbackStatusFlags;
+
+    bp->hostInputFrameCount[1] = 0;
+    bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1] = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    NonAdaptingProcess() is a simple buffer copying adaptor that can handle
+    both full and half duplex copies. It processes framesToProcess frames,
+    broken into blocks bp->framesPerTempBuffer long.
+    This routine can be used when the streamCallback doesn't care what length
+    the buffers are, or when framesToProcess is an integer multiple of
+    bp->framesPerTempBuffer, in which case streamCallback will always be called
+    with bp->framesPerTempBuffer samples.
+*/
+static unsigned long NonAdaptingProcess( PaUtilBufferProcessor *bp,
+        int *streamCallbackResult,
+        PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels,
+        PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels,
+        unsigned long framesToProcess )
+{
+    void *userInput, *userOutput;
+    unsigned char *srcBytePtr, *destBytePtr;
+    unsigned int srcSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int srcChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int destSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int destChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned long frameCount;
+    unsigned long framesToGo = framesToProcess;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed = 0;
+
+
+    if( *streamCallbackResult == paContinue )
+    {
+        do
+        {
+            frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->framesPerTempBuffer, framesToGo );
+
+            /* configure user input buffer and convert input data (host -> user) */
+            if( bp->inputChannelCount == 0 )
+            {
+                /* no input */
+                userInput = 0;
+            }
+            else /* there are input channels */
+            {
+                /*
+                    could use more elaborate logic here and sometimes process
+                    buffers in-place.
+                */
+            
+                destBytePtr = (unsigned char *)bp->tempInputBuffer;
+
+                if( bp->userInputIsInterleaved )
+                {
+                    destSampleStrideSamples = bp->inputChannelCount;
+                    destChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+                    userInput = bp->tempInputBuffer;
+                }
+                else /* user input is not interleaved */
+                {
+                    destSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+                    destChannelStrideBytes = frameCount * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+
+                    /* setup non-interleaved ptrs */
+                    for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->tempInputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                            i * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * frameCount;
+                    }
+                
+                    userInput = bp->tempInputBufferPtrs;
+                }
+
+                if( !bp->hostInputChannels[0][0].data )
+                {
+                    /* no input was supplied (see PaUtil_SetNoInput), so
+                        zero the input buffer */
+
+                    for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->inputZeroer( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples, frameCount );
+                        destBytePtr += destChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next destination channel */
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->inputConverter( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples,
+                                                hostInputChannels[i].data,
+                                                hostInputChannels[i].stride,
+                                                frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+                        destBytePtr += destChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next destination channel */
+
+                        /* advance src ptr for next iteration */
+                        hostInputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostInputChannels[i].data) +
+                                frameCount * hostInputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* configure user output buffer */
+            if( bp->outputChannelCount == 0 )
+            {
+                /* no output */
+                userOutput = 0;
+            }
+            else /* there are output channels */
+            {
+                if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+                {
+                    userOutput = bp->tempOutputBuffer;
+                }
+                else /* user output is not interleaved */
+                {
+                    for( i = 0; i < bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                            i * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * frameCount;
+                    }
+
+                    userOutput = bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs;
+                }
+            }
+        
+            *streamCallbackResult = bp->streamCallback( userInput, userOutput,
+                    frameCount, bp->timeInfo, bp->callbackStatusFlags, bp->userData );
+
+            if( *streamCallbackResult == paAbort )
+            {
+                /* callback returned paAbort, don't advance framesProcessed
+                        and framesToGo, they will be handled below */
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                bp->timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime += frameCount * bp->samplePeriod;
+                bp->timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime += frameCount * bp->samplePeriod;
+
+                /* convert output data (user -> host) */
+                if( bp->outputChannelCount != 0 )
+                {
+                    if( !bp->hostOutputChannels[0][0].data )
+                    {
+                        /* do nothing, this are no host output buffers */
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        /*
+                            could use more elaborate logic here and sometimes process
+                            buffers in-place.
+                        */
+            
+                        srcBytePtr = (unsigned char *)bp->tempOutputBuffer;
+
+                        if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+                        {
+                            srcSampleStrideSamples = bp->outputChannelCount;
+                            srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+                        }
+                        else /* user output is not interleaved */
+                        {
+                            srcSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+                            srcChannelStrideBytes = frameCount * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+                        }
+
+                        for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+                        {
+                            bp->outputConverter(    hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                                    hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                                    srcBytePtr, srcSampleStrideSamples,
+                                                    frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+                            srcBytePtr += srcChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next source channel */
+
+                            /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+                            hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                                    frameCount * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                framesProcessed += frameCount;
+
+                framesToGo -= frameCount;
+            }
+        }
+        while( framesToGo > 0  && *streamCallbackResult == paContinue );
+    }
+
+    if( framesToGo > 0 )
+    {
+        /* zero any remaining frames. There will only be remaining frames
+            if the callback has returned paComplete or paAbort */
+
+        frameCount = framesToGo;
+
+        if( bp->hostOutputChannels[0][0].data )
+        {
+            for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->outputZeroer(   hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                    hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                    frameCount );
+
+                /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+                hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                        frameCount * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+            }
+        }
+
+        framesProcessed += frameCount;
+    }
+
+    return framesProcessed;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    AdaptingInputOnlyProcess() is a half duplex input buffer processor. It
+    converts data from the input buffers into the temporary input buffer,
+    when the temporary input buffer is full, it calls the streamCallback.
+*/
+static unsigned long AdaptingInputOnlyProcess( PaUtilBufferProcessor *bp,
+        int *streamCallbackResult,
+        PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels,
+        unsigned long framesToProcess )
+{
+    void *userInput, *userOutput;
+    unsigned char *destBytePtr;
+    unsigned int destSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int destChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned long frameCount;
+    unsigned long framesToGo = framesToProcess;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed = 0;
+    
+    userOutput = 0;
+
+    do
+    {
+        frameCount = ( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer + framesToGo > bp->framesPerUserBuffer )
+                ? ( bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempInputBuffer )
+                : framesToGo;
+
+        /* convert frameCount samples into temp buffer */
+
+        if( bp->userInputIsInterleaved )
+        {
+            destBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                    bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->inputChannelCount *
+                    bp->framesInTempInputBuffer;
+                      
+            destSampleStrideSamples = bp->inputChannelCount;
+            destChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+
+            userInput = bp->tempInputBuffer;
+        }
+        else /* user input is not interleaved */
+        {
+            destBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                    bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->framesInTempInputBuffer;
+
+            destSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+            destChannelStrideBytes = bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+
+            /* setup non-interleaved ptrs */
+            for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->tempInputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                    i * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->framesPerUserBuffer;
+            }
+                    
+            userInput = bp->tempInputBufferPtrs;
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+        {
+            bp->inputConverter( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples,
+                                    hostInputChannels[i].data,
+                                    hostInputChannels[i].stride,
+                                    frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+            destBytePtr += destChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next destination channel */
+
+            /* advance src ptr for next iteration */
+            hostInputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostInputChannels[i].data) +
+                    frameCount * hostInputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+        }
+
+        bp->framesInTempInputBuffer += frameCount;
+
+        if( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer == bp->framesPerUserBuffer )
+        {
+            /**
+            @todo (non-critical optimisation)
+            The conditional below implements the continue/complete/abort mechanism
+            simply by continuing on iterating through the input buffer, but not
+            passing the data to the callback. With care, the outer loop could be
+            terminated earlier, thus some unneeded conversion cycles would be
+            saved.
+            */
+            if( *streamCallbackResult == paContinue )
+            {
+                bp->timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime = 0;
+
+                *streamCallbackResult = bp->streamCallback( userInput, userOutput,
+                        bp->framesPerUserBuffer, bp->timeInfo,
+                        bp->callbackStatusFlags, bp->userData );
+
+                bp->timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime += frameCount * bp->samplePeriod;
+            }
+            
+            bp->framesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+        }
+
+        framesProcessed += frameCount;
+
+        framesToGo -= frameCount;
+    }while( framesToGo > 0 );
+
+    return framesProcessed;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    AdaptingOutputOnlyProcess() is a half duplex output buffer processor.
+    It converts data from the temporary output buffer, to the output buffers,
+    when the temporary output buffer is empty, it calls the streamCallback.
+*/
+static unsigned long AdaptingOutputOnlyProcess( PaUtilBufferProcessor *bp,
+        int *streamCallbackResult,
+        PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels,
+        unsigned long framesToProcess )
+{
+    void *userInput, *userOutput;
+    unsigned char *srcBytePtr;
+    unsigned int srcSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int srcChannelStrideBytes;  /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i;
+    unsigned long frameCount;
+    unsigned long framesToGo = framesToProcess;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed = 0;
+
+    do
+    {
+        if( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer == 0 && *streamCallbackResult == paContinue )
+        {
+            userInput = 0;
+
+            /* setup userOutput */
+            if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+            {
+                userOutput = bp->tempOutputBuffer;
+            }
+            else /* user output is not interleaved */
+            {
+                for( i = 0; i < bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+                {
+                    bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                            i * bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+                }
+
+                userOutput = bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs;
+            }
+
+            bp->timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime = 0;
+            
+            *streamCallbackResult = bp->streamCallback( userInput, userOutput,
+                    bp->framesPerUserBuffer, bp->timeInfo,
+                    bp->callbackStatusFlags, bp->userData );
+
+            if( *streamCallbackResult == paAbort )
+            {
+                /* if the callback returned paAbort, we disregard its output */
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                bp->timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime += bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->samplePeriod;
+
+                bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer = bp->framesPerUserBuffer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer > 0 )
+        {
+            /* convert frameCount frames from user buffer to host buffer */
+
+            frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer, framesToGo );
+
+            if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+            {
+                srcBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * bp->outputChannelCount *
+                        (bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer);
+
+                srcSampleStrideSamples = bp->outputChannelCount;
+                srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+            }
+            else /* user output is not interleaved */
+            {
+                srcBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample *
+                        (bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer);
+                            
+                srcSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+                srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+            }
+
+            for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->outputConverter(    hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                        hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                        srcBytePtr, srcSampleStrideSamples,
+                                        frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+                srcBytePtr += srcChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next source channel */
+
+                /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+                hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                        frameCount * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+            }
+
+            bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer -= frameCount;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* no more user data is available because the callback has returned
+                paComplete or paAbort. Fill the remainder of the host buffer
+                with zeros.
+            */
+
+            frameCount = framesToGo;
+
+            for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->outputZeroer(   hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                    hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                    frameCount );
+
+                /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+                hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                        frameCount * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        framesProcessed += frameCount;
+        
+        framesToGo -= frameCount;
+
+    }while( framesToGo > 0 );
+
+    return framesProcessed;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    AdaptingProcess is a full duplex adapting buffer processor. It converts
+    data from the temporary output buffer into the host output buffers, then
+    from the host input buffers into the temporary input buffers. Calling the
+    streamCallback when necessary.
+    When processPartialUserBuffers is 0, all available input data will be
+    consumed and all available output space will be filled. When
+    processPartialUserBuffers is non-zero, as many full user buffers
+    as possible will be processed, but partial buffers will not be consumed.
+*/
+static unsigned long AdaptingProcess( PaUtilBufferProcessor *bp,
+        int *streamCallbackResult, int processPartialUserBuffers )
+{
+    void *userInput, *userOutput;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed = 0;
+    unsigned long framesAvailable;
+    unsigned long endProcessingMinFrameCount;
+    unsigned long maxFramesToCopy;
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels, *hostOutputChannels;
+    unsigned int frameCount;
+    unsigned char *srcBytePtr, *destBytePtr;
+    unsigned int srcSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int srcChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int destSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int destChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i, j;
+ 
+
+    framesAvailable = bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostInputFrameCount[1];/* this is assumed to be the same as the output buffer's frame count */
+
+    if( processPartialUserBuffers )
+        endProcessingMinFrameCount = 0;
+    else
+        endProcessingMinFrameCount = (bp->framesPerUserBuffer - 1);
+
+    while( framesAvailable > endProcessingMinFrameCount )
+    {
+        /* copy frames from user to host output buffers */
+        while( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer > 0 &&
+                ((bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1]) > 0) )
+        {
+            maxFramesToCopy = bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer;
+
+            /* select the output buffer set (1st or 2nd) */
+            if( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] > 0 )
+            {
+                hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[0];
+                frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0], maxFramesToCopy );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[1];
+                frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1], maxFramesToCopy );
+            }
+
+            if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+            {
+                srcBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * bp->outputChannelCount *
+                        (bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer);
+                            
+                srcSampleStrideSamples = bp->outputChannelCount;
+                srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+            }
+            else /* user output is not interleaved */
+            {
+                srcBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample *
+                        (bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer);
+
+                srcSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+                srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+            }
+
+            for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->outputConverter(    hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                        hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                        srcBytePtr, srcSampleStrideSamples,
+                                        frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+                srcBytePtr += srcChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next source channel */
+
+                /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+                hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                        frameCount * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+            }
+
+            if( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] > 0 )
+                bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] -= frameCount;
+            else
+                bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1] -= frameCount;
+
+            bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer -= frameCount;
+        }
+
+        if( bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer == 0 && *streamCallbackResult != paContinue )
+        {
+            /* the callback will not be called any more, so zero what remains
+                of the host output buffers */
+
+            for( i=0; i<2; ++i )
+            {
+                frameCount = bp->hostOutputFrameCount[i];
+                if( frameCount > 0 )
+                {
+                    hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[i];
+                    
+                    for( j=0; j<bp->outputChannelCount; ++j )
+                    {
+                        bp->outputZeroer(   hostOutputChannels[j].data,
+                                            hostOutputChannels[j].stride,
+                                            frameCount );
+
+                        /* advance dest ptr for next iteration  */
+                        hostOutputChannels[j].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[j].data) +
+                                frameCount * hostOutputChannels[j].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+                    }
+                    bp->hostOutputFrameCount[i] = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }          
+
+
+        /* copy frames from host to user input buffers */
+        while( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer < bp->framesPerUserBuffer &&
+                ((bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostInputFrameCount[1]) > 0) )
+        {
+            maxFramesToCopy = bp->framesPerUserBuffer - bp->framesInTempInputBuffer;
+
+            /* select the input buffer set (1st or 2nd) */
+            if( bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] > 0 )
+            {
+                hostInputChannels = bp->hostInputChannels[0];
+                frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->hostInputFrameCount[0], maxFramesToCopy );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                hostInputChannels = bp->hostInputChannels[1];
+                frameCount = PA_MIN_( bp->hostInputFrameCount[1], maxFramesToCopy );
+            }
+
+            /* configure conversion destination pointers */
+            if( bp->userInputIsInterleaved )
+            {
+                destBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->inputChannelCount *
+                        bp->framesInTempInputBuffer;
+
+                destSampleStrideSamples = bp->inputChannelCount;
+                destChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+            }
+            else /* user input is not interleaved */
+            {
+                destBytePtr = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                        bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * bp->framesInTempInputBuffer;
+
+                destSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+                destChannelStrideBytes = bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+            }
+
+            for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+            {
+                bp->inputConverter( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples,
+                                        hostInputChannels[i].data,
+                                        hostInputChannels[i].stride,
+                                        frameCount, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+                destBytePtr += destChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next destination channel */
+
+                /* advance src ptr for next iteration */
+                hostInputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostInputChannels[i].data) +
+                        frameCount * hostInputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+            }
+
+            if( bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] > 0 )
+                bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] -= frameCount;
+            else
+                bp->hostInputFrameCount[1] -= frameCount;
+                
+            bp->framesInTempInputBuffer += frameCount;
+
+            /* update framesAvailable and framesProcessed based on input consumed
+                unless something is very wrong this will also correspond to the
+                amount of output generated */
+            framesAvailable -= frameCount;
+            framesProcessed += frameCount;
+        }
+
+        /* call streamCallback */
+        if( bp->framesInTempInputBuffer == bp->framesPerUserBuffer &&
+            bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer == 0 )
+        {
+            if( *streamCallbackResult == paContinue )
+            {
+                /* setup userInput */
+                if( bp->userInputIsInterleaved )
+                {
+                    userInput = bp->tempInputBuffer;
+                }
+                else /* user input is not interleaved */
+                {
+                    for( i = 0; i < bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->tempInputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempInputBuffer) +
+                                i * bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+                    }
+
+                    userInput = bp->tempInputBufferPtrs;
+                }
+
+                /* setup userOutput */
+                if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+                {
+                    userOutput = bp->tempOutputBuffer;
+                }
+                else /* user output is not interleaved */
+                {
+                    for( i = 0; i < bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+                    {
+                        bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs[i] = ((unsigned char*)bp->tempOutputBuffer) +
+                                i * bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+                    }
+
+                    userOutput = bp->tempOutputBufferPtrs;
+                }
+
+                /* call streamCallback */
+
+                *streamCallbackResult = bp->streamCallback( userInput, userOutput,
+                        bp->framesPerUserBuffer, bp->timeInfo,
+                        bp->callbackStatusFlags, bp->userData );
+
+                bp->timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime += bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->samplePeriod;
+                bp->timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime += bp->framesPerUserBuffer * bp->samplePeriod;
+
+                bp->framesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+
+                if( *streamCallbackResult == paAbort )
+                    bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer = 0;
+                else
+                    bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer = bp->framesPerUserBuffer;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* paComplete or paAbort has already been called. */
+
+                bp->framesInTempInputBuffer = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return framesProcessed;
+}
+
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp, int *streamCallbackResult )
+{
+    unsigned long framesToProcess, framesToGo;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed = 0;
+    
+    if( bp->inputChannelCount != 0 && bp->outputChannelCount != 0
+            && bp->hostInputChannels[0][0].data /* input was supplied (see PaUtil_SetNoInput) */
+            && bp->hostOutputChannels[0][0].data /* output was supplied (see PaUtil_SetNoOutput) */ )
+    {
+        assert( (bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostInputFrameCount[1]) ==
+                (bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1]) );
+    }
+
+    assert( *streamCallbackResult == paContinue
+            || *streamCallbackResult == paComplete
+            || *streamCallbackResult == paAbort ); /* don't forget to pass in a valid callback result value */
+
+    if( bp->useNonAdaptingProcess )
+    {
+        if( bp->inputChannelCount != 0 && bp->outputChannelCount != 0 )
+        {
+            /* full duplex non-adapting process, splice buffers if they are
+                different lengths */
+
+            framesToGo = bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] + bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1]; /* relies on assert above for input/output equivalence */
+
+            do{
+                unsigned long noInputInputFrameCount;
+                unsigned long *hostInputFrameCount;
+                PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels;
+                unsigned long noOutputOutputFrameCount;
+                unsigned long *hostOutputFrameCount;
+                PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels;
+                unsigned long framesProcessedThisIteration;
+
+                if( !bp->hostInputChannels[0][0].data )
+                {
+                    /* no input was supplied (see PaUtil_SetNoInput)
+                        NonAdaptingProcess knows how to deal with this
+                    */
+                    noInputInputFrameCount = framesToGo;
+                    hostInputFrameCount = &noInputInputFrameCount;
+                    hostInputChannels = 0;
+                }
+                else if( bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] != 0 )
+                {
+                    hostInputFrameCount = &bp->hostInputFrameCount[0];
+                    hostInputChannels = bp->hostInputChannels[0];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    hostInputFrameCount = &bp->hostInputFrameCount[1];
+                    hostInputChannels = bp->hostInputChannels[1];
+                }
+
+                if( !bp->hostOutputChannels[0][0].data )
+                {
+                    /* no output was supplied (see PaUtil_SetNoOutput)
+                        NonAdaptingProcess knows how to deal with this
+                    */
+                    noOutputOutputFrameCount = framesToGo;
+                    hostOutputFrameCount = &noOutputOutputFrameCount;
+                    hostOutputChannels = 0;
+                }
+                if( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] != 0 )
+                {
+                    hostOutputFrameCount = &bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0];
+                    hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[0];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    hostOutputFrameCount = &bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1];
+                    hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[1];
+                }
+
+                framesToProcess = PA_MIN_( *hostInputFrameCount,
+                                       *hostOutputFrameCount );
+
+                assert( framesToProcess != 0 );
+                
+                framesProcessedThisIteration = NonAdaptingProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        hostInputChannels, hostOutputChannels,
+                        framesToProcess );                                       
+
+                *hostInputFrameCount -= framesProcessedThisIteration;
+                *hostOutputFrameCount -= framesProcessedThisIteration;
+
+                framesProcessed += framesProcessedThisIteration;
+                framesToGo -= framesProcessedThisIteration;
+                
+            }while( framesToGo > 0 );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* half duplex non-adapting process, just process 1st and 2nd buffer */
+            /* process first buffer */
+
+            framesToProcess = (bp->inputChannelCount != 0)
+                            ? bp->hostInputFrameCount[0]
+                            : bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0];
+
+            framesProcessed = NonAdaptingProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        bp->hostInputChannels[0], bp->hostOutputChannels[0],
+                        framesToProcess );
+
+            /* process second buffer if provided */
+    
+            framesToProcess = (bp->inputChannelCount != 0)
+                            ? bp->hostInputFrameCount[1]
+                            : bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1];
+            if( framesToProcess > 0 )
+            {
+                framesProcessed += NonAdaptingProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                    bp->hostInputChannels[1], bp->hostOutputChannels[1],
+                    framesToProcess );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else /* block adaption necessary*/
+    {
+
+        if( bp->inputChannelCount != 0 && bp->outputChannelCount != 0 )
+        {
+            /* full duplex */
+            
+            if( bp->hostBufferSizeMode == paUtilVariableHostBufferSizePartialUsageAllowed  )
+            {
+                framesProcessed = AdaptingProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        0 /* dont process partial user buffers */ );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                framesProcessed = AdaptingProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        1 /* process partial user buffers */ );
+            }
+        }
+        else if( bp->inputChannelCount != 0 )
+        {
+            /* input only */
+            framesToProcess = bp->hostInputFrameCount[0];
+
+            framesProcessed = AdaptingInputOnlyProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        bp->hostInputChannels[0], framesToProcess );
+
+            framesToProcess = bp->hostInputFrameCount[1];
+            if( framesToProcess > 0 )
+            {
+                framesProcessed += AdaptingInputOnlyProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        bp->hostInputChannels[1], framesToProcess );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* output only */
+            framesToProcess = bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0];
+
+            framesProcessed = AdaptingOutputOnlyProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        bp->hostOutputChannels[0], framesToProcess );
+
+            framesToProcess = bp->hostOutputFrameCount[1];
+            if( framesToProcess > 0 )
+            {
+                framesProcessed += AdaptingOutputOnlyProcess( bp, streamCallbackResult,
+                        bp->hostOutputChannels[1], framesToProcess );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return framesProcessed;
+}
+
+
+int PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
+{
+    return (bp->framesInTempOutputBuffer) ? 0 : 1;
+} 
+
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_CopyInput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        void **buffer, unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels;
+    unsigned int framesToCopy;
+    unsigned char *destBytePtr;
+    void **nonInterleavedDestPtrs;
+    unsigned int destSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int destChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    hostInputChannels = bp->hostInputChannels[0];
+    framesToCopy = PA_MIN_( bp->hostInputFrameCount[0], frameCount );
+
+    if( bp->userInputIsInterleaved )
+    {
+        destBytePtr = (unsigned char*)*buffer;
+        
+        destSampleStrideSamples = bp->inputChannelCount;
+        destChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+
+        for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+        {
+            bp->inputConverter( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples,
+                                hostInputChannels[i].data,
+                                hostInputChannels[i].stride,
+                                framesToCopy, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+            destBytePtr += destChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next source channel */
+
+            /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+            hostInputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostInputChannels[i].data) +
+                    framesToCopy * hostInputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+        }
+
+        /* advance callers dest pointer (buffer) */
+        *buffer = ((unsigned char *)*buffer) +
+                framesToCopy * bp->inputChannelCount * bp->bytesPerUserInputSample;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* user input is not interleaved */
+        
+        nonInterleavedDestPtrs = (void**)*buffer;
+
+        destSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+        
+        for( i=0; i<bp->inputChannelCount; ++i )
+        {
+            destBytePtr = (unsigned char*)nonInterleavedDestPtrs[i];
+
+            bp->inputConverter( destBytePtr, destSampleStrideSamples,
+                                hostInputChannels[i].data,
+                                hostInputChannels[i].stride,
+                                framesToCopy, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+            /* advance callers dest pointer (nonInterleavedDestPtrs[i]) */
+            destBytePtr += bp->bytesPerUserInputSample * framesToCopy;
+            nonInterleavedDestPtrs[i] = destBytePtr;
+            
+            /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+            hostInputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostInputChannels[i].data) +
+                    framesToCopy * hostInputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostInputSample;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bp->hostInputFrameCount[0] -= framesToCopy;
+    
+    return framesToCopy;
+}
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_CopyOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp,
+        const void ** buffer, unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels;
+    unsigned int framesToCopy;
+    unsigned char *srcBytePtr;
+    void **nonInterleavedSrcPtrs;
+    unsigned int srcSampleStrideSamples; /* stride from one sample to the next within a channel, in samples */
+    unsigned int srcChannelStrideBytes; /* stride from one channel to the next, in bytes */
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[0];
+    framesToCopy = PA_MIN_( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0], frameCount );
+
+    if( bp->userOutputIsInterleaved )
+    {
+        srcBytePtr = (unsigned char*)*buffer;
+        
+        srcSampleStrideSamples = bp->outputChannelCount;
+        srcChannelStrideBytes = bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+
+        for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+        {
+            bp->outputConverter(    hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                    hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                    srcBytePtr, srcSampleStrideSamples,
+                                    framesToCopy, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+            srcBytePtr += srcChannelStrideBytes;  /* skip to next source channel */
+
+            /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+            hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                    framesToCopy * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+        }
+
+        /* advance callers source pointer (buffer) */
+        *buffer = ((unsigned char *)*buffer) +
+                framesToCopy * bp->outputChannelCount * bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* user output is not interleaved */
+        
+        nonInterleavedSrcPtrs = (void**)*buffer;
+
+        srcSampleStrideSamples = 1;
+        
+        for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+        {
+            srcBytePtr = (unsigned char*)nonInterleavedSrcPtrs[i];
+            
+            bp->outputConverter(    hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                                    hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                                    srcBytePtr, srcSampleStrideSamples,
+                                    framesToCopy, &bp->ditherGenerator );
+
+
+            /* advance callers source pointer (nonInterleavedSrcPtrs[i]) */
+            srcBytePtr += bp->bytesPerUserOutputSample * framesToCopy;
+            nonInterleavedSrcPtrs[i] = srcBytePtr;
+            
+            /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+            hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                    framesToCopy * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] += framesToCopy;
+    
+    return framesToCopy;
+}
+
+
+unsigned long PaUtil_ZeroOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp, unsigned long frameCount )
+{
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels;
+    unsigned int framesToZero;
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    hostOutputChannels = bp->hostOutputChannels[0];
+    framesToZero = PA_MIN_( bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0], frameCount );
+
+    for( i=0; i<bp->outputChannelCount; ++i )
+    {
+        bp->outputZeroer(   hostOutputChannels[i].data,
+                            hostOutputChannels[i].stride,
+                            framesToZero );
+
+
+        /* advance dest ptr for next iteration */
+        hostOutputChannels[i].data = ((unsigned char*)hostOutputChannels[i].data) +
+                framesToZero * hostOutputChannels[i].stride * bp->bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+    }
+
+    bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0] += framesToZero;
+    
+    return framesToZero;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a54eccd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_process.h
@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+#ifndef PA_PROCESS_H
+#define PA_PROCESS_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_process.h,v 1.1.2.27 2004/05/28 21:13:10 aknudsen Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library callback buffer processing adapters
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Phil Burk, Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+ 
+/** @file
+ @brief Buffer Processor prototypes. A Buffer Processor performs buffer length
+ adaption, coordinates sample format conversion, and interleaves/deinterleaves
+ channels.
+
+ <h3>Overview</h3>
+
+ The "Buffer Processor" (PaUtilBufferProcessor) manages conversion of audio
+ data from host buffers to user buffers and back again. Where required, the
+ buffer processor takes care of converting between host and user sample formats,
+ interleaving and deinterleaving multichannel buffers, and adapting between host
+ and user buffers with different lengths. The buffer processor may be used with
+ full and half duplex streams, for both callback streams and blocking read/write
+ streams.
+
+ One of the important capabilities provided by the buffer processor is
+ the ability to adapt between user and host buffer sizes of different lengths
+ with minimum latency. Although this task is relatively easy to perform when
+ the host buffer size is an integer multiple of the user buffer size, the
+ problem is more complicated when this is not the case - especially for
+ full-duplex callback streams. Where necessary the adaption is implemented by
+ internally buffering some input and/or output data. The buffer adation
+ algorithm used by the buffer processor was originally implemented by
+ Stephan Letz for the ASIO version of PortAudio, and is described in his
+ Callback_adaption_.pdf which is included in the distribution.
+
+ The buffer processor performs sample conversion using the functions provided
+ by pa_converters.c.
+
+ The following sections provide an overview of how to use the buffer processor.
+ Interested readers are advised to consult the host API implementations for
+ examples of buffer processor usage.
+ 
+
+ <h4>Initialization, resetting and termination</h4>
+
+ When a stream is opened, the buffer processor should be initialized using
+ PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor. This function initializes internal state
+ and allocates temporary buffers as neccesary according to the supplied
+ configuration parameters. Some of the parameters correspond to those requested
+ by the user in their call to Pa_OpenStream(), others reflect the requirements
+ of the host API implementation - they indicate host buffer sizes, formats,
+ and the type of buffering which the Host API uses. The buffer processor should
+ be initialized for callback streams and blocking read/write streams.
+
+ Call PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor to clear any sample data which is present
+ in the buffer processor before starting to use it (for example when
+ Pa_StartStream is called).
+
+ When the buffer processor is no longer used call
+ PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor.
+
+ 
+ <h4>Using the buffer processor for a callback stream</h4>
+
+ The buffer processor's role in a callback stream is to take host input buffers
+ process them with the stream callback, and fill host output buffers. For a
+ full duplex stream, the buffer processor handles input and output simultaneously
+ due to the requirements of the minimum-latency buffer adation algorithm.
+
+ When a host buffer becomes available, the implementation should call
+ the buffer processor to process the buffer. The buffer processor calls the
+ stream callback to consume and/or produce audio data as necessary. The buffer
+ processor will convert sample formats, interleave/deinterleave channels,
+ and slice or chunk the data to the appropriate buffer lengths according to
+ the requirements of the stream callback and the host API.
+
+ To process a host buffer (or a pair of host buffers for a full-duplex stream)
+ use the following calling sequence:
+
+ -# Call PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing
+ -# For a stream which takes input:
+    - Call PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount with the number of frames in the host input
+        buffer.
+    - Call one of the following functions one or more times to tell the
+        buffer processor about the host input buffer(s): PaUtil_SetInputChannel,
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels, PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel.
+        Which function you call will depend on whether the host buffer(s) are
+        interleaved or not.
+    - If the available host data is split accross two buffers (for example a
+        data range at the end of a circular buffer and another range at the
+        beginning of the circular buffer), also call
+        PaUtil_Set2ndInputFrameCount, PaUtil_Set2ndInputChannel,
+        PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedInputChannels,
+        PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedInputChannel as necessary to tell the buffer
+        processor about the second buffer.
+ -# For a stream which generates output:
+    - Call PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount with the number of frames in the host
+        output buffer.
+    - Call one of the following functions one or more times to tell the
+        buffer processor about the host output buffer(s): PaUtil_SetOutputChannel,
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels, PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel.
+        Which function you call will depend on whether the host buffer(s) are
+        interleaved or not.
+    - If the available host output buffer space is split accross two buffers
+        (for example a data range at the end of a circular buffer and another
+        range at the beginning of the circular buffer), call
+        PaUtil_Set2ndOutputFrameCount, PaUtil_Set2ndOutputChannel,
+        PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedOutputChannels,
+        PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedOutputChannel as necessary to tell the buffer
+        processor about the second buffer.
+ -# Call PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing, this function performs the actual data
+    conversion and processing.
+
+
+ <h4>Using the buffer processor for a blocking read/write stream</h4>
+
+ Blocking read/write streams use the buffer processor to convert and copy user
+ output data to a host buffer, and to convert and copy host input data to
+ the user's buffer. The buffer processor does not perform any buffer adaption.
+ When using the buffer processor in a blocking read/write stream the input and
+ output conversion are performed separately by the PaUtil_CopyInput and
+ PaUtil_CopyOutput functions.
+
+ To copy data from a host input buffer to the buffer(s) which the user supplies
+ to Pa_ReadStream, use the following calling sequence.
+
+ - Repeat the following three steps until the user buffer(s) have been filled
+    with samples from the host input buffers:
+     -# Call PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount with the number of frames in the host
+        input buffer.
+     -# Call one of the following functions one or more times to tell the
+        buffer processor about the host input buffer(s): PaUtil_SetInputChannel,
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels, PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel.
+        Which function you call will depend on whether the host buffer(s) are
+        interleaved or not.
+     -# Call PaUtil_CopyInput with the user buffer pointer (or a copy of the
+        array of buffer pointers for a non-interleaved stream) passed to
+        Pa_ReadStream, along with the number of frames in the user buffer(s).
+        Be careful to pass a <i>copy</i> of the user buffer pointers to
+        PaUtil_CopyInput because PaUtil_CopyInput advances the pointers to
+        the start of the next region to copy.
+ - PaUtil_CopyInput will not copy more data than is available in the
+    host buffer(s), so the above steps need to be repeated until the user
+    buffer(s) are full.
+
+ 
+ To copy data to the host output buffer from the user buffers(s) supplied
+ to Pa_WriteStream use the following calling sequence.
+
+ - Repeat the following three steps until all frames from the user buffer(s)
+    have been copied to the host API:
+     -# Call PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount with the number of frames in the host
+        output buffer.
+     -# Call one of the following functions one or more times to tell the
+        buffer processor about the host output buffer(s): PaUtil_SetOutputChannel,
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels, PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel.
+        Which function you call will depend on whether the host buffer(s) are
+        interleaved or not.
+     -# Call PaUtil_CopyOutput with the user buffer pointer (or a copy of the
+        array of buffer pointers for a non-interleaved stream) passed to
+        Pa_WriteStream, along with the number of frames in the user buffer(s).
+        Be careful to pass a <i>copy</i> of the user buffer pointers to 
+        PaUtil_CopyOutput because PaUtil_CopyOutput advances the pointers to
+        the start of the next region to copy.
+ - PaUtil_CopyOutput will not copy more data than fits in the host buffer(s),
+    so the above steps need to be repeated until all user data is copied.
+*/
+
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_converters.h"
+#include "pa_dither.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+/** @brief Mode flag passed to PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor indicating the type
+ of buffering that the host API uses.
+
+ The mode used depends on whether the host API or the implementation manages
+ the buffers, and how these buffers are used (scatter gather, circular buffer).
+*/
+typedef enum {
+/** The host buffer size is a fixed known size. */
+    paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
+
+/** The host buffer size may vary, but has a known maximum size. */
+    paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize,
+
+/** Nothing is known about the host buffer size. */
+    paUtilUnknownHostBufferSize,
+
+/** The host buffer size varies, and the client does not require the buffer
+ processor to consume all of the input and fill all of the output buffer. This
+ is useful when the implementation has access to the host API's circular buffer
+ and only needs to consume/fill some of it, not necessarily all of it, with each
+ call to the buffer processor. This is the only mode where
+ PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing() may not consume the whole buffer.
+*/
+    paUtilVariableHostBufferSizePartialUsageAllowed
+}PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode;
+
+
+/** @brief An auxilliary data structure used internally by the buffer processor
+ to represent host input and output buffers. */
+typedef struct PaUtilChannelDescriptor{
+    void *data;
+    unsigned int stride;  /**< stride in samples, not bytes */
+}PaUtilChannelDescriptor;
+
+
+/** @brief The main buffer processor data structure.
+
+ Allocate one of these, initialize it with PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor
+ and terminate it with PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor.
+*/
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned long framesPerUserBuffer;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer;
+
+    PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode hostBufferSizeMode;
+    int useNonAdaptingProcess;
+    unsigned long framesPerTempBuffer;
+
+    unsigned int inputChannelCount;
+    unsigned int bytesPerHostInputSample;
+    unsigned int bytesPerUserInputSample;
+    int userInputIsInterleaved;
+    PaUtilConverter *inputConverter;
+    PaUtilZeroer *inputZeroer;
+    
+    unsigned int outputChannelCount;
+    unsigned int bytesPerHostOutputSample;
+    unsigned int bytesPerUserOutputSample;
+    int userOutputIsInterleaved;
+    PaUtilConverter *outputConverter;
+    PaUtilZeroer *outputZeroer;
+
+    unsigned long initialFramesInTempInputBuffer;
+    unsigned long initialFramesInTempOutputBuffer;
+
+    void *tempInputBuffer;          /**< used for slips, block adaption, and conversion. */
+    void **tempInputBufferPtrs;     /**< storage for non-interleaved buffer pointers, NULL for interleaved user input */
+    unsigned long framesInTempInputBuffer; /**< frames remaining in input buffer from previous adaption iteration */
+
+    void *tempOutputBuffer;         /**< used for slips, block adaption, and conversion. */
+    void **tempOutputBufferPtrs;    /**< storage for non-interleaved buffer pointers, NULL for interleaved user output */
+    unsigned long framesInTempOutputBuffer; /**< frames remaining in input buffer from previous adaption iteration */
+
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *timeInfo;
+
+    PaStreamCallbackFlags callbackStatusFlags;
+
+    unsigned long hostInputFrameCount[2];
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostInputChannels[2];
+    unsigned long hostOutputFrameCount[2];
+    PaUtilChannelDescriptor *hostOutputChannels[2];
+
+    PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator ditherGenerator;
+
+    double samplePeriod;
+
+    PaStreamCallback *streamCallback;
+    void *userData;
+} PaUtilBufferProcessor;
+
+
+/** @name Initialization, termination, resetting and info */
+/*@{*/
+
+/** Initialize a buffer processor's representation stored in a
+ PaUtilBufferProcessor structure. Be sure to call
+ PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor after finishing with a buffer processor.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor structure to initialize.
+
+ @param inputChannelCount The number of input channels as passed to
+ Pa_OpenStream or 0 for an output-only stream.
+
+ @param userInputSampleFormat Format of user input samples, as passed to
+ Pa_OpenStream. This parameter is ignored for ouput-only streams.
+ 
+ @param hostInputSampleFormat Format of host input samples. This parameter is
+ ignored for output-only streams. See note about host buffer interleave below.
+
+ @param outputChannelCount The number of output channels as passed to
+ Pa_OpenStream or 0 for an input-only stream.
+
+ @param userOutputSampleFormat Format of user output samples, as passed to
+ Pa_OpenStream. This parameter is ignored for input-only streams.
+ 
+ @param hostOutputSampleFormat Format of host output samples. This parameter is
+ ignored for input-only streams. See note about host buffer interleave below.
+
+ @param sampleRate Sample rate of the stream. The more accurate this is the
+ better - it is used for updating time stamps when adapting buffers.
+ 
+ @param streamFlags Stream flags as passed to Pa_OpenStream, this parameter is
+ used for selecting special sample conversion options such as clipping and
+ dithering.
+ 
+ @param framesPerUserBuffer Number of frames per user buffer, as requested
+ by the framesPerBuffer parameter to Pa_OpenStream. This parameter may be
+ zero to indicate that the user will accept any (and varying) buffer sizes.
+
+ @param framesPerHostBuffer Specifies the number of frames per host buffer
+ for the fixed buffer size mode, and the maximum number of frames
+ per host buffer for the bounded host buffer size mode. It is ignored for
+ the other modes.
+
+ @param hostBufferSizeMode A mode flag indicating the size variability of
+ host buffers that will be passed to the buffer processor. See
+ PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode for further details.
+ 
+ @param streamCallback The user stream callback passed to Pa_OpenStream.
+
+ @param userData The user data field passed to Pa_OpenStream.
+    
+ @note The interleave flag is ignored for host buffer formats. Host
+ interleave is determined by the use of different SetInput and SetOutput
+ functions.
+
+ @return An error code indicating whether the initialization was successful.
+ If the error code is not PaNoError, the buffer processor was not initialized
+ and should not be used.
+ 
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode, PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+            int inputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat userInputSampleFormat,
+            PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat,
+            int outputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat userOutputSampleFormat,
+            PaSampleFormat hostOutputSampleFormat,
+            double sampleRate,
+            PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+            unsigned long framesPerUserBuffer, /* 0 indicates don't care */
+            unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer,
+            PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode hostBufferSizeMode,
+            PaStreamCallback *streamCallback, void *userData );
+
+
+/** Terminate a buffer processor's representation. Deallocates any temporary
+ buffers allocated by PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor.
+ 
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor structure to terminate.
+
+ @see PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor.
+*/
+void PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+
+/** Clear any internally buffered data. If you call
+ PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor in your OpenStream routine, make sure you
+ call PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor in your StartStream call.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor to reset.
+*/
+void PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the input latency of a buffer processor.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor examine.
+
+ @return The input latency introduced by the buffer processor, in frames.
+
+ @see PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+/** Retrieve the output latency of a buffer processor.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor examine.
+
+ @return The output latency introduced by the buffer processor, in frames.
+
+ @see PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+/*@}*/
+
+
+/** @name Host buffer pointer configuration
+
+ Functions to set host input and output buffers, used by both callback streams
+ and blocking read/write streams.
+*/
+/*@{*/ 
+
+
+/** Set the number of frames in the input host buffer(s) specified by the
+ PaUtil_Set*InputChannel functions.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param frameCount The number of host input frames. A 0 frameCount indicates to
+ use the framesPerHostBuffer value passed to PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor.
+
+ @see PaUtil_SetNoInput, PaUtil_SetInputChannel,
+ PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels, PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned long frameCount );
+
+        
+/** Indicate that no input is avalable. This function should be used when
+ priming the output of a full-duplex stream opened with the
+ paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback flag. Note that it is not necessary
+ to call this or any othe PaUtil_Set*Input* functions for ouput-only streams.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetNoInput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to a host input channel.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param channel The channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+ @param stride The stride from one sample to the next, in samples. For
+ interleaved host buffers, the stride will usually be the same as the number of
+ channels in the buffer.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride );
+
+
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to an number of interleaved
+ host input channels.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param firstChannel The first channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+ @param channelCount The number of interleaved channels in the buffer. If
+ channelCount is zero, the number of channels specified to
+ PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor will be used.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount );
+
+
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to one non-interleaved host
+ output channel.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param channel The channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data );
+
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the input buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned long frameCount );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the input buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetInputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the input buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedInputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the input buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedInputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data );
+
+        
+/** Set the number of frames in the output host buffer(s) specified by the
+ PaUtil_Set*OutputChannel functions.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param frameCount The number of host output frames. A 0 frameCount indicates to
+ use the framesPerHostBuffer value passed to PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor.
+
+ @see PaUtil_SetOutputChannel, PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels,
+ PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned long frameCount );
+
+
+/** Indicate that the output will be discarded. This function should be used
+ when implementing the paNeverDropInput mode for full duplex streams.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetNoOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to a host output channel.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param channel The channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+ @param stride The stride from one sample to the next, in samples. For
+ interleaved host buffers, the stride will usually be the same as the number of
+ channels in the buffer.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride );
+
+
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to an number of interleaved
+ host output channels.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param firstChannel The first channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+ @param channelCount The number of interleaved channels in the buffer. If
+ channelCount is zero, the number of channels specified to
+ PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor will be used.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount );
+
+        
+/** Provide the buffer processor with a pointer to one non-interleaved host
+ output channel.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ @param channel The channel number.
+ @param data The buffer.
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data );
+
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the output buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndOutputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned long frameCount );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the output buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetOutputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data, unsigned int stride );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the output buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedOutputChannels( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int firstChannel, void *data, unsigned int channelCount );
+
+/** Use for the second buffer half when the output buffer is split in two halves.
+ @see PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel
+*/
+void PaUtil_Set2ndNonInterleavedOutputChannel( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned int channel, void *data );
+
+/*@}*/
+
+
+/** @name Buffer processing functions for callback streams
+*/
+/*@{*/
+
+/** Commence processing a host buffer (or a pair of host buffers in the
+ full-duplex case) for a callback stream.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param timeInfo Timing information for the first sample of the host
+ buffer(s). This information may be adjusted when buffer adaption is being
+ performed.
+
+ @param callbackStatusFlags Flags indicating whether underruns and overruns
+ have occurred since the last time the buffer processor was called.
+*/
+void PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo* timeInfo, PaStreamCallbackFlags callbackStatusFlags );
+
+        
+/** Finish processing a host buffer (or a pair of host buffers in the
+ full-duplex case) for a callback stream.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ 
+ @param callbackResult On input, indicates a previous callback result, and on
+ exit, the result of the user stream callback, if it is called.
+ On entry callbackResult should contain one of { paContinue, paComplete, or
+ paAbort}. If paComplete is passed, the stream callback will not be called
+ but any audio that was generated by previous stream callbacks will be copied
+ to the output buffer(s). You can check whether the buffer processor's internal
+ buffer is empty by calling PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty.
+
+ If the stream callback is called its result is stored in *callbackResult. If
+ the stream callback returns paComplete or paAbort, all output buffers will be
+ full of valid data - some of which may be zeros to acount for data that
+ wasn't generated by the terminating callback.
+
+ @return The number of frames processed. This usually corresponds to the
+ number of frames specified by the PaUtil_Set*FrameCount functions, exept in
+ the paUtilVariableHostBufferSizePartialUsageAllowed buffer size mode when a
+ smaller value may be returned.
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        int *callbackResult );
+
+
+/** Determine whether any callback generated output remains in the bufffer
+ processor's internal buffers. This method may be used to determine when to
+ continue calling PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing() after the callback has returned
+ a callbackResult of paComplete.
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+ 
+ @return Returns non-zero when callback generated output remains in the internal
+ buffer and zero (0) when there internal buffer contains no callback generated
+ data.
+*/
+int PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor );
+
+/*@}*/
+
+
+/** @name Buffer processing functions for blocking read/write streams
+*/
+/*@{*/
+
+/** Copy samples from host input channels set up by the PaUtil_Set*InputChannels
+ functions to a user supplied buffer. This function is intended for use with
+ blocking read/write streams. Copies the minimum of the number of
+ user frames (specified by the frameCount parameter) and the number of available
+ host frames (specified in a previous call to SetInputFrameCount()).
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param buffer A pointer to the user buffer pointer, or a pointer to a pointer
+ to an array of user buffer pointers for a non-interleaved stream. It is
+ important that this parameter points to a copy of the user buffer pointers,
+ not to the actual user buffer pointers, because this function updates the
+ pointers before returning.
+
+ @param frameCount The number of frames of data in the buffer(s) pointed to by
+ the buffer parameter.
+
+ @return The number of frames copied. The buffer pointer(s) pointed to by the
+ buffer parameter are advanced to point to the frame(s) following the last one
+ filled.
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_CopyInput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        void **buffer, unsigned long frameCount );
+
+
+/* Copy samples from a user supplied buffer to host output channels set up by
+ the PaUtil_Set*OutputChannels functions. This function is intended for use with
+ blocking read/write streams. Copies the minimum of the number of
+ user frames (specified by the frameCount parameter) and the number of
+ host frames (specified in a previous call to SetOutputFrameCount()).
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param buffer A pointer to the user buffer pointer, or a pointer to a pointer
+ to an array of user buffer pointers for a non-interleaved stream. It is
+ important that this parameter points to a copy of the user buffer pointers,
+ not to the actual user buffer pointers, because this function updates the
+ pointers before returning.
+
+ @param frameCount The number of frames of data in the buffer(s) pointed to by
+ the buffer parameter.
+
+ @return The number of frames copied. The buffer pointer(s) pointed to by the
+ buffer parameter are advanced to point to the frame(s) following the last one
+ copied.
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_CopyOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        const void ** buffer, unsigned long frameCount );
+
+
+/* Zero samples in host output channels set up by the PaUtil_Set*OutputChannels
+ functions. This function is useful for flushing streams.
+ Zeros the minimum of frameCount and the number of host frames specified in a
+ previous call to SetOutputFrameCount().
+
+ @param bufferProcessor The buffer processor.
+
+ @param frameCount The maximum number of frames to zero.
+ 
+ @return The number of frames zeroed.
+*/
+unsigned long PaUtil_ZeroOutput( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bufferProcessor,
+        unsigned long frameCount );
+
+
+/*@}*/
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_PROCESS_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_skeleton.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_skeleton.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebc1f501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_skeleton.c
@@ -0,0 +1,807 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_skeleton.c,v 1.1.2.39 2003/11/26 14:56:09 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library skeleton implementation
+ * demonstrates how to use the common functions to implement support
+ * for a host API
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Skeleton implementation of support for a host API.
+
+ @note This file is provided as a starting point for implementing support for
+ a new host API. IMPLEMENT ME comments are used to indicate functionality
+ which much be customised for each implementation.
+*/
+
+
+#include <string.h> /* strlen() */
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+PaError PaSkeleton_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/* IMPLEMENT ME: a macro like the following one should be used for reporting
+ host errors */
+#define PA_SKELETON_SET_LAST_HOST_ERROR( errorCode, errorText ) \
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paInDevelopment, errorCode, errorText )
+
+/* PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface blockingStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+
+    /* implementation specific data goes here */
+}
+PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation;  /* IMPLEMENT ME: rename this */
+
+
+PaError PaSkeleton_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int i, deviceCount;
+    PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation *skeletonHostApi;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
+
+    skeletonHostApi = (PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !skeletonHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    skeletonHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !skeletonHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    *hostApi = &skeletonHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paInDevelopment;            /* IMPLEMENT ME: change to correct type id */
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "skeleton implementation";  /* IMPLEMENT ME: change to correct name */
+
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice; /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+
+    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 0;  
+
+    deviceCount = 0; /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+    
+    if( deviceCount > 0 )
+    {
+        (*hostApi)->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                skeletonHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * deviceCount );
+        if( !(*hostApi)->deviceInfos )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block */
+        deviceInfoArray = (PaDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                skeletonHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) * deviceCount );
+        if( !deviceInfoArray )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[i];
+            deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+            deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
+            deviceInfo->name = 0; /* IMPLEMENT ME: allocate block and copy name eg:
+                deviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( skeletonHostApi->allocations, strlen(srcName) + 1 );
+                if( !deviceName )
+                {
+                    result = paInsufficientMemory;
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                strcpy( deviceName, srcName );
+                deviceInfo->name = deviceName;
+            */
+
+            deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = 0;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            
+            deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */  
+
+            deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 0.; /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+            
+            (*hostApi)->deviceInfos[i] = deviceInfo;
+            ++(*hostApi)->info.deviceCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &skeletonHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &skeletonHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( skeletonHostApi )
+    {
+        if( skeletonHostApi->allocations )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( skeletonHostApi->allocations );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( skeletonHostApi->allocations );
+        }
+                
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( skeletonHostApi );
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation *skeletonHostApi = (PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - clean up any resources not handled by the allocation group
+    */
+
+    if( skeletonHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( skeletonHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( skeletonHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( skeletonHostApi );
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
+            this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
+        if( inputSampleFormat & paCustomFormat )
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+            
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
+            this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
+        if( outputSampleFormat & paCustomFormat )
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+            
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support outputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+    
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported if necessary
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+        Because the buffer adapter handles conversion between all standard
+        sample formats, the following checks are only required if paCustomFormat
+        is implemented, or under some other unusual conditions.
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from inputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+    */
+
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) sampleRate;
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+}
+
+/* PaSkeletonStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaSkeletonStream
+{ /* IMPLEMENT ME: rename this */
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - implementation specific data goes here
+    */
+    unsigned long framesPerHostCallback; /* just an example */
+}
+PaSkeletonStream;
+
+/* see pa_hostapi.h for a list of validity guarantees made about OpenStream parameters */
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation *skeletonHostApi = (PaSkeletonHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = 0;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerBuffer; /* these may not be equivalent for all implementations */
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat;
+
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - establish which  host formats are available */
+        hostInputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, inputSampleFormat );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+        inputSampleFormat = hostInputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialised var' warnings. */
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - establish which  host formats are available */
+        hostOutputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, outputSampleFormat );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+        outputSampleFormat = hostOutputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialized var' warnings. */
+    }
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+
+        ( the following two checks are taken care of by PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor() FIXME - checks needed? )
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+            - alter sampleRate to a close allowable rate if possible / necessary
+
+            - validate suggestedInputLatency and suggestedOutputLatency parameters,
+                use default values where necessary
+    */
+
+
+
+
+    /* validate platform specific flags */
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag; /* unexpected platform specific flag */
+
+
+    stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaSkeletonStream) );
+    if( !stream )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( streamCallback )
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &skeletonHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &skeletonHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+
+    /* we assume a fixed host buffer size in this example, but the buffer processor
+        can also support bounded and unknown host buffer sizes by passing 
+        paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize or paUtilUnknownHostBufferSize instead of
+        paUtilFixedHostBufferSize below. */
+        
+    result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+              inputChannelCount, inputSampleFormat, hostInputSampleFormat,
+              outputChannelCount, outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+              sampleRate, streamFlags, framesPerBuffer,
+              framesPerHostBuffer, paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
+              streamCallback, userData );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME: initialise the following fields with estimated or actual
+        values.
+    */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency =
+            PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor);
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency =
+            PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor);
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+
+    
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - additional stream setup + opening
+    */
+
+    stream->framesPerHostCallback = framesPerHostBuffer;
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( stream )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+    ExampleHostProcessingLoop() illustrates the kind of processing which may
+    occur in a host implementation.
+ 
+*/
+static void ExampleHostProcessingLoop( void *inputBuffer, void *outputBuffer, void *userData )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)userData;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+    int callbackResult;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed;
+    
+    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+    
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - generate timing information
+            - handle buffer slips
+    */
+
+    /*
+        If you need to byte swap or shift inputBuffer to convert it into a
+        portaudio format, do it here.
+    */
+
+
+
+    PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo, 0 /* IMPLEMENT ME: pass underflow/overflow flags when necessary */ );
+
+    /*
+        depending on whether the host buffers are interleaved, non-interleaved
+        or a mixture, you will want to call PaUtil_SetInterleaved*Channels(),
+        PaUtil_SetNonInterleaved*Channel() or PaUtil_Set*Channel() here.
+    */
+    
+    PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+    PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+            0, /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
+            inputBuffer,
+            0 ); /* 0 - use inputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+
+    PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+    PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+            0, /* first channel of outputBuffer is channel 0 */
+            outputBuffer,
+            0 ); /* 0 - use outputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+
+    /* you must pass a valid value of callback result to PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing()
+        in general you would pass paContinue for normal operation, and
+        paComplete to drain the buffer processor's internal output buffer.
+        You can check whether the buffer processor's output buffer is empty
+        using PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty( bufferProcessor )
+    */
+    callbackResult = paContinue;
+    framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult );
+
+    
+    /*
+        If you need to byte swap or shift outputBuffer to convert it to
+        host format, do it here.
+    */
+
+    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+
+
+    if( callbackResult == paContinue )
+    {
+        /* nothing special to do */
+    }
+    else if( callbackResult == paAbort )
+    {
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - finish playback immediately  */
+
+        /* once finished, call the finished callback */
+        if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* User callback has asked us to stop with paComplete or other non-zero value */
+
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - finish playback once currently queued audio has completed  */
+
+        /* once finished, call the finished callback */
+        if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - additional stream closing + cleanup
+    */
+
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior */
+
+    /* suppress unused function warning. the code in ExampleHostProcessingLoop or
+       something similar should be implemented to feed samples to and from the
+       host after StartStream() is called.
+    */
+    (void) ExampleHostProcessingLoop;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior */
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior */
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior */
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior */
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+/*
+    As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback
+    streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called
+    for blocking streams.
+*/
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) buffer;
+    (void) frames;
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) buffer;
+    (void) frames;
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaSkeletonStream *stream = (PaSkeletonStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..044dde29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.c
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_stream.c,v 1.1.2.12 2003/09/20 21:31:00 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * 
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 2002 Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Interface used by pa_front to virtualize functions which operate on
+ streams.
+*/
+
+
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( PaUtilStreamInterface *streamInterface,
+                                       PaError (*Close)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*Start)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*Stop)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*Abort)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*IsStopped)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*IsActive)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaTime (*GetTime)( PaStream* ),
+                                       double (*GetCpuLoad)( PaStream* ),
+                                       PaError (*Read)( PaStream*, void *, unsigned long ),
+                                       PaError (*Write)( PaStream*, const void *, unsigned long ),
+                                       signed long (*GetReadAvailable)( PaStream* ),
+                                       signed long (*GetWriteAvailable)( PaStream* )  )
+{
+    streamInterface->Close = Close;
+    streamInterface->Start = Start;
+    streamInterface->Stop = Stop;
+    streamInterface->Abort = Abort;
+    streamInterface->IsStopped = IsStopped;
+    streamInterface->IsActive = IsActive;
+    streamInterface->GetTime = GetTime;
+    streamInterface->GetCpuLoad = GetCpuLoad;
+    streamInterface->Read = Read;
+    streamInterface->Write = Write;
+    streamInterface->GetReadAvailable = GetReadAvailable;
+    streamInterface->GetWriteAvailable = GetWriteAvailable;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( PaUtilStreamRepresentation *streamRepresentation,
+        PaUtilStreamInterface *streamInterface,
+        PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+        void *userData )
+{
+    streamRepresentation->magic = PA_STREAM_MAGIC;
+    streamRepresentation->nextOpenStream = 0;
+    streamRepresentation->streamInterface = streamInterface;
+    streamRepresentation->streamCallback = streamCallback;
+    streamRepresentation->streamFinishedCallback = 0;
+
+    streamRepresentation->userData = userData;
+
+    streamRepresentation->streamInfo.inputLatency = 0.;
+    streamRepresentation->streamInfo.outputLatency = 0.;
+    streamRepresentation->streamInfo.sampleRate = 0.;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( PaUtilStreamRepresentation *streamRepresentation )
+{
+    streamRepresentation->magic = 0;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_DummyRead( PaStream* stream,
+                               void *buffer,
+                               unsigned long frames )
+{
+    (void)stream; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)buffer; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)frames; /* unused parameter */
+
+    return paCanNotReadFromACallbackStream;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaUtil_DummyWrite( PaStream* stream,
+                               const void *buffer,
+                               unsigned long frames )
+{
+    (void)stream; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)buffer; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)frames; /* unused parameter */
+
+    return paCanNotWriteToACallbackStream;
+}
+
+
+signed long PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    (void)stream; /* unused parameter */
+
+    return paCanNotReadFromACallbackStream;
+}
+
+
+signed long PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    (void)stream; /* unused parameter */
+
+    return paCanNotWriteToACallbackStream;
+}
+
+
+double PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad( PaStream* stream )
+{
+    (void)stream; /* unused parameter */
+
+    return 0.0;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b86943b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_stream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+#ifndef PA_STREAM_H
+#define PA_STREAM_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_stream.h,v 1.1.2.13 2003/11/01 06:37:28 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * stream interface
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Interface used by pa_front to virtualize functions which operate on
+ streams.
+*/
+
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+#define PA_STREAM_MAGIC (0x18273645)
+
+
+/** A structure representing an (abstract) interface to a host API. Contains
+ pointers to functions which implement the interface.
+
+ All PaStreamInterface functions are guaranteed to be called with a non-null,
+ valid stream parameter.
+*/
+typedef struct {
+    PaError (*Close)( PaStream* stream );
+    PaError (*Start)( PaStream *stream );
+    PaError (*Stop)( PaStream *stream );
+    PaError (*Abort)( PaStream *stream );
+    PaError (*IsStopped)( PaStream *stream );
+    PaError (*IsActive)( PaStream *stream );
+    PaTime (*GetTime)( PaStream *stream );
+    double (*GetCpuLoad)( PaStream* stream );
+    PaError (*Read)( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+    PaError (*Write)( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+    signed long (*GetReadAvailable)( PaStream* stream );
+    signed long (*GetWriteAvailable)( PaStream* stream );
+} PaUtilStreamInterface;
+
+
+/** Initialize the fields of a PaUtilStreamInterface structure.
+*/
+void PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( PaUtilStreamInterface *streamInterface,
+    PaError (*Close)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*Start)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*Stop)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*Abort)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*IsStopped)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*IsActive)( PaStream* ),
+    PaTime (*GetTime)( PaStream* ),
+    double (*GetCpuLoad)( PaStream* ),
+    PaError (*Read)( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames ),
+    PaError (*Write)( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames ),
+    signed long (*GetReadAvailable)( PaStream* stream ),
+    signed long (*GetWriteAvailable)( PaStream* stream ) );
+
+
+/** Dummy Read function for use in interfaces to a callback based streams.
+ Pass to the Read parameter of PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface.
+ @return An error code indicating that the function has no effect
+ because the stream is a callback stream.
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_DummyRead( PaStream* stream,
+                       void *buffer,
+                       unsigned long frames );
+
+
+/** Dummy Write function for use in an interfaces to callback based streams.
+ Pass to the Write parameter of PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface.
+ @return An error code indicating that the function has no effect
+ because the stream is a callback stream.
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_DummyWrite( PaStream* stream,
+                       const void *buffer,
+                       unsigned long frames );
+
+
+/** Dummy GetReadAvailable function for use in interfaces to callback based
+ streams. Pass to the GetReadAvailable parameter of PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface.
+ @return An error code indicating that the function has no effect
+ because the stream is a callback stream.
+*/
+signed long PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Dummy GetWriteAvailable function for use in interfaces to callback based
+ streams. Pass to the GetWriteAvailable parameter of PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface.
+ @return An error code indicating that the function has no effect
+ because the stream is a callback stream.
+*/
+signed long PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+
+/** Dummy GetCpuLoad function for use in an interface to a read/write stream.
+ Pass to the GetCpuLoad parameter of PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface.
+ @return Returns 0.
+*/
+double PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Non host specific data for a stream. This data is used by pa_front to
+ forward to the appropriate functions in the streamInterface structure.
+*/
+typedef struct PaUtilStreamRepresentation {
+    unsigned long magic;    /**< set to PA_STREAM_MAGIC */
+    struct PaUtilStreamRepresentation *nextOpenStream; /**< field used by multi-api code */
+    PaUtilStreamInterface *streamInterface;
+    PaStreamCallback *streamCallback;
+    PaStreamFinishedCallback *streamFinishedCallback;
+    void *userData;
+    PaStreamInfo streamInfo;
+} PaUtilStreamRepresentation;
+
+
+/** Initialize a PaUtilStreamRepresentation structure.
+
+ @see PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation
+*/
+void PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(
+        PaUtilStreamRepresentation *streamRepresentation,
+        PaUtilStreamInterface *streamInterface,
+        PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+        void *userData );
+        
+
+/** Clean up a PaUtilStreamRepresentation structure previously initialized
+ by a call to PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation.
+
+ @see PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation
+*/
+void PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( PaUtilStreamRepresentation *streamRepresentation );
+
+
+/** Check that the stream pointer is valid.
+
+ @return Returns paNoError if the stream pointer appears to be OK, otherwise
+ returns an error indicating the cause of failure.
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Cast an opaque stream pointer into a pointer to a PaUtilStreamRepresentation.
+
+ @see PaUtilStreamRepresentation
+*/
+#define PA_STREAM_REP( stream )\
+    ((PaUtilStreamRepresentation*) (stream) )
+
+
+/** Cast an opaque stream pointer into a pointer to a PaUtilStreamInterface.
+
+ @see PaUtilStreamRepresentation, PaUtilStreamInterface
+*/
+#define PA_STREAM_INTERFACE( stream )\
+    PA_STREAM_REP( (stream) )->streamInterface
+
+
+    
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_STREAM_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83514a05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.c
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_trace.c,v 1.1.1.1.2.3 2003/09/20 21:09:15 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library Trace Facility
+ * Store trace information in real-time for later printing.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Event trace mechanism for debugging.
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+
+#if PA_TRACE_REALTIME_EVENTS
+
+static char *traceTextArray[MAX_TRACE_RECORDS];
+static int traceIntArray[MAX_TRACE_RECORDS];
+static int traceIndex = 0;
+static int traceBlock = 0;
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+void PaUtil_ResetTraceMessages()
+{
+    traceIndex = 0;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+void PaUtil_DumpTraceMessages()
+{
+    int i;
+    int messageCount = (traceIndex < PA_MAX_TRACE_RECORDS) ? traceIndex : PA_MAX_TRACE_RECORDS;
+
+    printf("DumpTraceMessages: traceIndex = %d\n", traceIndex );
+    for( i=0; i<messageCount; i++ )
+    {
+        printf("%3d: %s = 0x%08X\n",
+               i, traceTextArray[i], traceIntArray[i] );
+    }
+    ResetTraceMessages();
+    fflush(stdout);
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+void PaUtil_AddTraceMessage( const char *msg, int data )
+{
+    if( (traceIndex == PA_MAX_TRACE_RECORDS) && (traceBlock == 0) )
+    {
+        traceBlock = 1;
+        /*  PaUtil_DumpTraceMessages(); */
+    }
+    else if( traceIndex < PA_MAX_TRACE_RECORDS )
+    {
+        traceTextArray[traceIndex] = msg;
+        traceIntArray[traceIndex] = data;
+        traceIndex++;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif /* TRACE_REALTIME_EVENTS */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f72a78b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_trace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef PA_TRACE_H
+#define PA_TRACE_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_trace.h,v 1.1.1.1.2.3 2003/09/20 21:09:15 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library Trace Facility
+ * Store trace information in real-time for later printing.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief Event trace mechanism for debugging.
+
+ Allows data to be written to the buffer at interrupt time and dumped later.
+*/
+
+
+#define PA_TRACE_REALTIME_EVENTS     (0)   /* Keep log of various real-time events. */
+#define PA_MAX_TRACE_RECORDS      (2048)
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+#if PA_TRACE_REALTIME_EVENTS
+
+void PaUtil_ResetTraceMessages();
+void PaUtil_AddTraceMessage( const char *msg, int data );
+void PaUtil_DumpTraceMessages();
+    
+#else
+
+#define PaUtil_ResetTraceMessages() /* noop */
+#define PaUtil_AddTraceMessage(msg,data) /* noop */
+#define PaUtil_DumpTraceMessages() /* noop */
+
+#endif
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+#endif /* PA_TRACE_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_util.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_util.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..149fbca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/pa_util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#ifndef PA_UTIL_H
+#define PA_UTIL_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_util.h,v 1.1.2.12 2003/09/20 21:09:55 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library implementation utilities header
+ * common implementation utilities and interfaces
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+    @brief Prototypes for utility functions used by PortAudio implementations.
+
+    @todo Document and adhere to the alignment guarantees provided by
+    PaUtil_AllocateMemory().
+*/
+
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation;
+
+
+/** Retrieve a specific host API representation. This function can be used
+ by implementations to retrieve a pointer to their representation in
+ host api specific extension functions which aren't passed a rep pointer
+ by pa_front.c.
+
+ @param hostApi A pointer to a host API represenation pointer. Apon success
+ this will receive the requested representation pointer.
+
+ @param type A valid host API type identifier.
+
+ @returns An error code. If the result is PaNoError then a pointer to the
+ requested host API representation will be stored in *hostApi. If the host API
+ specified by type is not found, this function returns paHostApiNotFound.
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_GetHostApiRepresentation( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi,
+        PaHostApiTypeId type );
+
+
+/** Convert a PortAudio device index into a host API specific device index.
+ @param hostApiDevice Pointer to a device index, on success this will recieve the
+ converted device index value.
+ @param device The PortAudio device index to convert.
+ @param hostApi The host api which the index should be converted for.
+
+ @returns On success returns PaNoError and places the converted index in the
+ hostApiDevice parameter.
+*/
+PaError PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(
+        PaDeviceIndex *hostApiDevice, PaDeviceIndex device,
+        struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+
+
+/** Set the host error information returned by Pa_GetLastHostErrorInfo. This
+ function and the paUnanticipatedHostError error code should be used as a
+ last resort.  Implementors should use existing PA error codes where possible,
+ or nominate new ones. Note that at it is always better to use
+ PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo() and paUnanticipatedHostError than to return an
+ ambiguous or inaccurate PaError code.
+
+ @param hostApiType  The host API which encountered the error (ie of the caller)
+
+ @param errorCode The error code returned by the native API function.
+
+ @param errorText A string describing the error. PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo
+ makes a copy of the string, so it is not necessary for the pointer to remain
+ valid after the call to PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo() returns.
+
+*/
+void PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType, long errorCode,
+        const char *errorText );
+
+
+        
+/** PA_DEBUG() provides a simple debug message printing facility. The macro
+ passes it's argument to a printf-like function called PaUtil_DebugPrint()
+ which prints to stderr and always flushes the stream after printing.
+ Because preprocessor macros cannot directly accept variable length argument
+ lists, calls to the macro must include an additional set of parenthesis, eg:
+ PA_DEBUG(("errorno: %d", 1001 ));
+*/
+
+void PaUtil_DebugPrint( const char *format, ... );
+
+#if (0) /* set to 1 to print debug messages */
+#define PA_DEBUG(x) PaUtil_DebugPrint x ;
+#else
+#define PA_DEBUG(x)
+#endif
+
+
+/* the following functions are implemented in a platform platform specific
+ .c file
+*/
+
+/** Allocate size bytes, guaranteed to be aligned to a FIXME byte boundary */
+void *PaUtil_AllocateMemory( long size );
+
+
+/** Realease block if non-NULL. block may be NULL */
+void PaUtil_FreeMemory( void *block );
+
+
+/** Return the number of currently allocated blocks. This function can be
+ used for detecting memory leaks.
+
+ @note Allocations will only be tracked if PA_TRACK_MEMORY is #defined. If
+ it isn't, this function will always return 0.
+*/
+int PaUtil_CountCurrentlyAllocatedBlocks( void );
+
+
+/** Initialize the clock used by PaUtil_GetTime(). Call this before calling
+ PaUtil_GetTime.
+
+ @see PaUtil_GetTime
+*/
+void PaUtil_InitializeClock( void );
+
+
+/** Return the system time in seconds. Used to implement CPU load functions
+
+ @see PaUtil_InitializeClock
+*/
+double PaUtil_GetTime( void );
+
+
+/* void Pa_Sleep( long msec );  must also be implemented in per-platform .c file */
+
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_UTIL_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_common/portaudio.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/portaudio.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e01c7aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_common/portaudio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1128 @@
+#ifndef PORTAUDIO_H
+#define PORTAUDIO_H
+/*
+ * $Id: portaudio.h,v 1.5.2.46 2004/02/14 10:19:01 rossbencina Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * PortAudio API Header File
+ * Latest version available at: http://www.portaudio.com/
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief The PortAudio API.
+*/
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+ 
+/** Retrieve the release number of the currently running PortAudio build,
+ eg 1900.
+*/
+int Pa_GetVersion( void );
+
+
+/** Retrieve a textual description of the current PortAudio build,
+ eg "PortAudio V19-devel 13 October 2002".
+*/
+const char* Pa_GetVersionText( void );
+
+
+/** Error codes returned by PortAudio functions.
+ Note that with the exception of paNoError, all PaErrorCodes are negative.
+*/
+
+typedef int PaError;
+typedef enum PaErrorCode
+{
+    paNoError = 0,
+
+    paNotInitialized = -10000,
+    paUnanticipatedHostError,
+    paInvalidChannelCount,
+    paInvalidSampleRate,
+    paInvalidDevice,
+    paInvalidFlag,
+    paSampleFormatNotSupported,
+    paBadIODeviceCombination,
+    paInsufficientMemory,
+    paBufferTooBig,
+    paBufferTooSmall,
+    paNullCallback,
+    paBadStreamPtr,
+    paTimedOut,
+    paInternalError,
+    paDeviceUnavailable,
+    paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo,
+    paStreamIsStopped,
+    paStreamIsNotStopped,
+    paInputOverflowed,
+    paOutputUnderflowed,
+    paHostApiNotFound,
+    paInvalidHostApi,
+    paCanNotReadFromACallbackStream,      /**< @todo review error code name */
+    paCanNotWriteToACallbackStream,       /**< @todo review error code name */
+    paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream,   /**< @todo review error code name */
+    paCanNotWriteToAnInputOnlyStream,     /**< @todo review error code name */
+    paIncompatibleStreamHostApi
+} PaErrorCode;
+
+
+/** Translate the supplied PortAudio error code into a human readable
+ message.
+*/
+const char *Pa_GetErrorText( PaError errorCode );
+
+
+/** Library initialization function - call this before using PortAudio.
+ This function initialises internal data structures and prepares underlying
+ host APIs for use. This function MUST be called before using any other
+ PortAudio API functions.
+
+ If Pa_Initialize() is called multiple times, each successful 
+ call must be matched with a corresponding call to Pa_Terminate(). 
+ Pairs of calls to Pa_Initialize()/Pa_Terminate() may overlap, and are not 
+ required to be fully nested.
+
+ Note that if Pa_Initialize() returns an error code, Pa_Terminate() should
+ NOT be called.
+
+ @return paNoError if successful, otherwise an error code indicating the cause
+ of failure.
+
+ @see Pa_Terminate
+*/
+PaError Pa_Initialize( void );
+
+
+/** Library termination function - call this when finished using PortAudio.
+ This function deallocates all resources allocated by PortAudio since it was
+ initializied by a call to Pa_Initialize(). In cases where Pa_Initialise() has
+ been called multiple times, each call must be matched with a corresponding call
+ to Pa_Terminate(). The final matching call to Pa_Terminate() will automatically
+ close any PortAudio streams that are still open.
+
+ Pa_Terminate() MUST be called before exiting a program which uses PortAudio.
+ Failure to do so may result in serious resource leaks, such as audio devices
+ not being available until the next reboot.
+
+ @return paNoError if successful, otherwise an error code indicating the cause
+ of failure.
+ 
+ @see Pa_Initialize
+*/
+PaError Pa_Terminate( void );
+
+
+
+/** The type used to refer to audio devices. Values of this type usually
+ range from 0 to (Pa_DeviceCount-1), and may also take on the PaNoDevice
+ and paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification values.
+
+ @see Pa_DeviceCount, paNoDevice, paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification
+*/
+typedef int PaDeviceIndex;
+
+
+/** A special PaDeviceIndex value indicating that no device is available,
+ or should be used.
+
+ @see PaDeviceIndex
+*/
+#define paNoDevice ((PaDeviceIndex)-1)
+
+
+/** A special PaDeviceIndex value indicating that the device(s) to be used
+ are specified in the host api specific stream info structure.
+
+ @see PaDeviceIndex
+*/
+#define paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification ((PaDeviceIndex)-2)
+
+
+/* Host API enumeration mechanism */
+
+/** The type used to enumerate to host APIs at runtime. Values of this type
+ range from 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiCount()-1).
+
+ @see Pa_GetHostApiCount
+*/
+typedef int PaHostApiIndex;
+
+
+/** Retrieve the number of available host APIs. Even if a host API is
+ available it may have no devices available.
+
+ @return A non-negative value indicating the number of available host APIs
+ or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+
+ @see PaHostApiIndex
+*/
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_GetHostApiCount( void );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the index of the default host API. The default host API will be
+ the lowest common denominator host API on the current platform and is
+ unlikely to provide the best performance.
+
+ @return A non-negative value ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiCount()-1)
+ indicating the default host API index or, a PaErrorCode (which are always
+ negative) if PortAudio is not initialized or an error is encountered.
+*/
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_GetDefaultHostApi( void );
+
+
+/** Unchanging unique identifiers for each supported host API. This type
+ is used in the PaHostApiInfo structure. The values are guaranteed to be
+ unique and to never change, thus allowing code to be written that
+ conditionally uses host API specific extensions.
+
+ New type ids will be allocated when support for a host API reaches
+ "public alpha" status, prior to that developers should use the
+ paInDevelopment type id.
+
+ @see PaHostApiInfo
+*/
+typedef enum PaHostApiTypeId
+{
+    paInDevelopment=0, /* use while developing support for a new host API */
+    paDirectSound=1,
+    paMME=2,
+    paASIO=3,
+    paSoundManager=4,
+    paCoreAudio=5,
+    paOSS=7,
+    paALSA=8,
+    paAL=9,
+    paBeOS=10
+} PaHostApiTypeId;
+
+
+/** A structure containing information about a particular host API. */
+
+typedef struct PaHostApiInfo
+{
+    /** this is struct version 1 */
+    int structVersion;
+    /** The well known unique identifier of this host API @see PaHostApiTypeId */
+    PaHostApiTypeId type;
+    /** A textual description of the host API for display on user interfaces. */
+    const char *name;
+
+    /**  The number of devices belonging to this host API. This field may be
+     used in conjunction with Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToDeviceIndex() to enumerate
+     all devices for this host API.
+     @see Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToDeviceIndex
+    */
+    int deviceCount;
+
+    /** The the default input device for this host API. The value will be a
+     device index ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetDeviceCount()-1), or paNoDevice
+     if no default input device is available.
+    */
+    PaDeviceIndex defaultInputDevice;
+
+    /** The the default output device for this host API. The value will be a
+     device index ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetDeviceCount()-1), or paNoDevice
+     if no default output device is available.
+    */
+    PaDeviceIndex defaultOutputDevice;
+    
+} PaHostApiInfo;
+
+
+/** Retrieve a pointer to a structure containing information about a specific
+ host Api.
+
+ @param hostApi A valid host API index ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiCount()-1)
+
+ @return A pointer to an immutable PaHostApiInfo structure describing
+ a specific host API. If the hostApi parameter is out of range or an error
+ is encountered, the function returns NULL.
+
+ The returned structure is owned by the PortAudio implementation and must not
+ be manipulated or freed. The pointer is only guaranteed to be valid between
+ calls to Pa_Initialize() and Pa_Terminate().
+*/
+const PaHostApiInfo * Pa_GetHostApiInfo( PaHostApiIndex hostApi );
+
+
+/** Convert a static host API unique identifier, into a runtime
+ host API index.
+
+ @param type A unique host API identifier belonging to the PaHostApiTypeId
+ enumeration.
+
+ @return A valid PaHostApiIndex ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiCount()-1) or,
+ a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+ 
+ The paHostApiNotFound error code indicates that the host API specified by the
+ type parameter is not available.
+
+ @see PaHostApiTypeId
+*/
+PaHostApiIndex Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex( PaHostApiTypeId type );
+
+
+/** Convert a host-API-specific device index to standard PortAudio device index.
+ This function may be used in conjunction with the deviceCount field of
+ PaHostApiInfo to enumerate all devices for the specified host API.
+
+ @param hostApi A valid host API index ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiCount()-1)
+
+ @param hostApiDeviceIndex A valid per-host device index in the range
+ 0 to (Pa_GetHostApiInfo(hostApi)->deviceCount-1)
+
+ @return A non-negative PaDeviceIndex ranging from 0 to (Pa_GetDeviceCount()-1)
+ or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+
+ A paInvalidHostApi error code indicates that the host API index specified by
+ the hostApi parameter is out of range.
+
+ A paInvalidDevice error code indicates that the hostApiDeviceIndex parameter
+ is out of range.
+ 
+ @see PaHostApiInfo
+*/
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_HostApiDeviceIndexToDeviceIndex( PaHostApiIndex hostApi,
+        int hostApiDeviceIndex );
+
+
+
+/** Structure used to return information about a host error condition.
+*/
+typedef struct PaHostErrorInfo{
+    PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType;    /**< the host API which returned the error code */
+    long errorCode;                 /**< the error code returned */
+    const char *errorText;          /**< a textual description of the error if available, otherwise a zero-length string */
+}PaHostErrorInfo;
+
+
+/** Return information about the last host error encountered. The error
+ information returned by Pa_GetLastHostErrorInfo() will never be modified
+ asyncronously by errors occurring in other PortAudio owned threads
+ (such as the thread that manages the stream callback.)
+
+ This function is provided as a last resort, primarily to enhance debugging
+ by providing clients with access to all available error information.
+
+ @return A pointer to an immutable structure constaining information about
+ the host error. The values in this structure will only be valid if a
+ PortAudio function has previously returned the paUnanticipatedHostError
+ error code.
+*/
+const PaHostErrorInfo* Pa_GetLastHostErrorInfo( void );
+
+
+
+/* Device enumeration and capabilities */
+
+/** Retrieve the number of available devices. The number of available devices
+ may be zero.
+
+ @return A non-negative value indicating the number of available devices or,
+ a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+*/
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDeviceCount( void );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the index of the default input device. The result can be
+ used in the inputDevice parameter to Pa_OpenStream().
+
+ @return The default input device index for the defualt host API, or paNoDevice
+ if no default input device is available or an error was encountered.
+*/
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDefaultInputDevice( void );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the index of the default output device. The result can be
+ used in the outputDevice parameter to Pa_OpenStream().
+
+ @return The default output device index for the defualt host API, or paNoDevice
+ if no default output device is available or an error was encountered.
+
+ @note
+ On the PC, the user can specify a default device by
+ setting an environment variable. For example, to use device #1.
+<pre>
+ set PA_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_DEVICE=1
+</pre>
+ The user should first determine the available device ids by using
+ the supplied application "pa_devs".
+*/
+PaDeviceIndex Pa_GetDefaultOutputDevice( void );
+
+
+/** The type used to represent monotonic time in seconds that can be used
+ for syncronisation. The type is used for the outTime argument to the
+ PaStreamCallback and as the result of Pa_GetStreamTime().
+     
+ @see PaStreamCallback, Pa_GetStreamTime
+*/
+typedef double PaTime;
+
+
+/** A type used to specify one or more sample formats. Each value indicates
+ a possible format for sound data passed to and from the stream callback,
+ Pa_ReadStream and Pa_WriteStream.
+
+ The standard formats paFloat32, paInt16, paInt32, paInt24, paInt8
+ and aUInt8 are usually implemented by all implementations.
+
+ The floating point representation (paFloat32) uses +1.0 and -1.0 as the
+ maximum and minimum respectively.
+
+ paUInt8 is an unsigned 8 bit format where 128 is considered "ground"
+
+ The paNonInterleaved flag indicates that a multichannel buffer is passed
+ as a set of non-interleaved pointers.
+
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, Pa_OpenDefaultStream, PaDeviceInfo
+ @see paFloat32, paInt16, paInt32, paInt24, paInt8
+ @see paUInt8, paCustomFormat, paNonInterleaved
+*/
+typedef unsigned long PaSampleFormat;
+
+
+#define paFloat32        ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000001) /**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paInt32          ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000002) /**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paInt24          ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000004) /**< Packed 24 bit format. @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paInt16          ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000008) /**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paInt8           ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000010) /**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paUInt8          ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00000020) /**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+#define paCustomFormat   ((PaSampleFormat) 0x00010000)/**< @see PaSampleFormat */
+
+#define paNonInterleaved ((PaSampleFormat) 0x80000000)
+
+/** A structure providing information and capabilities of PortAudio devices.
+ Devices may support input, output or both input and output.
+*/
+typedef struct PaDeviceInfo
+{
+    int structVersion;  /* this is struct version 2 */
+    const char *name;
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApi; /* note this is a host API index, not a type id*/
+    
+    int maxInputChannels;
+    int maxOutputChannels;
+
+    /* Default latency values for interactive performance. */
+    PaTime defaultLowInputLatency;
+    PaTime defaultLowOutputLatency;
+    /* Default latency values for robust non-interactive applications (eg. playing sound files). */
+    PaTime defaultHighInputLatency;
+    PaTime defaultHighOutputLatency;
+
+    double defaultSampleRate;
+} PaDeviceInfo;
+
+
+/** Retrieve a pointer to a PaDeviceInfo structure containing information
+ about the specified device.
+ @return A pointer to an immutable PaDeviceInfo structure. If the device
+ parameter is out of range the function returns NULL.
+
+ @param device A valid device index in the range 0 to (Pa_GetDeviceCount()-1)
+
+ @note PortAudio manages the memory referenced by the returned pointer,
+ the client must not manipulate or free the memory. The pointer is only
+ guaranteed to be valid between calls to Pa_Initialize() and Pa_Terminate().
+
+ @see PaDeviceInfo, PaDeviceIndex
+*/
+const PaDeviceInfo* Pa_GetDeviceInfo( PaDeviceIndex device );
+
+
+/** Parameters for one direction (input or output) of a stream.
+*/
+typedef struct PaStreamParameters
+{
+    /** A valid device index in the range 0 to (Pa_GetDeviceCount()-1)
+     specifying the device to be used or the special constant
+     paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification which indicates that the actual
+     device(s) to use are specified in hostApiSpecificStreamInfo.
+     This field must not be set to paNoDevice.
+    */
+    PaDeviceIndex device;
+    
+    /** The number of channels of sound to be delivered to the
+     stream callback or accessed by Pa_ReadStream() or Pa_WriteStream().
+     It can range from 1 to the value of maxInputChannels in the
+     PaDeviceInfo record for the device specified by the device parameter.
+    */
+    int channelCount;
+
+    /** The sample format of the buffer provided to the stream callback,
+     a_ReadStream() or Pa_WriteStream(). It may be any of the formats described
+     by the PaSampleFormat enumeration.
+     FIXME: wrt below, what are we guaranteeing these days, if anything?
+     PortAudio guarantees support for
+     the device's native formats (nativeSampleFormats in the device info record)
+     and additionally 16 and 32 bit integer and 32 bit floating point formats.
+     Support for other formats is implementation defined.
+    */
+    PaSampleFormat sampleFormat;
+
+    /** The desired latency in seconds. Where practical, implementations should
+     configure their latency based on these parameters, otherwise they may
+     choose the closest viable latency instead. Unless the suggested latency
+     is greater than the absolute upper limit for the device implementations
+     shouldround the suggestedLatency up to the next practial value - ie to
+     provide an equal or higher latency than suggestedLatency whereever possibe.
+     Actual latency values for an open stream may be retrieved using the
+     inputLatency and outputLatency fields of the PaStreamInfo structure
+     returned by Pa_GetStreamInfo().
+     @see default*Latency in PaDeviceInfo, *Latency in PaStreamInfo
+    */
+    PaTime suggestedLatency;
+
+    /** An optional pointer to a host api specific data structure
+     containing additional information for device setup and/or stream processing.
+     hostApiSpecificStreamInfo is never required for correct operation,
+     if not used it should be set to NULL.
+    */
+    void *hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+} PaStreamParameters;
+
+
+/** Return code for Pa_IsFormatSupported indicating success. */
+#define paFormatIsSupported (0)
+
+/** Determine whether it would be possible to open a stream with the specified
+ parameters.
+
+ @param inputParameters A structure that describes the input parameters used to
+ open a stream. The suggestedLatency field is ignored. See PaStreamParameters
+ for a description of these parameters. inputParameters must be NULL for
+ output-only streams.
+
+ @param outputParameters A structure that describes the output parameters used
+ to open a stream. The suggestedLatency field is ignored. See PaStreamParameters
+ for a description of these parameters. outputParameters must be NULL for
+ input-only streams.
+
+ @param sampleRate The required sampleRate. For full-duplex streams it is the
+ sample rate for both input and output
+
+ @return Returns 0 if the format is supported, and an error code indicating why
+ the format is not supported otherwise. The constant paFormatIsSupported is
+ provided to compare with the return value for success.
+
+ @see paFormatIsSupported, PaStreamParameters
+*/
+PaError Pa_IsFormatSupported( const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                              const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                              double sampleRate );
+
+
+
+/* Streaming types and functions */
+
+
+/**
+ A single PaStream can provide multiple channels of real-time
+ streaming audio input and output to a client application. A stream
+ provides access to audio hardware represented by one or more
+ PaDevices. Depending on the underlying Host API, it may be possible 
+ to open multiple streams using the same device, however this behavior 
+ is implementation defined. Portable applications should assume that 
+ a PaDevice may be simultaneously used by at most one PaStream.
+
+ Pointers to PaStream objects are passed between PortAudio functions that
+ operate on streams.
+
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, Pa_OpenDefaultStream, Pa_OpenDefaultStream, Pa_CloseStream,
+ Pa_StartStream, Pa_StopStream, Pa_AbortStream, Pa_IsStreamActive,
+ Pa_GetStreamTime, Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad
+
+*/
+typedef void PaStream;
+
+
+/** Can be passed as the framesPerBuffer parameter to Pa_OpenStream()
+ or Pa_OpenDefaultStream() to indicate that the stream callback will
+ accept buffers of any size.
+*/
+#define paFramesPerBufferUnspecified  (0)
+
+
+/** Flags used to control the behavior of a stream. They are passed as
+ parameters to Pa_OpenStream or Pa_OpenDefaultStream. Multiple flags may be
+ ORed together.
+
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, Pa_OpenDefaultStream
+ @see paNoFlag, paClipOff, paDitherOff, paNeverDropInput,
+  paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback, paPlatformSpecificFlags
+*/
+typedef unsigned long PaStreamFlags;
+
+/** @see PaStreamFlags */
+#define   paNoFlag          ((PaStreamFlags) 0)
+
+/** Disable default clipping of out of range samples.
+ @see PaStreamFlags
+*/
+#define   paClipOff         ((PaStreamFlags) 0x00000001)
+
+/** Disable default dithering.
+ @see PaStreamFlags
+*/
+#define   paDitherOff       ((PaStreamFlags) 0x00000002)
+
+/** Flag requests that where possible a full duplex stream will not discard
+ overflowed input samples without calling the stream callback. This flag is
+ only valid for full duplex callback streams and only when used in combination
+ with the paFramesPerBufferUnspecified (0) framesPerBuffer parameter. Using
+ this flag incorrectly results in a paInvalidFlag error being returned from
+ Pa_OpenStream and Pa_OpenDefaultStream.
+
+ @see PaStreamFlags, paFramesPerBufferUnspecified
+*/
+#define   paNeverDropInput  ((PaStreamFlags) 0x00000004)
+
+/** Call the stream callback to fill initial output buffers, rather than the
+ default behavior of priming the buffers with zeros (silence). This flag has
+ no effect for input-only and blocking read/write streams.
+ 
+ @see PaStreamFlags
+*/
+#define   paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback ((PaStreamFlags) 0x00000008)
+
+/** A mask specifying the platform specific bits.
+ @see PaStreamFlags
+*/
+#define   paPlatformSpecificFlags ((PaStreamFlags)0xFFFF0000)
+
+/**
+ Timing information for the buffers passed to the stream callback.
+*/
+typedef struct PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo{
+    PaTime inputBufferAdcTime;
+    PaTime currentTime;
+    PaTime outputBufferDacTime;
+} PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo;
+
+
+/**
+ Flag bit constants for the statusFlags to PaStreamCallback.
+
+ @see paInputUnderflow, paInputOverflow, paOutputUnderflow, paOutputOverflow,
+ paPrimingOutput
+*/
+typedef unsigned long PaStreamCallbackFlags;
+
+/** In a stream opened with paFramesPerBufferUnspecified, indicates that
+ input data is all silence (zeros) because no real data is available. In a
+ stream opened without paFramesPerBufferUnspecified, it indicates that one or
+ more zero samples have been inserted into the input buffer to compensate
+ for an input underflow.
+ @see PaStreamCallbackFlags
+*/
+#define paInputUnderflow   ((PaStreamCallbackFlags) 0x00000001)
+
+/** In a stream opened with paFramesPerBufferUnspecified, indicates that data
+ prior to the first sample of the input buffer was discarded due to an
+ overflow, possibly because the stream callback is using too much CPU time.
+ Otherwise indicates that data prior to one or more samples in the
+ input buffer was discarded.
+ @see PaStreamCallbackFlags
+*/
+#define paInputOverflow    ((PaStreamCallbackFlags) 0x00000002)
+
+/** Indicates that output data (or a gap) was inserted, possibly because the
+ stream callback is using too much CPU time.
+ @see PaStreamCallbackFlags
+*/
+#define paOutputUnderflow  ((PaStreamCallbackFlags) 0x00000004)
+
+/** Indicates that output data will be discarded because no room is available.
+ @see PaStreamCallbackFlags
+*/
+#define paOutputOverflow   ((PaStreamCallbackFlags) 0x00000008)
+
+/** Some of all of the output data will be used to prime the stream, input
+ data may be zero.
+ @see PaStreamCallbackFlags
+*/
+#define paPrimingOutput    ((PaStreamCallbackFlags) 0x00000010)
+
+/**
+ Allowable return values for the PaStreamCallback.
+ @see PaStreamCallback
+*/
+typedef enum PaStreamCallbackResult
+{
+    paContinue=0,
+    paComplete=1,
+    paAbort=2
+} PaStreamCallbackResult;
+
+
+/**
+ Functions of type PaStreamCallback are implemented by PortAudio clients.
+ They consume, process or generate audio in response to requests from an
+ active PortAudio stream.
+     
+ @param input and @param output are arrays of interleaved samples,
+ the format, packing and number of channels used by the buffers are
+ determined by parameters to Pa_OpenStream().
+     
+ @param frameCount The number of sample frames to be processed by
+ the stream callback.
+
+ @param timeInfo The time in seconds when the first sample of the input
+ buffer was received at the audio input, the time in seconds when the first
+ sample of the output buffer will begin being played at the audio output, and
+ the time in seconds when the stream callback was called.
+ See also Pa_GetStreamTime()
+
+ @param statusFlags Flags indicating whether input and/or output buffers
+ have been inserted or will be dropped to overcome underflow or overflow
+ conditions.
+
+ @param userData The value of a user supplied pointer passed to
+ Pa_OpenStream() intended for storing synthesis data etc.
+
+ @return
+ The stream callback should return one of the values in the
+ PaStreamCallbackResult enumeration. To ensure that the callback is continues
+ to be called, it should return paContinue (0). Either paComplete or paAbort
+ can be returned to finish stream processing, after either of these values is
+ returned the callback will not be called again. If paAbort is returned the
+ stream will finish as soon as possible. If paComplete is returned, the stream
+ will continue until all buffers generated by the callback have been played.
+ This may be useful in applications such as soundfile players where a specific
+ duration of output is required. However, it is not necessary to utilise this
+ mechanism as Pa_StopStream(), Pa_AbortStream() or Pa_CloseStream() can also
+ be used to stop the stream. The callback must always fill the entire output
+ buffer irrespective of its return value.
+
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, Pa_OpenDefaultStream
+
+ @note With the exception of Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad() it is not permissable to call
+ PortAudio API functions from within the stream callback.
+*/
+typedef int PaStreamCallback(
+    const void *input, void *output,
+    unsigned long frameCount,
+    const PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo* timeInfo,
+    PaStreamCallbackFlags statusFlags,
+    void *userData );
+
+
+/** Opens a stream for either input, output or both.
+     
+ @param stream The address of a PaStream pointer which will receive
+ a pointer to the newly opened stream.
+     
+ @param inputParameters A structure that describes the input parameters used by
+ the opened stream. See PaStreamParameters for a description of these parameters.
+ inputParameters must be NULL for output-only streams.
+
+ @param outputParameters A structure that describes the output parameters used by
+ the opened stream. See PaStreamParameters for a description of these parameters.
+ outputParameters must be NULL for input-only streams.
+ 
+ @param sampleRate The desired sampleRate. For full-duplex streams it is the
+ sample rate for both input and output
+     
+ @param framesPerBuffer The number of frames passed to the stream callback
+ function, or the preferred block granularity for a blocking read/write stream.
+ The special value paFramesPerBufferUnspecified (0) may be used to request that
+ the stream callback will recieve an optimal (and possibly varying) number of
+ frames based on host requirements and the requested latency settings.
+ Note: With some host APIs, the use of non-zero framesPerBuffer for a callback
+ stream may introduce an additional layer of buffering which could introduce
+ additional latency. PortAudio guarantees that the additional latency
+ will be kept to the theoretical minimum however, it is strongly recommended
+ that a non-zero framesPerBuffer value only be used when your algorithm
+ requires a fixed number of frames per stream callback.
+ 
+ @param streamFlags Flags which modify the behaviour of the streaming process.
+ This parameter may contain a combination of flags ORed together. Some flags may
+ only be relevant to certain buffer formats.
+     
+ @param streamCallback A pointer to a client supplied function that is responsible
+ for processing and filling input and output buffers. If this parameter is NULL
+ the stream will be opened in 'blocking read/write' mode. In blocking mode,
+ the client can receive sample data using Pa_ReadStream and write sample data
+ using Pa_WriteStream, the number of samples that may be read or written
+ without blocking is returned by Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable and
+ Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable respectively.
+
+ @param userData A client supplied pointer which is passed to the stream callback
+ function. It could for example, contain a pointer to instance data necessary
+ for processing the audio buffers. This parameter is ignored if streamCallback
+ is NULL.
+     
+ @return
+ Upon success Pa_OpenStream() returns paNoError and places a pointer to a
+ valid PaStream in the stream argument. The stream is inactive (stopped).
+ If a call to Pa_OpenStream() fails, a non-zero error code is returned (see
+ PaError for possible error codes) and the value of stream is invalid.
+
+ @see PaStreamParameters, PaStreamCallback, Pa_ReadStream, Pa_WriteStream,
+ Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable, Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable
+*/
+PaError Pa_OpenStream( PaStream** stream,
+                       const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                       const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                       double sampleRate,
+                       unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                       PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                       PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                       void *userData );
+
+
+/** A simplified version of Pa_OpenStream() that opens the default input
+ and/or output devices.
+
+ @param stream The address of a PaStream pointer which will receive
+ a pointer to the newly opened stream.
+ 
+ @param numInputChannels  The number of channels of sound that will be supplied
+ to the stream callback or returned by Pa_ReadStream. It can range from 1 to
+ the value of maxInputChannels in the PaDeviceInfo record for the default input
+ device. If 0 the stream is opened as an output-only stream.
+
+ @param numOutputChannels The number of channels of sound to be delivered to the
+ stream callback or passed to Pa_WriteStream. It can range from 1 to the value
+ of maxOutputChannels in the PaDeviceInfo record for the default output dvice.
+ If 0 the stream is opened as an output-only stream.
+
+ @param sampleFormat The sample format of both the input and output buffers
+ provided to the callback or passed to and from Pa_ReadStream and Pa_WriteStream.
+ sampleFormat may be any of the formats described by the PaSampleFormat enumeration
+ (see above).
+ FIXME: the following may need to be rewritten - PortAudio guarantees support for
+ the device's native formats (nativeSampleFormats in the device info record)
+ and additionally 16 and 32 bit integer and 32 bit float
+ 
+ @param sampleRate Same as Pa_OpenStream parameter of the same name.
+ @param framesPerBuffer Same as Pa_OpenStream parameter of the same name.
+ @param streamCallback Same as Pa_OpenStream parameter of the same name.
+ @param userData Same as Pa_OpenStream parameter of the same name.
+
+ @return As for Pa_OpenStream
+
+ @see Pa_OpenStream, PaStreamCallback
+*/
+PaError Pa_OpenDefaultStream( PaStream** stream,
+                              int numInputChannels,
+                              int numOutputChannels,
+                              PaSampleFormat sampleFormat,
+                              double sampleRate,
+                              unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                              PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                              void *userData );
+
+
+/** Closes an audio stream. If the audio stream is active it
+ discards any pending buffers as if Pa_AbortStream() had been called.
+*/
+PaError Pa_CloseStream( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Functions of type PaStreamFinishedCallback are implemented by PortAudio 
+ clients. They can be registered with a stream using the Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback
+ function. Once registered they are called when the stream becomes inactive
+ (ie once a call to Pa_StopStream() will not block).
+ A stream will become inactive after the stream callback returns non-zero,
+ or when Pa_StopStream or Pa_AbortStream is called. For a stream providing audio
+ output, if the stream callback returns paComplete, or Pa_StopStream is called,
+ the stream finished callback will not be called until all generated sample data
+ has been played.
+ 
+ @param userData The userData parameter supplied to Pa_OpenStream()
+
+ @see Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback
+*/
+typedef void PaStreamFinishedCallback( void *userData );
+
+
+/** Register a stream finished callback function which will be called when the 
+ stream becomes inactive. See the description of PaStreamFinishedCallback for 
+ further details about when the callback will be called.
+
+ @param stream a pointer to a PaStream that is in the stopped state - if the
+ stream is not stopped, the stream's finished callback will remain unchanged 
+ and an error code will be returned.
+
+ @param streamFinishedCallback a pointer to a function with the same signature
+ as PaStreamFinishedCallback, that will be called when the stream becomes
+ inactive. Passing NULL for this parameter will un-register a previously
+ registered stream finished callback function.
+
+ @return on success returns paNoError, otherwise an error code indicating the cause
+ of the error.
+
+ @see PaStreamFinishedCallback
+*/
+PaError Pa_SetStreamFinishedCallback( PaStream *stream, PaStreamFinishedCallback* streamFinishedCallback ); 
+
+
+/** Commences audio processing.
+*/
+PaError Pa_StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Terminates audio processing. It waits until all pending
+ audio buffers have been played before it returns.
+*/
+PaError Pa_StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Terminates audio processing immediately without waiting for pending
+ buffers to complete.
+*/
+PaError Pa_AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Determine whether the stream is stopped.
+ A stream is considered to be stopped prior to a successful call to
+ Pa_StartStream and after a successful call to Pa_StopStream or Pa_AbortStream.
+ If a stream callback returns a value other than paContinue the stream is NOT
+ considered to be stopped.
+
+ @return Returns one (1) when the stream is stopped, zero (0) when
+ the stream is running or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if
+ PortAudio is not initialized or an error is encountered.
+
+ @see Pa_StopStream, Pa_AbortStream, Pa_IsStreamActive
+*/
+PaError Pa_IsStreamStopped( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Determine whether the stream is active.
+ A stream is active after a successful call to Pa_StartStream(), until it
+ becomes inactive either as a result of a call to Pa_StopStream() or
+ Pa_AbortStream(), or as a result of a return value other than paContinue from
+ the stream callback. In the latter case, the stream is considered inactive
+ after the last buffer has finished playing.
+
+ @return Returns one (1) when the stream is active (ie playing or recording
+ audio), zero (0) when not playing or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative)
+ if PortAudio is not initialized or an error is encountered.
+
+ @see Pa_StopStream, Pa_AbortStream, Pa_IsStreamStopped
+*/
+PaError Pa_IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+
+/** A structure containing unchanging information about an open stream.
+ @see Pa_GetStreamInfo
+*/
+
+typedef struct PaStreamInfo
+{
+    /** this is struct version 1 */
+    int structVersion;
+
+    /** The input latency of the stream in seconds. This value provides the most
+     accurate estimate of input latency available to the implementation. It may
+     differ significantly from the suggestedLatency value passed to Pa_OpenStream().
+     The value of this field will be zero (0.) for output-only streams.
+     @see PaTime
+    */
+    PaTime inputLatency;
+
+    /** The output latency of the stream in seconds. This value provides the most
+     accurate estimate of output latency available to the implementation. It may
+     differ significantly from the suggestedLatency value passed to Pa_OpenStream().
+     The value of this field will be zero (0.) for input-only streams.
+     @see PaTime
+    */
+    PaTime outputLatency;
+
+    /** The sample rate of the stream in Hertz (samples per second). In cases
+     where the hardware sample rate is inaccurate and PortAudio is aware of it,
+     the value of this field may be different from the sampleRate parameter
+     passed to Pa_OpenStream(). If information about the actual hardware sample
+     rate is not available, this field will have the same value as the sampleRate
+     parameter passed to Pa_OpenStream().
+    */
+    double sampleRate;
+    
+} PaStreamInfo;
+
+
+/** Retrieve a pointer to a PaStreamInfo structure containing information
+ about the specified stream.
+ @return A pointer to an immutable PaStreamInfo structure. If the stream
+ parameter invalid, or an error is encountered, the function returns NULL.
+
+ @param stream A pointer to an open stream previously created with Pa_OpenStream.
+
+ @note PortAudio manages the memory referenced by the returned pointer,
+ the client must not manipulate or free the memory. The pointer is only
+ guaranteed to be valid until the specified stream is closed.
+
+ @see PaStreamInfo
+*/
+const PaStreamInfo* Pa_GetStreamInfo( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Determine the current time for the stream according to the same clock used
+ to generate buffer timestamps. This time may be used for syncronising other
+ events to the audio stream, for example synchronizing audio to MIDI.
+                                        
+ @return The stream's current time in seconds, or 0 if an error occurred.
+
+ @see PaTime, PaStreamCallback
+*/
+PaTime Pa_GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+
+
+/** Retrieve CPU usage information for the specified stream.
+ The "CPU Load" is a fraction of total CPU time consumed by a callback stream's
+ audio processing routines including, but not limited to the client supplied
+ stream callback. This function does not work with blocking read/write streams.
+
+ This function may be called from the stream callback function or the
+ application.
+     
+ @return
+ A floating point value, typically between 0.0 and 1.0, where 1.0 indicates
+ that the stream callback is consuming the maximum number of CPU cycles possible
+ to maintain real-time operation. A value of 0.5 would imply that PortAudio and
+ the stream callback was consuming roughly 50% of the available CPU time. The
+ return value may exceed 1.0. A value of 0.0 will always be returned for a
+ blocking read/write stream, or if an error occurrs.
+*/
+double Pa_GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Read samples from an input stream. The function doesn't return until
+ the entire buffer has been filled - this may involve waiting for the operating
+ system to supply the data.
+
+ @param stream A pointer to an open stream previously created with Pa_OpenStream.
+ 
+ @param buffer A pointer to a buffer of sample frames. The buffer contains
+ samples in the format specified by the inputParameters->sampleFormat field
+ used to open the stream, and the number of channels specified by
+ inputParameters->numChannels. If non-interleaved samples were requested,
+ buffer is a pointer to the first element of an array of non-interleaved
+ buffer pointers, one for each channel.
+
+ @param frames The number of frames to be read into buffer. This parameter
+ is not constrained to a specific range, however high performance applications
+ will want to match this parameter to the framesPerBuffer parameter used
+ when opening the stream.
+
+ @return On success PaNoError will be returned, or PaInputOverflowed if input
+ data was discarded by PortAudio after the previous call and before this call.
+*/
+PaError Pa_ReadStream( PaStream* stream,
+                       void *buffer,
+                       unsigned long frames );
+
+
+/** Write samples to an output stream. This function doesn't return until the
+ entire buffer has been consumed - this may involve waiting for the operating
+ system to consume the data.
+
+ @param stream A pointer to an open stream previously created with Pa_OpenStream.
+
+ @param buffer A pointer to a buffer of sample frames. The buffer contains
+ samples in the format specified by the outputParameters->sampleFormat field
+ used to open the stream, and the number of channels specified by
+ outputParameters->numChannels. If non-interleaved samples were requested,
+ buffer is a pointer to the first element of an array of non-interleaved
+ buffer pointers, one for each channel.
+
+ @param frames The number of frames to be written from buffer. This parameter
+ is not constrained to a specific range, however high performance applications
+ will want to match this parameter to the framesPerBuffer parameter used
+ when opening the stream.
+
+ @return On success PaNoError will be returned, or paOutputUnderflowed if
+ additional output data was inserted after the previous call and before this
+ call.
+*/
+PaError Pa_WriteStream( PaStream* stream,
+                        const void *buffer,
+                        unsigned long frames );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the number of frames that can be read from the stream without
+ waiting.
+
+ @return Returns a non-negative value representing the maximum number of frames
+ that can be read from the stream without blocking or busy waiting or, a
+ PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized or an
+ error is encountered.
+*/
+signed long Pa_GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the number of frames that can be written to the stream without
+ waiting.
+
+ @return Returns a non-negative value representing the maximum number of frames
+ that can be written to the stream without blocking or busy waiting or, a
+ PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized or an
+ error is encountered.
+*/
+signed long Pa_GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/* Miscellaneous utilities */
+
+
+/** Retrieve the size of a given sample format in bytes.
+
+ @return The size in bytes of a single sample in the specified format,
+ or paSampleFormatNotSupported if the format is not supported.
+*/
+PaError Pa_GetSampleSize( PaSampleFormat format );
+
+
+/** Put the caller to sleep for at least 'msec' milliseconds. This function is
+ provided only as a convenience for authors of portable code (such as the tests
+ and examples in the PortAudio distribution.)
+
+ The function may sleep longer than requested so don't rely on this for accurate
+ musical timing.
+*/
+void Pa_Sleep( long msec );
+
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PORTAUDIO_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_jack/pa_jack.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_jack/pa_jack.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5b075c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_jack/pa_jack.c
@@ -0,0 +1,982 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_jack.c,v 1.1.2.8 2003/09/20 22:59:29 rossbencina Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com
+ * JACK Implementation by Joshua Haberman
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2002 Joshua Haberman <joshua@haberman.com>
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <regex.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <jack/types.h>
+#include <jack/jack.h>
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+
+PaError PaJack_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi,
+                           PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex );
+
+/*
+ * Functions that directly map to the PortAudio stream interface
+ */
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamInputLatency( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamOutputLatency( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+
+/*
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+*/
+
+/*
+ * Data specific to this API
+ */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation commonHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *deviceInfoMemory;
+
+    jack_client_t *jack_client;
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex;
+}
+PaJackHostApiRepresentation;
+
+#define MAX_CLIENTS 100
+#define TRUE 1
+#define FALSE 0
+
+/*
+ * Functions specific to this API
+ */
+
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaJackHostApiRepresentation *jackApi );
+static int JackCallback( jack_nframes_t frames, void *userData );
+
+
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Implementation
+ *
+ */
+
+
+/* BuildDeviceList():
+ *
+ * The process of determining a list of PortAudio "devices" from
+ * JACK's client/port system is fairly involved, so it is separated
+ * into its own routine.
+ */
+
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaJackHostApiRepresentation *jackApi )
+{
+    /* Utility macros for the repetitive process of allocating memory */
+
+    /* ... MALLOC: allocate memory as part of the device list
+     * allocation group */
+#define MALLOC(size) \
+     (PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( jackApi->deviceInfoMemory, (size) ))
+
+    /* ... MEMVERIFY: make sure we didn't get NULL */
+#define MEMVERIFY(ptr) \
+    if( (ptr) == NULL ) return paInsufficientMemory;
+
+    /* JACK has no concept of a device.  To JACK, there are clients
+     * which have an arbitrary number of ports.  To make this
+     * intelligible to PortAudio clients, we will group each JACK client
+     * into a device, and make each port of that client a channel */
+
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *commonApi = &jackApi->commonHostApiRep;
+
+    const char **jack_ports;
+    char *client_names[MAX_CLIENTS];
+    int num_clients = 0;
+    int port_index, client_index, i;
+    double *globalSampleRate;
+    regex_t port_regex;
+
+    /* since we are rebuilding the list of devices, free all memory
+     * associated with the previous list */
+    PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( jackApi->deviceInfoMemory );
+
+    /* We can only retrieve the list of clients indirectly, by first
+     * asking for a list of all ports, then parsing the port names
+     * according to the client_name:port_name convention (which is
+     * enforced by jackd) */
+    jack_ports = jack_get_ports( jackApi->jack_client, "", "", 0 );
+
+    if( jack_ports == NULL )
+        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+
+    /* Parse the list of ports, using a regex to grab the client names */
+    regcomp( &port_regex, "^[^:]*", REG_EXTENDED );
+
+    /* Build a list of clients from the list of ports */
+    for( port_index = 0; jack_ports[port_index] != NULL; port_index++ )
+    {
+        int client_seen;
+        regmatch_t match_info;
+        char tmp_client_name[100];
+
+        /* extract the client name from the port name, using a regex
+         * that parses the clientname:portname syntax */
+        regexec( &port_regex, jack_ports[port_index], 1, &match_info, 0 );
+        memcpy( tmp_client_name, &jack_ports[port_index][match_info.rm_so],
+                match_info.rm_eo - match_info.rm_so );
+        tmp_client_name[ match_info.rm_eo - match_info.rm_so ] = '\0';
+
+        /* do we know about this port's client yet? */
+        client_seen = FALSE;
+
+        for( i = 0; i < num_clients; i++ )
+            if( strcmp( tmp_client_name, client_names[i] ) == 0 )
+                client_seen = TRUE;
+
+        if( client_seen == FALSE )
+        {
+            client_names[num_clients] = (char*)MALLOC(strlen(tmp_client_name) + 1);
+            MEMVERIFY( client_names[num_clients] );
+
+            /* The alsa_pcm client should go in spot 0.  If this
+             * is the alsa_pcm client AND we are NOT about to put
+             * it in spot 0 put it in spot 0 and move whatever
+             * was already in spot 0 to the end. */
+            if( strcmp( "alsa_pcm", tmp_client_name ) == 0 && num_clients > 0 )
+            {
+                /* alsa_pcm goes in spot 0 */
+                strcpy( client_names[ num_clients ], client_names[0] );
+                strcpy( client_names[0], "alsa_pcm" );
+                num_clients++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* put the new client at the end of the client list */
+                strcpy( client_names[ num_clients ], tmp_client_name );
+                num_clients++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    free( jack_ports );
+
+    /* Now we have a list of clients, which will become the list of
+     * PortAudio devices. */
+
+    commonApi->info.deviceCount = num_clients;
+    commonApi->info.defaultInputDevice = 0;
+    commonApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = 0;
+
+    /* there is one global sample rate all clients must conform to */
+
+    globalSampleRate = (double*)MALLOC( sizeof(double) );
+    MEMVERIFY( globalSampleRate );
+    *globalSampleRate = jack_get_sample_rate( jackApi->jack_client );
+
+    commonApi->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)MALLOC( sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) *
+                                                     num_clients );
+    MEMVERIFY(commonApi->deviceInfos);
+
+    /* Create a PaDeviceInfo structure for every client */
+    for( client_index = 0; client_index < num_clients; client_index++ )
+    {
+        char regex_pattern[100];
+        PaDeviceInfo *curDevInfo;
+
+        curDevInfo = (PaDeviceInfo*)MALLOC( sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) );
+        MEMVERIFY( curDevInfo );
+
+        curDevInfo->name = (char*)MALLOC( strlen(client_names[client_index]) + 1 );
+        MEMVERIFY( curDevInfo->name );
+        strcpy( (char*)curDevInfo->name, client_names[client_index] );
+
+        curDevInfo->structVersion = 2;
+        curDevInfo->hostApi = jackApi->hostApiIndex;
+
+        /* JACK is very inflexible: there is one sample rate the whole
+         * system must run at, and all clients must speak IEEE float. */
+        curDevInfo->defaultSampleRate = *globalSampleRate;
+
+        /* To determine how many input and output channels are available,
+         * we re-query jackd with more specific parameters. */
+
+        sprintf( regex_pattern, "%s:.*", client_names[client_index] );
+
+        /* ... what are your output ports (that we could input to)? */
+        jack_ports = jack_get_ports( jackApi->jack_client, regex_pattern,
+                                     NULL, JackPortIsOutput);
+        curDevInfo->maxInputChannels = 0;
+        for( i = 0; jack_ports[i] != NULL ; i++)
+        {
+            /* The number of ports returned is the number of output channels.
+             * We don't care what they are, we just care how many */
+            curDevInfo->maxInputChannels++;
+        }
+        free(jack_ports);
+
+        /* ... what are your input ports (that we could output to)? */
+        jack_ports = jack_get_ports( jackApi->jack_client, regex_pattern,
+                                     NULL, JackPortIsInput);
+        curDevInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+        for( i = 0; jack_ports[i] != NULL ; i++)
+        {
+            /* The number of ports returned is the number of input channels.
+             * We don't care what they are, we just care how many */
+            curDevInfo->maxOutputChannels++;
+        }
+        free(jack_ports);
+
+        curDevInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+        curDevInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+        curDevInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+        curDevInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.;  /* IMPLEMENT ME */  
+
+        /* Add this client to the list of devices */
+        commonApi->deviceInfos[client_index] = curDevInfo;
+    }
+
+#undef MALLOC
+#undef MEMVERIFY
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+PaError PaJack_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi,
+                           PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackHostApiRepresentation *jackHostApi;
+
+    jackHostApi = (PaJackHostApiRepresentation*)
+        PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaJackHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !jackHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory = NULL;
+
+    /* Try to become a client of the JACK server.  If we cannot do
+     * this, than this API cannot be used. */
+
+    jackHostApi->jack_client = jack_client_new( "PortAudio client" );
+    if( jackHostApi->jack_client == 0 )
+    {
+       /* the V19 development docs say that if an implementation
+        * detects that it cannot be used, it should return a NULL
+        * interface and paNoError */
+       result = paNoError;
+       *hostApi = NULL;
+       goto error;
+    }
+
+    jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    jackHostApi->hostApiIndex = hostApiIndex;
+
+    *hostApi = &jackHostApi->commonHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paInDevelopment;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "JACK Audio Connection Kit";
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;  /* set in BuildDeviceList() */
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice; /* set in BuildDeviceList() */
+
+    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 0; /* set in BuildDeviceList() */
+
+    /* Build a device list by querying the JACK server */
+
+    result = BuildDeviceList( jackHostApi );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+       goto error;
+
+    /* Register functions */
+
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &jackHostApi->callbackStreamInterface,
+                                      CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream,
+                                      IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( jackHostApi )
+    {
+        if( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory );
+        }
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( jackHostApi );
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaJackHostApiRepresentation *jackHostApi = (PaJackHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    jack_client_close( jackHostApi->jack_client );
+
+    if( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( jackHostApi->deviceInfoMemory );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( jackHostApi );
+}
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    /*
+        The following check is not necessary for JACK.
+        
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported
+
+
+        Because the buffer adapter handles conversion between all standard
+        sample formats, the following checks are only required if paCustomFormat
+        is implemented, or under some other unusual conditions.
+        
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+    */
+
+    /* check that the device supports sampleRate */
+    
+#define ABS(x) ( (x) > 0 ? (x) : -(x) )
+    if( ABS(sampleRate - hostApi->deviceInfos[0]->defaultSampleRate) > 1 )
+       return paInvalidSampleRate;
+#undef ABS
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+}
+
+/* PaJackStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaJackStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+
+    /* our input and output ports */
+    jack_port_t **local_input_ports;
+    jack_port_t **local_output_ports;
+
+    /* the input and output ports of the client we are connecting to */
+    jack_port_t **remote_input_ports;
+    jack_port_t **remote_output_ports;
+
+    int num_incoming_connections;
+    int num_outgoing_connections;
+
+    jack_client_t *jack_client;
+
+    /* The stream is running if it's still producing samples.
+     * The stream is active if samples it produced are still being heard.
+     */
+    int is_running;
+    int is_active;
+
+    jack_nframes_t t0;
+    unsigned long total_frames_sent;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *stream_memory;
+}
+PaJackStream;
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackHostApiRepresentation *jackHostApi = (PaJackHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaJackStream *stream = 0;
+    char port_string[100];
+    char regex_pattern[100];
+    const char **jack_ports;
+    int jack_max_buffer_size = jack_get_buffer_size( jackHostApi->jack_client );
+    int i;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+
+    /* the client has no say over the frames per callback */
+
+    if( framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified )
+        framesPerBuffer = jack_max_buffer_size;
+
+    /* Preliminary checks */
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* ... check that the sample rate exactly matches the ONE acceptable rate */
+
+#define ABS(x) ( (x) > 0 ? (x) : -(x) )
+    if( ABS(sampleRate - hostApi->deviceInfos[0]->defaultSampleRate) > 1 )
+       return paInvalidSampleRate;
+#undef ABS
+
+    /* Allocate memory for structuures */
+
+#define MALLOC(size) \
+    (PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( stream->stream_memory, (size) ))
+
+#define MEMVERIFY(ptr) \
+    if( (ptr) == NULL ) \
+    { \
+        result = paInsufficientMemory; \
+        goto error; \
+    }
+
+    stream = (PaJackStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaJackStream) );
+    MEMVERIFY( stream );
+
+    stream->stream_memory = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    stream->jack_client = jackHostApi->jack_client;
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+    stream->local_input_ports =
+        (jack_port_t**) MALLOC(sizeof(jack_port_t*) * inputChannelCount );
+    stream->local_output_ports =
+        (jack_port_t**) MALLOC( sizeof(jack_port_t*) * outputChannelCount );
+    stream->remote_output_ports =
+        (jack_port_t**) MALLOC( sizeof(jack_port_t*) * inputChannelCount );
+    stream->remote_input_ports =
+        (jack_port_t**) MALLOC( sizeof(jack_port_t*) * outputChannelCount );
+
+    MEMVERIFY( stream->local_input_ports );
+    MEMVERIFY( stream->local_output_ports );
+    MEMVERIFY( stream->remote_input_ports );
+    MEMVERIFY( stream->remote_output_ports );
+
+    stream->num_incoming_connections = inputChannelCount;
+    stream->num_outgoing_connections = outputChannelCount;
+
+    if( streamCallback )
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+              &jackHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* we do not support blocking I/O */
+        return paBadIODeviceCombination;
+    }
+
+    /* create the JACK ports.  We cannot connect them until audio
+     * processing begins */
+
+    for( i = 0; i < inputChannelCount; i++ )
+    {
+        sprintf( port_string, "in_%d", i );
+        stream->local_input_ports[i] = jack_port_register(
+              jackHostApi->jack_client, port_string,
+              JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsInput, 0 );
+    }
+
+    for( i = 0; i < outputChannelCount; i++ )
+    {
+        sprintf( port_string, "out_%d", i );
+        stream->local_output_ports[i] = jack_port_register(
+             jackHostApi->jack_client, port_string,
+             JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE, JackPortIsOutput, 0 );
+    }
+
+    /* look up the jack_port_t's for the remote ports.  We could do
+     * this at stream start time, but doing it here ensures the
+     * name lookup only happens once. */
+
+    if( inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        /* ... remote output ports (that we input from) */
+        sprintf( regex_pattern, "%s:.*", hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->name );
+        jack_ports = jack_get_ports( jackHostApi->jack_client, regex_pattern,
+                                     NULL, JackPortIsOutput);
+        for( i = 0; i < inputChannelCount && jack_ports[i]; i++ )
+        {
+            stream->remote_output_ports[i] = jack_port_by_name(
+                 jackHostApi->jack_client, jack_ports[i] );
+        }
+        if( i < inputChannelCount )
+        {
+            /* we found fewer ports than we expected */
+            return paInternalError;
+        }
+        free( jack_ports );  // XXX: this doesn't happen if we exit prematurely
+    }
+
+
+    if( outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        /* ... remote input ports (that we output to) */
+        sprintf( regex_pattern, "%s:.*", hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->name );
+        jack_ports = jack_get_ports( jackHostApi->jack_client, regex_pattern,
+                                     NULL, JackPortIsInput);
+        for( i = 0; i < outputChannelCount && jack_ports[i]; i++ )
+        {
+            stream->remote_input_ports[i] = jack_port_by_name(
+                 jackHostApi->jack_client, jack_ports[i] );
+        }
+        if( i < outputChannelCount )
+        {
+            /* we found fewer ports than we expected */
+            return paInternalError;
+        }
+        free( jack_ports );  // XXX: this doesn't happen if we exit prematurely
+    }
+
+    result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor(
+                  &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                  inputChannelCount,
+                  inputSampleFormat,
+                  paFloat32,            /* hostInputSampleFormat */
+                  outputChannelCount,
+                  outputSampleFormat,
+                  paFloat32,            /* hostOutputSampleFormat */
+                  sampleRate,
+                  streamFlags,
+                  framesPerBuffer,
+                  jack_max_buffer_size,
+                  paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
+                  streamCallback,
+                  userData );
+
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    stream->is_running = FALSE;
+    stream->t0 = -1;/* set the first time through the callback*/
+    stream->total_frames_sent = 0;
+
+    jack_set_process_callback( jackHostApi->jack_client, JackCallback, stream );
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( stream )
+    {
+        if( stream->stream_memory )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( stream->stream_memory );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( stream->stream_memory );
+        }
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+
+#undef MALLOC
+#undef MEMVERIFY
+}
+
+
+static int JackCallback( jack_nframes_t frames, void *userData )
+{
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)userData;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /* IMPLEMENT ME */
+    int callbackResult;
+    int chn;
+    int framesProcessed;
+
+    if( stream->t0 == -1 )
+    {
+        if( stream->num_outgoing_connections == 0 )
+        {
+            /* TODO: how to handle stream time for capture-only operation? */
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* the beginning time needs to be initialized */
+            stream->t0 = jack_frame_time( stream->jack_client ) -
+                         jack_frames_since_cycle_start( stream->jack_client) +
+                         jack_port_get_total_latency( stream->jack_client,
+                                                      stream->local_output_ports[0] );
+        }
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo,
+            0 /* @todo pass underflow/overflow flags when necessary */ );
+
+    for( chn = 0; chn < stream->num_incoming_connections; chn++ )
+    {
+        jack_default_audio_sample_t *channel_buf;
+        channel_buf = (jack_default_audio_sample_t*)
+            jack_port_get_buffer( stream->local_input_ports[chn],
+                                  frames );
+
+        PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                              chn,
+                                              channel_buf );
+    }
+
+    for( chn = 0; chn < stream->num_outgoing_connections; chn++ )
+    {
+        jack_default_audio_sample_t *channel_buf;
+        channel_buf = (jack_default_audio_sample_t*)
+            jack_port_get_buffer( stream->local_output_ports[chn],
+                                  frames );
+
+        PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                               chn,
+                                               channel_buf );
+    }
+
+    if( stream->num_incoming_connections > 0 )
+        PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, frames );
+
+    if( stream->num_outgoing_connections > 0 )
+        PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, frames );
+
+    callbackResult = paContinue;
+    framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                  &callbackResult );
+
+    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+    stream->total_frames_sent += frames;
+
+
+    if( callbackResult == paContinue )
+    {
+        /* nothing special */
+    }
+    else if( callbackResult == paAbort )
+    {
+        /* finish playback immediately  */
+
+        /* TODO: memset 0 the outgoing samples to "cancel" them */
+
+        stream->is_active = FALSE;
+
+        /* return nonzero so we get deactivated (and the callback won't
+         * get called again) */
+        return 1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* User callback has asked us to stop with paComplete or other non-zero value. */
+
+        stream->is_active = FALSE;
+
+        /* return nonzero so we get deactivated (and the callback won't
+         * get called again) */
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+    int i;
+
+    /* start the audio thread */
+
+    jack_activate( stream->jack_client );
+
+    /* connect the ports */
+
+    /* NOTE: I would rather use jack_port_connect which uses jack_port_t's
+     * instead of port names, but it is not implemented yet. */
+    if( stream->num_incoming_connections > 0 )
+    {
+        for( i = 0; i < stream->num_incoming_connections; i++ )
+            jack_connect( stream->jack_client,
+                    jack_port_name(stream->remote_output_ports[i]),
+                    jack_port_name(stream->local_input_ports[i] ) );
+    }
+
+    if( stream->num_outgoing_connections > 0 )
+    {
+        for( i = 0; i < stream->num_outgoing_connections; i++ )
+            jack_connect( stream->jack_client,
+                    jack_port_name(stream->local_output_ports[i]),
+                    jack_port_name(stream->remote_input_ports[i]) );
+    }
+
+    stream->is_running = TRUE;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    /* note: this automatically disconnects all ports, since a deactivated
+     * client is not allowed to have any ports connected */
+    jack_deactivate( stream->jack_client );
+
+    stream->is_running = FALSE;
+
+    /* TODO: block until playback complete */
+
+    stream->is_active = FALSE;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    /* There's no way to cancel samples already submitted, but we can
+     * return immediately */
+
+    /* note: this automatically disconnects all ports, since a deactivated
+     * client is not allowed to have any ports connected */
+    jack_deactivate( stream->jack_client );
+
+    stream->is_running = FALSE;
+    stream->is_active = FALSE;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->is_running == FALSE;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->is_active == TRUE;
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    /* TODO: what if we're recording-only? */
+    return jack_frame_time( stream->jack_client ) - stream->t0;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaJackStream *stream = (PaJackStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3f3f550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2812 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_linux_alsa.c,v 1.1.2.37 2004/08/13 11:22:09 aknudsen Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com
+ * ALSA implementation by Joshua Haberman
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2002 Joshua Haberman <joshua@haberman.com>
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#define ALSA_PCM_NEW_HW_PARAMS_API
+#define ALSA_PCM_NEW_SW_PARAMS_API
+#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>
+#undef ALSA_PCM_NEW_HW_PARAMS_API
+#undef ALSA_PCM_NEW_SW_PARAMS_API
+
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <string.h> /* strlen() */
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+/*#include "../pa_unix/pa_unix_util.h"*/
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+#include "pa_linux_alsa.h"
+
+#undef PA_DEBUG
+#define PA_DEBUG(x) globstring = ""
+static char *globstring;
+
+
+#define MIN(x,y) ( (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y) )
+#define MAX(x,y) ( (x) > (y) ? (x) : (y) )
+
+#define STRINGIZE_HELPER(exp) #exp
+#define STRINGIZE(exp) STRINGIZE_HELPER(exp)
+
+/* Check return value of ALSA function, and map it to PaError */
+#define ENSURE(exp, code) \
+    if( (aErr_ = (exp)) < 0 ) \
+    { \
+        /* PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo should only be used in the main thread */ \
+        if( (code) == paUnanticipatedHostError && pthread_self() == mainThread_ ) \
+        { \
+            PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paALSA, aErr_, snd_strerror( aErr_ ) ); \
+        } \
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint(( "Expression '" #exp "' failed in '" __FILE__ "', line: " STRINGIZE( __LINE__ ) "\n" )); \
+        result = (code); \
+        goto error; \
+    }
+
+/* Check PaError */
+#define PA_ENSURE(exp) \
+    if( (paErr_ = (exp)) < paNoError ) \
+    { \
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint(( "Expression '" #exp "' failed in '" __FILE__ "', line: " STRINGIZE( __LINE__ ) "\n" )); \
+        result = paErr_; \
+        goto error; \
+    }
+
+#define UNLESS(exp, code) \
+    if( (exp) == 0 ) \
+    { \
+        PaUtil_DebugPrint(( "Expression '" #exp "' failed in '" __FILE__ "', line: " STRINGIZE( __LINE__ ) "\n" )); \
+        result = (code); \
+        goto error; \
+    }
+
+static int aErr_;               /* Used with ENSURE */
+static PaError paErr_;          /* Used with PA_ENSURE */
+static int rtPrio_ = -1;
+static pthread_t mainThread_;
+
+typedef enum
+{
+    streamIn,
+    streamOut
+} StreamIO;
+
+/* Threading utility struct */
+typedef struct PaAlsaThreading
+{
+    pthread_t watchdogThread;
+    pthread_t callbackThread;
+    int watchdogRunning;
+    int rtSched;
+    int useWatchdog;
+    unsigned long throttledSleepTime;
+    volatile PaTime callbackTime;
+    volatile PaTime callbackCpuTime;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer *cpuLoadMeasurer;
+} PaAlsaThreading;
+
+/* Implementation specific stream structure */
+typedef struct PaAlsaStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+    PaAlsaThreading threading;
+
+    snd_pcm_t *pcm_capture;
+    snd_pcm_t *pcm_playback;
+
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t frames_per_period;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t playbackBufferSize;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t captureBufferSize;
+    snd_pcm_format_t playbackNativeFormat;
+
+    int capture_channels;
+    int playback_channels;
+
+    int capture_interleaved;    /* bool: is capture interleaved? */
+    int playback_interleaved;   /* bool: is playback interleaved? */
+
+    int callback_mode;          /* bool: are we running in callback mode? */
+    int callback_finished;      /* bool: are we in the "callback finished" state? See if stream has been stopped in background */
+
+    /* the callback thread uses these to poll the sound device(s), waiting
+     * for data to be ready/available */
+    unsigned int capture_nfds;
+    unsigned int playback_nfds;
+    struct pollfd *pfds;
+    int pollTimeout;
+
+    /* these aren't really stream state, the callback uses them */
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t capture_offset;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t playback_offset;
+
+    int pcmsSynced;	            /* Have we successfully synced pcms */
+    int callbackAbort;		    /* Drop frames? */
+    int isActive;                   /* Is stream in active state? (Between StartStream and StopStream || !paContinue) */
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t startThreshold;
+    pthread_mutex_t stateMtx;      /* Used to synchronize access to stream state */
+    pthread_mutex_t startMtx;      /* Used to synchronize stream start in callback mode */
+    pthread_cond_t startCond;      /* Wait untill audio is started in callback thread */
+
+    /* Used by callback thread for underflow/overflow handling */
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t playbackAvail;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t captureAvail;
+    int neverDropInput;
+
+    PaTime underrun;
+    PaTime overrun;
+}
+PaAlsaStream;
+
+/* PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation commonHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface blockingStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex;
+}
+PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation;
+
+typedef struct PaAlsaDeviceInfo
+{
+    PaDeviceInfo commonDeviceInfo;
+    char *alsaName;
+    int isPlug;
+}
+PaAlsaDeviceInfo;
+
+/* Threading utilities */
+
+static void InitializeThreading( PaAlsaThreading *th, PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer *clm )
+{
+    th->watchdogRunning = 0;
+    th->rtSched = 0;
+    th->callbackTime = 0;
+    th->callbackCpuTime = 0;
+    th->useWatchdog = 1;
+    th->throttledSleepTime = 0;
+    th->cpuLoadMeasurer = clm;
+
+    if (rtPrio_ < 0) {
+        rtPrio_ = (sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_FIFO ) - sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_FIFO )) / 2
+            + sched_get_priority_min( SCHED_FIFO );
+    }
+}
+
+static PaError KillCallbackThread( PaAlsaThreading *th, PaError *exitResult, PaError *watchdogExitResult )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    void *pret;
+
+    if( exitResult )
+        *exitResult = paNoError;
+    if( watchdogExitResult )
+        *watchdogExitResult = paNoError;
+
+    if( th->watchdogRunning )
+    {
+        pthread_cancel( th->watchdogThread );
+        UNLESS( !pthread_join( th->watchdogThread, &pret ), paInternalError );
+
+        if( pret && pret != PTHREAD_CANCELED )
+        {
+            if( watchdogExitResult )
+                *watchdogExitResult = *(PaError *) pret;
+            free( pret );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pthread_cancel( th->callbackThread );
+    UNLESS( !pthread_join( th->callbackThread, &pret ), paInternalError );
+
+    if( pret && pret != PTHREAD_CANCELED )
+    {
+        if( exitResult )
+            *exitResult = *(PaError *) pret;
+        free( pret );
+    }
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void OnWatchdogExit( void *userData )
+{
+    int err;
+    PaAlsaThreading *th = (PaAlsaThreading *) userData;
+    struct sched_param spm = { 0 };
+    assert( th );
+
+    err = pthread_setschedparam( th->callbackThread, SCHED_OTHER, &spm );    /* Lower before exiting */
+
+    PA_DEBUG(( "Watchdog exiting\n" ));
+}
+
+static PaError BoostPriority( PaAlsaThreading *th )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    struct sched_param spm = { 0 };
+    spm.sched_priority = rtPrio_;
+
+    assert( th );
+
+    if( pthread_setschedparam( th->callbackThread, SCHED_FIFO, &spm ) != 0 )
+    {
+        UNLESS( errno == EPERM, paInternalError );
+        PA_DEBUG(( "Failed bumping priority\n" ));
+        result = 0;
+    }
+    else
+        result = 1; /* Success */
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void *WatchdogFunc( void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError, *pres = NULL;
+    int err;
+    PaAlsaThreading *th = (PaAlsaThreading *) userData;
+    unsigned intervalMsec = 500;
+    const PaTime maxSeconds = 3.;   /* Max seconds between callbacks */
+    PaTime timeThen = PaUtil_GetTime(), timeNow, timeElapsed, cpuTimeThen, cpuTimeNow, cpuTimeElapsed;
+    double cpuLoad, avgCpuLoad = 0.;
+    int throttled = 0;
+
+    assert( th );
+
+    pthread_cleanup_push( &OnWatchdogExit, th );	/* Execute OnWatchdogExit when exiting */
+
+    /* Boost priority of callback thread */
+    PA_ENSURE( result = BoostPriority( th ) );
+    if( !result )
+    {
+        pthread_exit( NULL );   /* Boost failed, might as well exit */
+    }
+
+    cpuTimeThen = th->callbackCpuTime;
+
+    {
+        int policy;
+        struct sched_param spm = { 0 };
+        pthread_getschedparam( pthread_self(), &policy, &spm );
+        PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Watchdog priority is %d\n", __FUNCTION__, spm.sched_priority ));
+    }
+
+    while( 1 )
+    {
+        double lowpassCoeff = 0.9, lowpassCoeff1 = 0.99999 - lowpassCoeff;
+        
+        /* Test before and after in case whatever underlying sleep call isn't interrupted by pthread_cancel */
+        pthread_testcancel();
+        Pa_Sleep( intervalMsec );
+        pthread_testcancel();
+
+        if( PaUtil_GetTime() - th->callbackTime > maxSeconds )
+        {
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Watchdog: Terminating callback thread\n" ));
+            /* Tell thread to terminate */
+            err = pthread_kill( th->callbackThread, SIGKILL );
+            pthread_exit( NULL );
+        }
+
+        PA_DEBUG(( "%s: PortAudio reports CPU load: %g\n", __FUNCTION__, PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( th->cpuLoadMeasurer ) ));
+
+        /* Check if we should throttle, or unthrottle :P */
+        cpuTimeNow = th->callbackCpuTime;
+        cpuTimeElapsed = cpuTimeNow - cpuTimeThen;
+        cpuTimeThen = cpuTimeNow;
+
+        timeNow = PaUtil_GetTime();
+        timeElapsed = timeNow - timeThen;
+        timeThen = timeNow;
+        cpuLoad = cpuTimeElapsed / timeElapsed;
+        avgCpuLoad = avgCpuLoad * lowpassCoeff + cpuLoad * lowpassCoeff1;
+        /*
+        if( throttled )
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Watchdog: CPU load: %g, %g\n", avgCpuLoad, cpuTimeElapsed ));
+            */
+        if( PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( th->cpuLoadMeasurer ) > .925 )
+        {
+            static int policy;
+            static struct sched_param spm = { 0 };
+            static const struct sched_param defaultSpm = { 0 };
+            PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Throttling audio thread, priority %d\n", __FUNCTION__, spm.sched_priority ));
+
+            pthread_getschedparam( th->callbackThread, &policy, &spm );
+            if( !pthread_setschedparam( th->callbackThread, SCHED_OTHER, &defaultSpm ) )
+            {
+                throttled = 1;
+            }
+            else
+                PA_DEBUG(( "Watchdog: Couldn't lower priority of audio thread: %s\n", strerror( errno ) ));
+
+            /* Give other processes a go, before raising priority again */
+            PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Watchdog sleeping for %lu msecs before unthrottling\n", __FUNCTION__, th->throttledSleepTime ));
+            Pa_Sleep( th->throttledSleepTime );
+
+            /* Reset callback priority */
+            if( pthread_setschedparam( th->callbackThread, SCHED_FIFO, &spm ) != 0 )
+            {
+                PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Couldn't raise priority of audio thread: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, strerror( errno ) ));
+            }
+
+            if( PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( th->cpuLoadMeasurer ) >= .99 )
+                intervalMsec = 50;
+            else
+                intervalMsec = 100;
+
+            /*
+            lowpassCoeff = .97;
+            lowpassCoeff1 = .99999 - lowpassCoeff;
+            */
+        }
+        else if( throttled && avgCpuLoad < .8 )
+        {
+            intervalMsec = 500;
+            throttled = 0;
+
+            /*
+            lowpassCoeff = .9;
+            lowpassCoeff1 = .99999 - lowpassCoeff;
+            */
+        }
+    }
+
+    pthread_cleanup_pop( 1 );   /* Execute cleanup on exit */
+
+error:
+    /* Pass on error code */
+    pres = malloc( sizeof (PaError) );
+    *pres = result;
+    
+    pthread_exit( pres );
+}
+
+static PaError CreateCallbackThread( PaAlsaThreading *th, void *(*CallbackThreadFunc)( void * ), PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    pthread_attr_t attr;
+    int started = 0;
+
+#if defined _POSIX_MEMLOCK && (_POSIX_MEMLOCK != -1)
+    if( th->rtSched )
+    {
+        if( mlockall( MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE ) < 0 )
+        {
+            UNLESS( (errno == EPERM), paInternalError );
+            PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Failed locking memory\n", __FUNCTION__ ));
+        }
+        else
+            PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Successfully locked memory\n", __FUNCTION__ ));
+    }
+#endif
+
+    UNLESS( !pthread_attr_init( &attr ), paInternalError );
+    /* Priority relative to other processes */
+    UNLESS( !pthread_attr_setscope( &attr, PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM ), paInternalError );   
+
+    UNLESS( !pthread_create( &th->callbackThread, &attr, CallbackThreadFunc, s ), paInternalError );
+    started = 1;
+
+    if( th->rtSched )
+    {
+        if( th->useWatchdog )
+        {
+            int err;
+            struct sched_param wdSpm = { 0 };
+            /* Launch watchdog, watchdog sets callback thread priority */
+            wdSpm.sched_priority = MIN( rtPrio_ + 4, sched_get_priority_max( SCHED_FIFO ) );
+
+            UNLESS( !pthread_attr_init( &attr ), paInternalError );
+            UNLESS( !pthread_attr_setinheritsched( &attr, PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED ), paInternalError );
+            UNLESS( !pthread_attr_setscope( &attr, PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM ), paInternalError );
+            UNLESS( !pthread_attr_setschedpolicy( &attr, SCHED_FIFO ), paInternalError );
+            UNLESS( !pthread_attr_setschedparam( &attr, &wdSpm ), paInternalError );
+            if( (err = pthread_create( &th->watchdogThread, &attr, &WatchdogFunc, th )) )
+            {
+                UNLESS( err == EPERM, paInternalError );
+                /* Permission error, go on without realtime privileges */
+                PA_DEBUG(( "Failed bumping priority\n" ));
+            } else
+                th->watchdogRunning = 1;
+        }
+        else
+            PA_ENSURE( BoostPriority( th ) );
+    }
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    if( started )
+        KillCallbackThread( th, NULL, NULL );
+
+    goto end;
+}
+
+static void CallbackUpdate( PaAlsaThreading *th )
+{
+    th->callbackTime = PaUtil_GetTime();
+    th->callbackCpuTime = PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( th->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+PaError PaAlsa_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex );
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *callback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static void CleanUpStream( PaAlsaStream *stream );
+static int SetApproximateSampleRate( snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams, double sampleRate );
+static int GetExactSampleRate( snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams, double *sampleRate );
+
+/* Callback prototypes */
+static void *CallbackThreadFunc( void *userData );
+
+/* Blocking prototypes */
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+
+
+PaError PaAlsa_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation *alsaHostApi = NULL;
+
+    UNLESS( alsaHostApi = (PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation*) PaUtil_AllocateMemory(
+                sizeof(PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation) ), paInsufficientMemory );
+    UNLESS( alsaHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup(), paInsufficientMemory );
+    alsaHostApi->hostApiIndex = hostApiIndex;
+
+    *hostApi = (PaUtilHostApiRepresentation*)alsaHostApi;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paALSA;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "ALSA";
+
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &alsaHostApi->callbackStreamInterface,
+                                      CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream,
+                                      IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &alsaHostApi->blockingStreamInterface,
+                                      CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream,
+                                      IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream,
+                                      GetStreamReadAvailable,
+                                      GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+
+    PA_ENSURE( BuildDeviceList( alsaHostApi ) );
+
+    mainThread_ = pthread_self();
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( alsaHostApi )
+    {
+        if( alsaHostApi->allocations )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( alsaHostApi->allocations );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( alsaHostApi->allocations );
+        }
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( alsaHostApi );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*! \brief Determine max channels and default latencies
+ *
+ * This function provides functionality to grope an opened (might be opened for capture or playback) pcm device for 
+ * traits like max channels, suitable default latencies and default sample rate. Upon error, max channels is set to zero,
+ * and a suitable result returned. The device is closed before returning.
+ */
+static PaError GropeDevice( snd_pcm_t *pcm, int *channels, double *defaultLowLatency,
+        double *defaultHighLatency, double *defaultSampleRate, int isPlug )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t lowLatency = 1024, highLatency = 16384;
+    unsigned int uchans;
+
+    assert( pcm );
+
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_nonblock( pcm, 0 ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParams );
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParams );
+
+    if (*defaultSampleRate != 0.)
+    {
+        /* Could be that the device opened in one mode supports samplerates that the other mode wont have,
+         * so try again .. */
+        if( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, hwParams, *defaultSampleRate ) < 0 )
+        {
+            *defaultSampleRate = 0.;
+            PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Original default samplerate failed, trying again ..\n", __FUNCTION__ ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( *defaultSampleRate == 0. )           /* Default sample rate not set */
+    {
+        unsigned int sampleRate = 44100;        /* Will contain approximate rate returned by alsa-lib */
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_near( pcm, hwParams, &sampleRate, NULL ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        ENSURE( GetExactSampleRate( hwParams, defaultSampleRate ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_max( hwParams, &uchans ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    assert( uchans <= INT_MAX );
+    assert( uchans > 0 );    /* Weird linking issue could cause wrong version of ALSA symbols to be called,
+                                   resulting in zeroed values */
+    *channels = isPlug ? 128 : uchans;   /* XXX: Limit to sensible number (ALSA plugins accept a crazy amount of channels)? */
+    if( isPlug )
+        PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Limiting number of plugin channels to %d\n", __FUNCTION__, *channels ));
+
+    /* TWEAKME:
+     *
+     * Giving values for default min and max latency is not
+     * straightforward.  Here are our objectives:
+     *
+     *         * for low latency, we want to give the lowest value
+     *         that will work reliably.  This varies based on the
+     *         sound card, kernel, CPU, etc.  I think it is better
+     *         to give sub-optimal latency than to give a number
+     *         too low and cause dropouts.  My conservative
+     *         estimate at this point is to base it on 4096-sample
+     *         latency at 44.1 kHz, which gives a latency of 23ms.
+     *         * for high latency we want to give a large enough
+     *         value that dropouts are basically impossible.  This
+     *         doesn't really require as much tweaking, since
+     *         providing too large a number will just cause us to
+     *         select the nearest setting that will work at stream
+     *         config time.
+     */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near( pcm, hwParams, &lowLatency ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* Have to reset hwParams, to set new buffer size */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError ); 
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near( pcm, hwParams, &highLatency ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    *defaultLowLatency = (double) lowLatency / *defaultSampleRate;
+    *defaultHighLatency = (double) highLatency / *defaultSampleRate;
+
+end:
+    snd_pcm_close( pcm );
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    *channels = 0;
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/* Helper struct */
+typedef struct
+{
+    char *alsaName;
+    char *name;
+    int isPlug;
+} DeviceNames;
+
+/* Build PaDeviceInfo list, ignore devices for which we cannot determine capabilities (possibly busy, sigh) */
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation *alsaApi )
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *commonApi = &alsaApi->commonHostApiRep;
+    PaAlsaDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
+    int cardIdx = -1, devIdx = 0;
+    snd_ctl_t *ctl;
+    snd_ctl_card_info_t *card_info;
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    size_t numDeviceNames = 0, maxDeviceNames = 1, i;
+    DeviceNames *deviceNames = NULL;
+    snd_config_t *top;
+    int res;
+    int blocking = SND_PCM_NONBLOCK;
+    if( getenv( "PA_ALSA_INITIALIZE_BLOCK" ) && atoi( getenv( "PA_ALSA_INITIALIZE_BLOCK" ) ) )
+        blocking = 0;
+
+    /* These two will be set to the first working input and output device, respectively */
+    commonApi->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    commonApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
+
+    /* count the devices by enumerating all the card numbers */
+
+    /* snd_card_next() modifies the integer passed to it to be:
+     *      the index of the first card if the parameter is -1
+     *      the index of the next card if the parameter is the index of a card
+     *      -1 if there are no more cards
+     *
+     * The function itself returns 0 if it succeeded. */
+    cardIdx = -1;
+    snd_ctl_card_info_alloca( &card_info );
+    while( snd_card_next( &cardIdx ) == 0 && cardIdx >= 0 )
+    {
+        const char *cardName;
+        char *alsaDeviceName, *deviceName;
+
+        UNLESS( alsaDeviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( alsaApi->allocations,
+                                                        50 ), paInsufficientMemory );
+        snprintf( alsaDeviceName, 50, "hw:%d", cardIdx );
+
+        /* Acquire name of card */
+        if( snd_ctl_open( &ctl, alsaDeviceName, 0 ) < 0 )
+            continue;   /* Unable to open card :( */
+        snd_ctl_card_info( ctl, card_info );
+        snd_ctl_close( ctl );
+        cardName = snd_ctl_card_info_get_name( card_info );
+
+        UNLESS( deviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( alsaApi->allocations,
+                                                        strlen(cardName) + 1 ), paInsufficientMemory );
+        strcpy( deviceName, cardName );
+
+        ++numDeviceNames;
+        if( !deviceNames || numDeviceNames > maxDeviceNames )
+        {
+            maxDeviceNames *= 2;
+            UNLESS( deviceNames = (DeviceNames *) realloc( deviceNames, maxDeviceNames * sizeof (DeviceNames) ),
+                    paInsufficientMemory );
+        }
+
+        deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].alsaName = alsaDeviceName;
+        deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].name = deviceName;
+        deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].isPlug = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Iterate over plugin devices */
+    if( (res = snd_config_search( snd_config, "pcm", &top )) >= 0 )
+    {
+        snd_config_iterator_t i, next;
+        const char *s;
+
+        snd_config_for_each( i, next, top )
+        {
+            char *alsaDeviceName, *deviceName;
+            snd_config_t *n = snd_config_iterator_entry( i ), *tp;
+            if( snd_config_get_type( n ) != SND_CONFIG_TYPE_COMPOUND )
+                continue;
+
+            /* Restrict search to nodes of type "plug" for now */
+            ENSURE( snd_config_search( n, "type", &tp ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            ENSURE( snd_config_get_string( tp, &s ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            if( strcmp( s, "plug" ) )
+                continue;
+
+            /* Disregard standard plugins
+             * XXX: Might want to make the "default" plugin available, if we can make it work
+             */
+            ENSURE( snd_config_get_id( n, &s ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            if( !strcmp( s, "plughw" ) || !strcmp( s, "plug" ) || !strcmp( s, "default" ) )
+                continue;
+
+            UNLESS( alsaDeviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( alsaApi->allocations,
+                                                            strlen(s) + 6 ), paInsufficientMemory );
+            strcpy( alsaDeviceName, s );
+            UNLESS( deviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( alsaApi->allocations,
+                                                            strlen(s) + 1 ), paInsufficientMemory );
+            strcpy( deviceName, s );
+
+            ++numDeviceNames;
+            if( !deviceNames || numDeviceNames > maxDeviceNames )
+            {
+                maxDeviceNames *= 2;
+                UNLESS( deviceNames = (DeviceNames *) realloc( deviceNames, maxDeviceNames * sizeof (DeviceNames) ),
+                        paInsufficientMemory );
+            }
+
+            deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].alsaName = alsaDeviceName;
+            deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].name = deviceName;
+            deviceNames[ numDeviceNames - 1 ].isPlug = 1;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+        PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Iterating over ALSA plugins failed: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, snd_strerror( res ) ));
+
+    /* allocate deviceInfo memory based on the number of devices */
+    UNLESS( commonApi->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+            alsaApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * (numDeviceNames) ), paInsufficientMemory );
+
+    /* allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block */
+    UNLESS( deviceInfoArray = (PaAlsaDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+            alsaApi->allocations, sizeof(PaAlsaDeviceInfo) * numDeviceNames ), paInsufficientMemory );
+
+    /* Loop over list of cards, filling in info, if a device is deemed unavailable (can't get name),
+     * it's ignored.
+     */
+    /* while( snd_card_next( &cardIdx ) == 0 && cardIdx >= 0 ) */
+    for( i = 0, devIdx = 0; i < numDeviceNames; ++i )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+        PaAlsaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[ devIdx ];
+        PaDeviceInfo *commonDeviceInfo = &deviceInfo->commonDeviceInfo;
+
+        /* Zero fields */
+        memset( commonDeviceInfo, 0, sizeof (PaDeviceInfo) );
+
+        /* to determine device capabilities, we must open the device and query the
+         * hardware parameter configuration space */
+
+        /* Query capture */
+        if( snd_pcm_open( &pcm, deviceNames[ i ].alsaName, SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, blocking ) >= 0 )
+        {
+            if( GropeDevice( pcm, &commonDeviceInfo->maxInputChannels,
+                        &commonDeviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency, &commonDeviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency,
+                        &commonDeviceInfo->defaultSampleRate, deviceNames[ i ].isPlug ) != paNoError )
+                continue;   /* Error */
+        }
+                
+        /* Query playback */
+        if( snd_pcm_open( &pcm, deviceNames[ i ].alsaName, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, blocking ) >= 0 )
+        {
+            if( GropeDevice( pcm, &commonDeviceInfo->maxOutputChannels,
+                        &commonDeviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency, &commonDeviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency,
+                        &commonDeviceInfo->defaultSampleRate, deviceNames[ i ].isPlug ) != paNoError )
+                continue;   /* Error */
+        }
+
+        commonDeviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+        commonDeviceInfo->hostApi = alsaApi->hostApiIndex;
+        deviceInfo->alsaName = deviceNames[ i ].alsaName;
+        deviceInfo->isPlug = deviceNames[ i ].isPlug;
+        commonDeviceInfo->name = deviceNames[ i ].name;
+
+        /* A: Storing pointer to PaAlsaDeviceInfo object as pointer to PaDeviceInfo object.
+         * Should now be safe to add device info, unless the device supports neither capture nor playback
+         */
+        if( commonDeviceInfo->maxInputChannels || commonDeviceInfo->maxOutputChannels )
+        {
+            if( commonApi->info.defaultInputDevice == paNoDevice )
+                commonApi->info.defaultInputDevice = devIdx;
+
+            if( commonApi->info.defaultOutputDevice == paNoDevice )
+                commonApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = devIdx;
+
+            commonApi->deviceInfos[ devIdx++ ] = (PaDeviceInfo *) deviceInfo;
+        }
+    }
+    free( deviceNames );
+
+    commonApi->info.deviceCount = devIdx;   /* Number of successfully queried devices */
+
+end:
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    goto end;   /* No particular action */
+}
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation *alsaHostApi = (PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    assert( hostApi );
+
+    if( alsaHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( alsaHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( alsaHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( alsaHostApi );
+}
+
+/* Check against known device capabilities */
+static PaError ValidateParameters( const PaStreamParameters *parameters, const PaAlsaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo, StreamIO io,
+        const PaAlsaStreamInfo *streamInfo )
+{
+    int maxChans;
+
+    assert( parameters );
+
+    if( streamInfo )
+    {
+        if( streamInfo->size != sizeof (PaAlsaStreamInfo) || streamInfo->version != 1 )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        if( parameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+    }
+    if( parameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+    {
+        if( streamInfo )
+            return paNoError;   /* Skip further checking */
+
+        return paInvalidDevice;
+    }
+
+    maxChans = (io == streamIn ? deviceInfo->commonDeviceInfo.maxInputChannels :
+        deviceInfo->commonDeviceInfo.maxOutputChannels);
+    if( parameters->channelCount > maxChans )
+    {
+        return paInvalidChannelCount;
+    }
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+/* Given an open stream, what sample formats are available? */
+
+static PaSampleFormat GetAvailableFormats( snd_pcm_t *pcm )
+{
+    PaSampleFormat available = 0;
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams;
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParams );
+
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParams );
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT ) >= 0)
+        available |= paFloat32;
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32 ) >= 0)
+        available |= paInt32;
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24 ) >= 0)
+        available |= paInt24;
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16 ) >= 0)
+        available |= paInt16;
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8 ) >= 0)
+        available |= paUInt8;
+
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_format( pcm, hwParams, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8 ) >= 0)
+        available |= paInt8;
+
+    return available;
+}
+
+
+static snd_pcm_format_t Pa2AlsaFormat( PaSampleFormat paFormat )
+{
+    switch( paFormat )
+    {
+        case paFloat32:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT;
+
+        case paInt16:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16;
+
+        case paInt24:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24;
+
+        case paInt32:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32;
+
+        case paInt8:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
+
+        case paUInt8:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8;
+
+        default:
+            return SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+}
+
+/* \brief Open an ALSA pcm handle
+ * 
+ * The device to be open can be specified in a custom PaAlsaStreamInfo struct, or it will be a device number. In case of a
+ * device number, it maybe specified through an env variable (PA_ALSA_PLUGHW) that we should open the corresponding plugin
+ * device.
+ */
+static PaError AlsaOpen(snd_pcm_t **pcm, const PaAlsaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo, const PaAlsaStreamInfo
+        *streamInfo, snd_pcm_stream_t streamType )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int ret;
+    const char *deviceName = alloca( 50 );
+
+    if( !streamInfo )
+    {
+        int usePlug = 0;
+        
+        /* If device name starts with hw: and PA_ALSA_PLUGHW is 1, we open the plughw device instead */
+        if( !strncmp( "hw:", deviceInfo->alsaName, 3 ) && getenv( "PA_ALSA_PLUGHW" ) )
+            usePlug = atoi( getenv( "PA_ALSA_PLUGHW" ) );
+        if( usePlug )
+            snprintf( (char *) deviceName, 50, "plug%s", deviceInfo->alsaName );
+        else
+            deviceName = deviceInfo->alsaName;
+    }
+    else
+        deviceName = streamInfo->deviceString;
+
+    if( (ret = snd_pcm_open( pcm, deviceName, streamType, SND_PCM_NONBLOCK )) < 0 )
+    {
+        *pcm = NULL;     /* Not to be closed */
+        ENSURE( ret, ret == -EBUSY ? paDeviceUnavailable : paBadIODeviceCombination );
+    }
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_nonblock( *pcm, 0 ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+end:
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+static PaError TestParameters( const PaStreamParameters *parameters, const PaAlsaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo, const PaAlsaStreamInfo
+        *streamInfo, double sampleRate, snd_pcm_stream_t streamType )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    snd_pcm_t *pcm = NULL;
+    PaSampleFormat availableFormats;
+    PaSampleFormat paFormat;
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *params;
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &params );
+
+    PA_ENSURE( AlsaOpen( &pcm, deviceInfo, streamInfo, streamType ) );
+
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, params );
+
+    ENSURE( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, params, sampleRate ), paInvalidSampleRate );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( pcm, params, parameters->channelCount ), paInvalidChannelCount );
+
+    /* See if we can find a best possible match */
+    availableFormats = GetAvailableFormats( pcm );
+    PA_ENSURE( paFormat = PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( availableFormats, parameters->sampleFormat ) );
+
+end:
+    if( pcm )
+        snd_pcm_close( pcm );
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    int inputChannelCount = 0, outputChannelCount = 0;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    PaError result = paFormatIsSupported;
+    const PaAlsaDeviceInfo *inputDeviceInfo = NULL, *outputDeviceInfo = NULL;
+    const PaAlsaStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo = NULL, *outputStreamInfo = NULL;
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        if( inputParameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+        {
+            assert( inputParameters->device < hostApi->info.deviceCount );
+            inputDeviceInfo = (PaAlsaDeviceInfo *)hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ];
+        }
+        else
+            inputStreamInfo = inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( ValidateParameters( inputParameters, inputDeviceInfo, streamIn, inputStreamInfo ) );
+
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        if( outputParameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+        {
+            assert( outputParameters->device < hostApi->info.deviceCount );
+            outputDeviceInfo = (PaAlsaDeviceInfo *)hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ];
+        }
+        else
+            outputStreamInfo = outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( ValidateParameters( outputParameters, outputDeviceInfo, streamOut, outputStreamInfo ) );
+
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+    }
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported if necessary
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+        Because the buffer adapter handles conversion between all standard
+        sample formats, the following checks are only required if paCustomFormat
+        is implemented, or under some other unusual conditions.
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+    */
+
+    if( inputChannelCount )
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( TestParameters( inputParameters, inputDeviceInfo, inputStreamInfo, sampleRate, SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE ) );
+    }
+
+    if ( outputChannelCount )
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( TestParameters( outputParameters, outputDeviceInfo, outputStreamInfo, sampleRate, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK ) );
+    }
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* see pa_hostapi.h for a list of validity guarantees made about OpenStream parameters */
+
+static PaError ConfigureStream( snd_pcm_t *pcm, int channels, int *interleaved, double *sampleRate,
+                                PaSampleFormat paFormat, unsigned long framesPerBuffer, snd_pcm_uframes_t
+                                *bufferSize, PaTime *latency, int primeBuffers, int callbackMode )
+{
+    /*
+    int numPeriods;
+
+    if( getenv("PA_NUMPERIODS") != NULL )
+        numPeriods = atoi( getenv("PA_NUMPERIODS") );
+    else
+        numPeriods = ( (*latency * sampleRate) / *framesPerBuffer ) + 1;
+
+    PA_DEBUG(( "latency: %f, rate: %f, framesPerBuffer: %d\n", *latency, sampleRate, *framesPerBuffer ));
+    if( numPeriods <= 1 )
+        numPeriods = 2;
+    */
+
+    /* configuration consists of setting all of ALSA's parameters.
+     * These parameters come in two flavors: hardware parameters
+     * and software paramters.  Hardware parameters will affect
+     * the way the device is initialized, software parameters
+     * affect the way ALSA interacts with me, the user-level client. */
+
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams;
+    snd_pcm_sw_params_t *swParams;
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    snd_pcm_access_t accessMode, alternateAccessMode;
+    snd_pcm_format_t alsaFormat;
+    unsigned int numPeriods;
+
+    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParams );
+    snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca( &swParams );
+
+    /* ... fill up the configuration space with all possibile
+     * combinations of parameters this device will accept */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    if( *interleaved )
+    {
+        accessMode = SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED;
+        alternateAccessMode = SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_NONINTERLEAVED;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        accessMode = SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_NONINTERLEAVED;
+        alternateAccessMode = SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED;
+    }
+
+    /* If requested access mode fails, try alternate mode */
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( pcm, hwParams, accessMode ) < 0 ) {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access( pcm, hwParams, alternateAccessMode ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        *interleaved = !(*interleaved);     /* Flip mode */
+    }
+
+    /* set the format based on what the user selected */
+    alsaFormat = Pa2AlsaFormat( paFormat );
+    assert( alsaFormat != SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format( pcm, hwParams, alsaFormat ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* ... set the sample rate */
+    ENSURE( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, hwParams, *sampleRate ), paInvalidSampleRate );
+    ENSURE( GetExactSampleRate( hwParams, sampleRate ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* ... set the number of channels */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( pcm, hwParams, channels ), paInvalidChannelCount );
+
+    /* Set buffer size */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_integer( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size( pcm, hwParams, framesPerBuffer, 0 ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    
+    /* Find an acceptable number of periods */
+    numPeriods = (*latency * *sampleRate) / framesPerBuffer + 1;
+    numPeriods = MAX( numPeriods, 2 );  /* Should be at least 2 periods I think? */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_near( pcm, hwParams, &numPeriods, NULL ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /*
+    PA_DEBUG(( "numperiods: %d\n", numPeriods ));
+    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods ( pcm, hwParams, numPeriods, 0 ) < 0 )
+    {
+        int i;
+        for( i = numPeriods; i >= 2; i-- )
+        {
+            if( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods( pcm, hwParams, i, 0 ) >= 0 )
+            {
+                PA_DEBUG(( "settled on %d periods\n", i ));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    */
+
+    /* Set the parameters! */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size( hwParams, bufferSize ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* Latency in seconds, one period is not counted as latency */
+    *latency = (numPeriods - 1) * framesPerBuffer / *sampleRate;
+
+    /* Now software parameters... */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_current( pcm, swParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold( pcm, swParams, framesPerBuffer ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_stop_threshold( pcm, swParams, *bufferSize ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* Silence buffer in the case of underrun */
+    if( !primeBuffers )
+    {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_threshold( pcm, swParams, 0 ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_silence_size( pcm, swParams, INT_MAX ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+        
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min( pcm, swParams, framesPerBuffer ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_xfer_align( pcm, swParams, 1 ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params_set_tstamp_mode( pcm, swParams, SND_PCM_TSTAMP_MMAP ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+    /* Set the parameters! */
+    ENSURE( snd_pcm_sw_params( pcm, swParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+end:
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    goto end;   /* No particular action */
+}
+
+static void InitializeStream( PaAlsaStream *stream, int callback, PaStreamFlags streamFlags )
+{
+    assert( stream );
+
+    stream->pcm_capture = NULL;
+    stream->pcm_playback = NULL;
+    stream->callback_finished = 0;
+    stream->callback_mode = callback;
+    stream->capture_nfds = 0;
+    stream->playback_nfds = 0;
+    stream->pfds = NULL;
+    stream->pollTimeout = 0;
+    stream->pcmsSynced = 0;
+    stream->callbackAbort = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+    stream->startThreshold = 0;
+    pthread_mutex_init( &stream->stateMtx, NULL );
+    pthread_mutex_init( &stream->startMtx, NULL );
+    pthread_cond_init( &stream->startCond, NULL );
+    stream->neverDropInput = streamFlags & paNeverDropInput;
+    stream->underrun = stream->overrun = 0.0;
+
+    InitializeThreading( &stream->threading, &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *callback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation *alsaHostApi = (PaAlsaHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    const PaAlsaDeviceInfo *inputDeviceInfo = 0, *outputDeviceInfo = 0;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = NULL;
+    PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat = 0, hostOutputSampleFormat = 0;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat = 0, outputSampleFormat = 0;
+    int numInputChannels = 0, numOutputChannels = 0;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerBuffer;
+    PaAlsaStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo = NULL, *outputStreamInfo = NULL;
+    PaTime inputLatency, outputLatency;
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        if( inputParameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+        {
+            assert( inputParameters->device < hostApi->info.deviceCount );
+            inputDeviceInfo = (PaAlsaDeviceInfo*)hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ];
+        }
+        else
+            inputStreamInfo = inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( ValidateParameters( inputParameters, inputDeviceInfo, streamIn, inputStreamInfo ) );
+
+        numInputChannels = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+    }
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        if( outputParameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+        {
+            assert( outputParameters->device < hostApi->info.deviceCount );
+            outputDeviceInfo = (PaAlsaDeviceInfo*)hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ];
+        }
+        else
+            outputStreamInfo = outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( ValidateParameters( outputParameters, outputDeviceInfo, streamOut, outputStreamInfo ) );
+
+        numOutputChannels = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+    }
+
+    /* validate platform specific flags */
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag; /* unexpected platform specific flag */
+
+    /* allocate and do basic initialization of the stream structure */
+
+    UNLESS( stream = (PaAlsaStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaAlsaStream) ), paInsufficientMemory );
+    InitializeStream( stream, (int) callback, streamFlags );    /* Initialize structure */
+
+    if( callback )
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &alsaHostApi->callbackStreamInterface,
+                                               callback, userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &alsaHostApi->blockingStreamInterface,
+                                               callback, userData );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+    /* open the devices now, so we can obtain info about the available formats */
+
+    if( numInputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( AlsaOpen( &stream->pcm_capture, inputDeviceInfo, inputStreamInfo, SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE ) );
+
+        stream->capture_nfds = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_count( stream->pcm_capture );
+
+        hostInputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( GetAvailableFormats( stream->pcm_capture ),
+                                                 inputSampleFormat );
+    }
+
+    if( numOutputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( AlsaOpen( &stream->pcm_playback, outputDeviceInfo, outputStreamInfo, SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK ) );
+
+        stream->playback_nfds = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_count( stream->pcm_playback );
+
+        hostOutputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( GetAvailableFormats( stream->pcm_playback ),
+                                                 outputSampleFormat );
+        stream->playbackNativeFormat = Pa2AlsaFormat( hostOutputSampleFormat );
+    }
+
+    /* If the number of frames per buffer is unspecified, we have to come up with
+     * one.  This is both a blessing and a curse: a blessing because we can optimize
+     * the number to best meet the requirements, but a curse because that's really
+     * hard to do well.  For this reason we also support an interface where the user
+     * specifies these by setting environment variables. */
+    if( framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified )
+    {
+        if( getenv("PA_ALSA_PERIODSIZE") != NULL )
+            framesPerHostBuffer = atoi( getenv("PA_ALSA_PERIODSIZE") );
+        else
+        {
+            /* We need to determine how many frames per host buffer to use.  Our
+             * goals are to provide the best possible performance, but also to
+             * most closely honor the requested latency settings.  Therefore this
+             * decision is based on:
+             *
+             *   - the period sizes that playback and/or capture support.  The
+             *     host buffer size has to be one of these.
+             *   - the number of periods that playback and/or capture support.
+             *
+             * We want to make period_size*(num_periods-1) to be as close as possible
+             * to latency*rate for both playback and capture.
+             *
+             * This is one of those blocks of code that will just take a lot of
+             * refinement to be any good.
+             */
+
+            if( stream->pcm_capture && stream->pcm_playback )
+            {
+                snd_pcm_uframes_t desiredLatency, e;
+                snd_pcm_uframes_t minPeriodSize, minPlayback, minCapture, maxPeriodSize, maxPlayback, maxCapture,
+                    optimalPeriodSize, periodSize;
+                int dir;
+
+                snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParamsPlayback, *hwParamsCapture;
+
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParamsPlayback );
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParamsCapture );
+
+                /* Come up with a common desired latency */
+                pcm = stream->pcm_playback;
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParamsPlayback );
+                ENSURE( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, hwParamsPlayback, sampleRate ), paBadIODeviceCombination );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( pcm, hwParamsPlayback, outputParameters->channelCount ),
+                        paBadIODeviceCombination );
+
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_integer( pcm, hwParamsPlayback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer( pcm, hwParamsPlayback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min( hwParamsPlayback, &minPlayback, &dir ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max( hwParamsPlayback, &maxPlayback, &dir ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+                pcm = stream->pcm_capture;
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParamsCapture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, hwParamsCapture, sampleRate ), paBadIODeviceCombination );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( pcm, hwParamsCapture, inputParameters->channelCount ),
+                        paBadIODeviceCombination );
+
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_integer( pcm, hwParamsCapture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer( pcm, hwParamsCapture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min( hwParamsCapture, &minCapture, &dir ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max( hwParamsCapture, &maxCapture, &dir ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+                minPeriodSize = MAX( minPlayback, minCapture );
+                maxPeriodSize = MIN( maxPlayback, maxCapture );
+
+                desiredLatency = (snd_pcm_uframes_t) (MIN( outputParameters->suggestedLatency, inputParameters->suggestedLatency )
+                    * sampleRate);
+                /* Clamp desiredLatency */
+                {
+                    snd_pcm_uframes_t tmp, maxBufferSize = ULONG_MAX;
+                    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size_max( hwParamsPlayback, &tmp ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                    maxBufferSize = MIN( maxBufferSize, tmp );
+                    ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size_max( hwParamsCapture, &tmp ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                    maxBufferSize = MIN( maxBufferSize, tmp );
+
+                    desiredLatency = MIN( desiredLatency, maxBufferSize );
+                }
+
+                /* Find the closest power of 2 */
+                e = ilogb( minPeriodSize );
+                if( minPeriodSize & (minPeriodSize - 1) )
+                    e += 1;
+
+                periodSize = (snd_pcm_uframes_t) pow( 2, e );
+                while( periodSize <= maxPeriodSize )
+                {
+                    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_period_size( stream->pcm_playback, hwParamsPlayback, periodSize, 0 ) >= 0 &&
+                            snd_pcm_hw_params_test_period_size( stream->pcm_capture, hwParamsCapture, periodSize, 0 ) >= 0 )
+                        break;  /* Ok! */
+
+                    periodSize *= 2;
+                }
+
+                /* 4 periods considered optimal */
+                optimalPeriodSize = MAX( desiredLatency / 4, minPeriodSize );
+                optimalPeriodSize = MIN( optimalPeriodSize, maxPeriodSize );
+
+                /* Find the closest power of 2 */
+                e = ilogb( optimalPeriodSize );
+                if( optimalPeriodSize & (optimalPeriodSize - 1) )
+                    e += 1;
+
+                optimalPeriodSize = (snd_pcm_uframes_t) pow( 2, e );
+                while( optimalPeriodSize >= periodSize )
+                {
+                    pcm = stream->pcm_playback;
+                    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_period_size( pcm, hwParamsPlayback, optimalPeriodSize, 0 ) < 0 )
+                        continue;
+
+                    pcm = stream->pcm_capture;
+                    if( snd_pcm_hw_params_test_period_size( pcm, hwParamsCapture, optimalPeriodSize, 0 ) >= 0 )
+                        break;
+
+                    optimalPeriodSize /= 2;
+                }
+
+                if( optimalPeriodSize > periodSize )
+                    periodSize = optimalPeriodSize;
+
+                if( periodSize <= maxPeriodSize )
+                {
+                    /* Looks good */
+                    framesPerHostBuffer = periodSize;
+                }
+                else    /* XXX: Some more descriptive error code might be appropriate */
+                    PA_ENSURE( paBadIODeviceCombination );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* half-duplex is a slightly simpler case */
+                unsigned long bufferSize, channels;
+                snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams;
+
+                snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca( &hwParams );
+
+                if( stream->pcm_capture )
+                {
+                    pcm = stream->pcm_capture;
+                    bufferSize = inputParameters->suggestedLatency * sampleRate;
+                    channels = inputParameters->channelCount;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    pcm = stream->pcm_playback;
+                    bufferSize = outputParameters->suggestedLatency * sampleRate;
+                    channels = outputParameters->channelCount;
+                }
+
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_any( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( SetApproximateSampleRate( pcm, hwParams, sampleRate ), paBadIODeviceCombination );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels( pcm, hwParams, channels ), paBadIODeviceCombination );
+
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_integer( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_periods_integer( pcm, hwParams ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+                /* Using 5 as a base number of periods, we try to approximate the suggested latency (+1 period),
+                   finding a combination of period/buffer size which best fits these constraints */
+                framesPerHostBuffer = bufferSize / 4;
+                bufferSize += framesPerHostBuffer;   /* One period doesn't count as latency */
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near( pcm, hwParams, &bufferSize ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near( pcm, hwParams, &framesPerHostBuffer, NULL ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerBuffer;
+    }
+
+    /* Will fill in correct values later */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency = 0.;
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = 0.;
+
+    if( numInputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        int interleaved = !(inputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved);
+        PaSampleFormat plain_format = hostInputSampleFormat & ~paNonInterleaved;
+
+        inputLatency = inputParameters->suggestedLatency; /* Real latency in seconds returned from ConfigureStream */
+        PA_ENSURE( ConfigureStream( stream->pcm_capture, numInputChannels, &interleaved,
+                             &sampleRate, plain_format, framesPerHostBuffer, &stream->captureBufferSize,
+                             &inputLatency, 0, stream->callback_mode ) );
+
+        stream->capture_interleaved = interleaved;
+    }
+
+    if( numOutputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        int interleaved = !(outputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved);
+        PaSampleFormat plain_format = hostOutputSampleFormat & ~paNonInterleaved;
+        int primeBuffers = streamFlags & paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback;
+
+        outputLatency = outputParameters->suggestedLatency; /* Real latency in seconds returned from ConfigureStream */
+
+        PA_ENSURE( ConfigureStream( stream->pcm_playback, numOutputChannels, &interleaved,
+                             &sampleRate, plain_format, framesPerHostBuffer, &stream->playbackBufferSize,
+                             &outputLatency, primeBuffers, stream->callback_mode ) );
+
+        /* If the user wants to prime the buffer before stream start, the start threshold will equal buffer size */
+        if( primeBuffers )
+            stream->startThreshold = stream->playbackBufferSize;
+        stream->playback_interleaved = interleaved;
+    }
+    /* Should be exact now */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+    /* Time before watchdog unthrottles realtime thread == 1/4 of period time in msecs */
+    stream->threading.throttledSleepTime = (unsigned long) (framesPerHostBuffer / sampleRate / 4 * 1000);
+
+    PA_ENSURE( PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    numInputChannels, inputSampleFormat, hostInputSampleFormat,
+                    numOutputChannels, outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+                    sampleRate, streamFlags, framesPerBuffer, framesPerHostBuffer,
+                    paUtilFixedHostBufferSize, callback, userData ) );
+
+    /* Ok, buffer processor is initialized, now we can deduce it's latency */
+    if( numInputChannels > 0 )
+        stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency = inputLatency + PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency(
+                &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    if( numOutputChannels > 0 )
+        stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = outputLatency + PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency(
+                &stream->bufferProcessor );
+
+    /* this will cause the two streams to automatically start/stop/prepare in sync.
+     * We only need to execute these operations on one of the pair.
+     * A: We don't want to do this on a blocking stream.
+     */
+    if( stream->callback_mode && stream->pcm_capture && stream->pcm_playback && 
+            snd_pcm_link( stream->pcm_capture, stream->pcm_playback ) >= 0 )
+            stream->pcmsSynced = 1;
+
+    UNLESS( stream->pfds = (struct pollfd*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( (stream->capture_nfds +
+                    stream->playback_nfds) * sizeof(struct pollfd) ), paInsufficientMemory );
+
+    stream->frames_per_period = framesPerHostBuffer;
+    stream->capture_channels = numInputChannels;
+    stream->playback_channels = numOutputChannels;
+    stream->pollTimeout = (int) ceil( 1000 * stream->frames_per_period/sampleRate );    /* Period in msecs, rounded up */
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( stream )
+        CleanUpStream( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+
+    CleanUpStream( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void SilenceBuffer( PaAlsaStream *stream )
+{
+    const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *areas;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t frames = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_playback );
+
+    snd_pcm_mmap_begin( stream->pcm_playback, &areas, &stream->playback_offset, &frames );
+    snd_pcm_areas_silence( areas, stream->playback_offset, stream->playback_channels, frames, stream->playbackNativeFormat );
+    snd_pcm_mmap_commit( stream->pcm_playback, stream->playback_offset, frames );
+}
+
+/*! \brief Start/prepare pcm(s) for streaming
+ *
+ * Depending on wether the stream is in callback or blocking mode, we will respectively start or simply
+ * prepare the playback pcm. If the buffer has _not_ been primed, we will in callback mode prepare and
+ * silence the buffer before starting playback. In blocking mode we simply prepare, as the playback will
+ * be started automatically as the user writes to output. 
+ *
+ * The capture pcm, however, will simply be prepared and started.
+ *
+ * PaAlsaStream::startMtx makes sure access is synchronized (useful in callback mode)
+ */
+static PaError AlsaStart( PaAlsaStream *stream, int priming )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        if( stream->callback_mode )
+        {
+            /* We're not priming buffer, so prepare and silence */
+            if( !priming )
+            {
+                ENSURE( snd_pcm_prepare( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+                SilenceBuffer( stream );
+            }
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_start( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        }
+        else
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_prepare( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+    if( stream->pcm_capture && !stream->pcmsSynced )
+    {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_prepare( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        /* We want to start capture for a blocking stream as well, since nothing will happen otherwise */
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_start( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/*! \brief Utility function for determining if pcms are in running state
+ */
+static int IsRunning( PaAlsaStream *stream )
+{
+    int result = 0;
+
+    pthread_mutex_lock( &stream->stateMtx ); /* Synchronize access to pcm state */
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_state_t capture_state = snd_pcm_state( stream->pcm_capture );
+
+        if( capture_state == SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING || capture_state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN
+                || capture_state == SND_PCM_STATE_DRAINING )
+        {
+            result = 1;
+            goto end;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_state_t playback_state = snd_pcm_state( stream->pcm_playback );
+
+        if( playback_state == SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING || playback_state == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN
+                || playback_state == SND_PCM_STATE_DRAINING )
+        {
+            result = 1;
+            goto end;
+        }
+    }
+
+end:
+    pthread_mutex_unlock( &stream->stateMtx );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    int streamStarted = 0;  /* So we can know wether we need to take the stream down */
+
+    /* Ready the processor */
+    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+
+    /* Set now, so we can test for activity further down */
+    stream->isActive = 1;
+
+    if( stream->callback_mode )
+    {
+        int res = 0;
+        PaTime pt = PaUtil_GetTime();
+        struct timespec ts;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( CreateCallbackThread( &stream->threading, &CallbackThreadFunc, stream ) );
+        streamStarted = 1;
+
+        /* Wait for stream to be started */
+        ts.tv_sec = (time_t) floor( pt + 1 );
+        ts.tv_nsec = (long) ((pt - floor( pt )) * 1000000000);
+
+        /* Since we'll be holding a lock on the startMtx (when not waiting on the condition), IsRunning won't be checking
+         * stream state at the same time as the callback thread affects it. We also check IsStreamActive, in the unlikely
+         * case the callback thread exits in the meantime (the stream will be considered inactive after the thread exits) */
+        UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_lock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+        while( !IsRunning( stream ) && res != ETIMEDOUT && IsStreamActive( s ) )
+        {
+            res = pthread_cond_timedwait( &stream->startCond, &stream->startMtx, &ts );
+            UNLESS( !res || res == ETIMEDOUT, paInternalError );
+        }
+        UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_unlock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+        PA_DEBUG(( "%s: Waited for %g seconds for stream to start\n", __FUNCTION__, PaUtil_GetTime() - pt ));
+
+        if( res == ETIMEDOUT )
+        {
+            PA_ENSURE( paTimedOut );
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( AlsaStart( stream, 0 ) );
+        streamStarted = 1;
+    }
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    if( streamStarted )
+        AbortStream( stream );
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+    
+    goto end;
+}
+
+static PaError AlsaStop( PaAlsaStream *stream, int abort )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    if( abort )
+    {
+        if( stream->pcm_playback )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_drop( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        if( stream->pcm_capture && !stream->pcmsSynced )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_drop( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        PA_DEBUG(( "Dropped frames\n" ));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if( stream->pcm_playback )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_drain( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        if( stream->pcm_capture && !stream->pcmsSynced )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_drain( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/*! \brief Stop or abort stream
+ *
+ * If a stream is in callback mode we will have to inspect wether the background thread has
+ * finished, or we will have to take it out. In either case we join the thread before
+ * returning. In blocking mode, we simply tell ALSA to stop abruptly (abort) or finish
+ * buffers (drain)
+ *
+ * Stream will be considered inactive (!PaAlsaStream::isActive) after a call to this function
+ */
+static PaError RealStop( PaAlsaStream *stream, int abort )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    /* First deal with the callback thread, cancelling and/or joining
+     * it if necessary
+     */
+    if( stream->callback_mode )
+    {
+        PaError threadRes, watchdogRes;
+        stream->callbackAbort = abort;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( KillCallbackThread( &stream->threading, &threadRes, &watchdogRes ) );
+        if( threadRes != paNoError )
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Callback thread returned: %d\n", threadRes ));
+        if( watchdogRes != paNoError )
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Watchdog thread returned: %d\n", watchdogRes ));
+
+        stream->callback_finished = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PA_ENSURE( AlsaStop( stream, abort ) );
+    }
+
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+end:
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    return RealStop( (PaAlsaStream *) s, 0 );
+}
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    return RealStop( (PaAlsaStream * ) s, 1 );
+}
+
+/*!
+ * The stream is considered stopped before StartStream, or AFTER a call to Abort/StopStream (callback
+ * returning !paContinue is not considered)
+ */
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream *)s;
+    PaError res;
+
+    /* callback_finished indicates we need to join callback thread (ie. in Abort/StopStream) */
+    res = !IsStreamActive( s ) && !stream->callback_finished;
+
+    return res;
+}
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    return stream->isActive;
+}
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+
+    snd_timestamp_t timestamp;
+    snd_pcm_status_t *status;
+    snd_pcm_status_alloca( &status );
+
+    /* TODO: what if we have both?  does it really matter? */
+
+    /* TODO: if running in callback mode, this will mean
+     * libasound routines are being called form multiple threads.
+     * need to verify that libasound is thread-safe. */
+
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_capture, status );
+    }
+    else if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_playback, status );
+    }
+
+    snd_pcm_status_get_tstamp( status, &timestamp );
+    PA_DEBUG(( "Time in secs: %d\n", timestamp.tv_sec ));
+
+    return timestamp.tv_sec + (PaTime) timestamp.tv_usec/1000000;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+/*!
+ * \brief Free resources associated with stream, and eventually stream itself
+ *
+ * Frees allocated memory, and closes opened pcms.
+ */
+static void CleanUpStream( PaAlsaStream *stream )
+{
+    assert( stream );
+
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_close( stream->pcm_capture );
+    }
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_close( stream->pcm_playback );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream->pfds );
+    pthread_mutex_destroy( &stream->stateMtx );
+    pthread_mutex_destroy( &stream->startMtx );
+    pthread_cond_destroy( &stream->startCond );
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+}
+
+static int SetApproximateSampleRate( snd_pcm_t *pcm, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams, double sampleRate )
+{
+    unsigned long approx = (unsigned long) sampleRate;
+    int dir = 0;
+    double fraction = sampleRate - approx;
+
+    assert( pcm && hwParams );
+
+    if( fraction > 0.0 )
+    {
+        if( fraction > 0.5 )
+        {
+            ++approx;
+            dir = -1;
+        }
+        else
+            dir = 1;
+    }
+
+    return snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate( pcm, hwParams, approx, dir );
+}
+
+/* Return exact sample rate in param sampleRate */
+static int GetExactSampleRate( snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwParams, double *sampleRate )
+{
+    unsigned int num, den;
+    int err; 
+
+    assert( hwParams );
+
+    err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_numden( hwParams, &num, &den );
+    *sampleRate = (double) num / den;
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+
+/* Utility functions for blocking/callback interfaces */
+
+/* Atomic restart of stream (we don't want the intermediate state visible) */
+static PaError AlsaRestart( PaAlsaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    PA_DEBUG(( "Restarting audio\n" ));
+
+    UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_lock( &stream->stateMtx ), paInternalError );
+    PA_ENSURE( AlsaStop( stream, 0 ) );
+    PA_ENSURE( AlsaStart( stream, 0 ) );
+
+    PA_DEBUG(( "Restarted audio\n" ));
+
+end:
+    if( pthread_mutex_unlock( &stream->stateMtx ) != 0 )
+        result = paInternalError;
+    return result;
+error:
+   goto end;
+}
+
+static PaError HandleXrun( PaAlsaStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    snd_pcm_status_t *st;
+    PaTime now = PaUtil_GetTime();
+    snd_timestamp_t t;
+
+    snd_pcm_status_alloca( &st );
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_playback, st );
+        if( snd_pcm_status_get_state( st ) == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN )
+        {
+            snd_pcm_status_get_trigger_tstamp( st, &t );
+            stream->underrun = now * 1000 - ((PaTime) t.tv_sec * 1000 + (PaTime) t.tv_usec / 1000);
+        }
+    }
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_capture, st );
+        if( snd_pcm_status_get_state( st ) == SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN )
+        {
+            snd_pcm_status_get_trigger_tstamp( st, &t );
+            stream->overrun = now * 1000 - ((PaTime) t.tv_sec * 1000 + (PaTime) t.tv_usec / 1000);
+        }
+    }
+
+    PA_ENSURE( AlsaRestart( stream ) );
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/*! \brief Poll on I/O filedescriptors
+
+  Poll till we've determined there's data for read or write. In the full-duplex case,
+  we don't want to hang around forever waiting for either input or output frames, so
+  whenever we have a timed out filedescriptor we check if we're nearing under/overrun
+  for the other pcm (critical limit set at one buffer). If so, we exit the waiting state,
+  and go on with what we got.
+  */
+static PaError Wait( PaAlsaStream *stream, snd_pcm_uframes_t *frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int pollPlayback = 0, pollCapture = 0;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t captureAvail = INT_MAX, playbackAvail = INT_MAX, commonAvail;
+    int xrun = 0;   /* Under/overrun? */
+
+    assert( stream && frames && stream->pollTimeout > 0 );
+
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+        pollCapture = 1;
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+        pollPlayback = 1;
+
+    while( pollPlayback || pollCapture )
+    {
+	unsigned short revents;
+        int totalFds = 0;
+        int pfdOfs = 0;
+
+        /* get the fds, packing all applicable fds into a single array,
+         * so we can check them all with a single poll() call 
+         */
+        if( stream->pcm_capture && pollCapture )
+        {
+            snd_pcm_poll_descriptors( stream->pcm_capture, stream->pfds, stream->capture_nfds );
+            pfdOfs += stream->capture_nfds;
+            totalFds += stream->capture_nfds;
+        }
+        if( stream->pcm_playback && pollPlayback )
+        {
+            snd_pcm_poll_descriptors( stream->pcm_playback, stream->pfds + pfdOfs, stream->playback_nfds );
+            totalFds += stream->playback_nfds;
+        }
+
+        /* if the main thread has requested that we stop, do so now */
+        pthread_testcancel();
+
+        /* now poll on the combination of playback and capture fds. */
+        if( poll( stream->pfds, totalFds, stream->pollTimeout ) < 0 )
+        {
+            if( errno == EINTR ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            PA_ENSURE( paInternalError );
+        }
+
+        pthread_testcancel();
+
+        /* check the return status of our pfds */
+        if( pollCapture )
+        {
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_revents( stream->pcm_capture, stream->pfds,
+                        stream->capture_nfds, &revents ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            if( revents )
+            {
+                if( revents & POLLERR )
+                    xrun = 1;
+
+                pollCapture = 0;
+            }
+            else if( stream->pcm_playback ) /* Timed out, go on with playback? */ 
+            {
+                /* Less than 1 written period left? */
+                if( (int)snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_playback ) >= (int)(stream->playbackBufferSize - stream->frames_per_period) )
+                {
+                    PA_DEBUG(( "Capture timed out, pollTimeOut: %d\n", stream->pollTimeout ));
+                    pollCapture = 0;    /* Go on without me .. *sob* ... */
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( pollPlayback )
+        {
+            unsigned short revents;
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_revents( stream->pcm_playback, stream->pfds +
+                        pfdOfs, stream->playback_nfds, &revents ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            if( revents )
+            {
+                if( revents & POLLERR )
+                    xrun = 1;
+
+                pollPlayback = 0;
+            }
+            else if( stream->pcm_capture )  /* Timed out, go on with capture? */
+            {
+                /* Less than 1 empty period left? */
+                if( (int)snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_capture ) >= (int)(stream->captureBufferSize - stream->frames_per_period) )
+                {
+                    PA_DEBUG(( "Playback timed out\n" ));
+                    pollPlayback = 0;   /* Go on without me, son .. */
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* we have now established that there are buffers ready to be
+     * operated on.  Now determine how many frames are available.
+     */
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        if( (captureAvail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_capture )) == -EPIPE )
+            xrun = 1;
+        else
+            ENSURE( captureAvail, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        if( !captureAvail )
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Wait: captureAvail: 0\n" ));
+
+        captureAvail = captureAvail == 0 ? INT_MAX : captureAvail;      /* Disregard if zero */
+    }
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        if( (playbackAvail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_playback )) == -EPIPE )
+            xrun = 1;
+        else
+            ENSURE( playbackAvail, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        if( !playbackAvail )
+            PA_DEBUG(( "Wait: playbackAvail: 0\n" ));
+
+        playbackAvail = playbackAvail == 0 ? INT_MAX : playbackAvail;   /* Disregard if zero */
+    }
+    
+
+    commonAvail = MIN( captureAvail, playbackAvail );
+    commonAvail -= commonAvail % stream->frames_per_period;
+
+    if( xrun )
+    {
+        HandleXrun( stream );
+        commonAvail = 0;    /* Wait will be called again, to obtain the number of available frames */
+    }
+
+    assert( commonAvail >= 0 );
+    *frames = commonAvail;
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/* Extract buffer from channel area */
+static unsigned char *ExtractAddress( const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *area, snd_pcm_uframes_t offset )
+{
+    return (unsigned char *) area->addr + (area->first + offset * area->step) / 8;
+}
+
+/*! \brief Get buffers from ALSA for read/write, and determine the amount of frames available.
+ *
+ * Request (up to) requested number of frames from ALSA, for opened pcms. The number of frames returned
+ * will normally be the lowest availble (possibly aligned) of available capture and playback frames.
+ * Underflow/underflow complicates matters however; if we are out of capture frames we will go on with
+ * output, input overflow will either result in discarded frames or we will deliver them (paNeverDropInput).
+*/
+static PaError SetUpBuffers( PaAlsaStream *stream, snd_pcm_uframes_t requested, int alignFrames,
+        snd_pcm_uframes_t *frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int i;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t captureFrames = requested, playbackFrames = requested, commonFrames;
+    const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *areas, *area;
+    unsigned char *buffer;
+
+    assert( stream && frames );
+
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_mmap_begin( stream->pcm_capture, &areas, &stream->capture_offset, &captureFrames ),
+                paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        if( stream->capture_interleaved )
+        {
+            buffer = ExtractAddress( areas, stream->capture_offset );
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                 0, /* starting at channel 0 */
+                                                 buffer,
+                                                 0  /* default numInputChannels */
+                                               );
+        }
+        else
+            /* noninterleaved */
+            for( i = 0; i < stream->capture_channels; ++i )
+            {
+                area = &areas[i];
+                buffer = ExtractAddress( area, stream->capture_offset );
+                PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedInputChannel( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                      i,
+                                                      buffer );
+            }
+    }
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_mmap_begin( stream->pcm_playback, &areas, &stream->playback_offset, &playbackFrames ),
+                paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        if( stream->playback_interleaved )
+        {
+            buffer = ExtractAddress( areas, stream->playback_offset );
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                 0, /* starting at channel 0 */
+                                                 buffer,
+                                                 0  /* default numInputChannels */
+                                               );
+        }
+        else
+            /* noninterleaved */
+            for( i = 0; i < stream->playback_channels; ++i )
+            {
+                area = &areas[i];
+                buffer = ExtractAddress( area, stream->playback_offset );
+                PaUtil_SetNonInterleavedOutputChannel( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                      i,
+                                                      buffer );
+            }
+    }
+
+    if( alignFrames )
+    {
+        playbackFrames -= (playbackFrames % stream->frames_per_period);
+        captureFrames -= (captureFrames % stream->frames_per_period);
+    }
+    commonFrames = MIN( captureFrames, playbackFrames );
+
+    if( stream->pcm_playback && stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        /* Full-duplex, but we are starved for data in either end
+         * If we're out of input, go on. Input buffer will be zeroed.
+         * In the case of output underflow, drop input frames unless stream->neverDropInput.
+         * If we're starved for output, while keeping input, we'll discard output samples.
+         */
+        if( !commonFrames ) 
+        {
+            if( !captureFrames )    /* Input underflow */
+                commonFrames = playbackFrames;  /* We still want output */
+            else if( stream->neverDropInput )    /* Output underflow, but do not drop input */
+                commonFrames = captureFrames;
+        }
+        else    /* Safe to commit commonFrames for both */
+            playbackFrames = captureFrames = commonFrames;
+    }
+    
+    /* Inform PortAudio of the number of frames we got.
+       We might be experiencing underflow in either end; if its an input underflow, we go on
+       with output. If its output underflow however, depending on the paNeverDropInput flag,
+       we may want to simply discard the excess input or call the callback with
+       paOutputOverflow flagged.
+    */
+    if( stream->pcm_capture )
+    {
+        if( captureFrames || !commonFrames )    /* We have input, or neither */
+            PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, commonFrames );
+        else    /* We have input underflow */
+            PaUtil_SetNoInput( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    }
+    if( stream->pcm_playback )
+    {
+        if( playbackFrames || !commonFrames )   /* We have output, or neither */
+            PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, commonFrames );
+        else    /* We have output underflow, but keeping input data (paNeverDropInput) */
+        {
+            PaUtil_SetNoOutput( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* PA_DEBUG(( "SetUpBuffers: captureAvail: %d, playbackAvail: %d, commonFrames: %d\n\n", captureFrames, playbackFrames, commonFrames )); */
+    /* Either of these could be zero, otherwise equal to commonFrames */
+    stream->playbackAvail = playbackFrames;
+    stream->captureAvail = captureFrames;
+
+    *frames = commonFrames;
+
+end:
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/* Callback interface */
+
+static void OnExit( void *data )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream *) data;
+
+    assert( data );
+
+    PaUtil_ResetCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    stream->callback_finished = 1;  /* Let the outside world know stream was stopped in callback */
+    AlsaStop( stream, stream->callbackAbort );
+    stream->callbackAbort = 0;      /* Clear state */
+    
+    PA_DEBUG(( "OnExit: Stoppage\n" ));
+
+    /* Eventually notify user all buffers have played */
+    if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback )
+        stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+}
+
+/* \brief Callback thread's function
+ *
+ * Roughly, the workflow consists of waiting untill ALSA reports available frames, and then consuming these frames in an inner loop
+ * till we must wait for more. If the inner loop detects an xrun condition however, the data consumption will stop and we go
+ * back to the waiting state.
+ */
+static void *CallbackThreadFunc( void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError, *pres = NULL;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*) userData;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t framesAvail, framesGot, framesProcessed;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t startThreshold = stream->startThreshold;
+    snd_pcm_status_t *capture_status, *playback_status;
+
+    assert( userData );
+
+    /* Allocation should happen here, once per iteration is no good */
+    snd_pcm_status_alloca( &capture_status );
+    snd_pcm_status_alloca( &playback_status );
+
+    pthread_cleanup_push( &OnExit, stream );	/* Execute OnExit when exiting */
+
+    if( startThreshold <= 0 )
+    {
+        UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_lock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+        PA_ENSURE( AlsaStart( stream, 0 ) );    /* Buffer will be zeroed */
+        UNLESS( !pthread_cond_signal( &stream->startCond ), paInternalError );
+        UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_unlock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+    }
+    else /* Priming output? Prepare first */
+    {
+        if( stream->pcm_playback )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_prepare( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        if( stream->pcm_capture && !stream->pcmsSynced )
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_prepare( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+    while( 1 )
+    {
+        PaError callbackResult;
+	PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0};
+        PaStreamCallbackFlags cbFlags = 0;
+
+        pthread_testcancel();
+
+        {
+            /* calculate time info */
+            snd_timestamp_t capture_timestamp, playback_timestamp;
+            PaTime capture_time = 0., playback_time = 0.;
+
+            if( stream->pcm_capture )
+            {
+                snd_pcm_sframes_t capture_delay;
+
+                snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_capture, capture_status );
+                snd_pcm_status_get_tstamp( capture_status, &capture_timestamp );
+
+                capture_time = capture_timestamp.tv_sec +
+                                     ((PaTime)capture_timestamp.tv_usec/1000000);
+                timeInfo.currentTime = capture_time;
+
+                capture_delay = snd_pcm_status_get_delay( capture_status );
+                timeInfo.inputBufferAdcTime = timeInfo.currentTime -
+                    (PaTime)capture_delay / stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate;
+            }
+            if( stream->pcm_playback )
+            {
+                snd_pcm_sframes_t playback_delay;
+
+                snd_pcm_status( stream->pcm_playback, playback_status );
+                snd_pcm_status_get_tstamp( playback_status, &playback_timestamp );
+
+                playback_time = playback_timestamp.tv_sec +
+                                     ((PaTime)playback_timestamp.tv_usec/1000000);
+
+                if( stream->pcm_capture ) /* Full duplex */
+                {
+                    /* Hmm, we have both a playback and a capture timestamp.
+                     * Hopefully they are the same... */
+                    if( fabs( capture_time - playback_time ) > 0.01 )
+                        PA_DEBUG(("Capture time and playback time differ by %f\n", fabs(capture_time-playback_time)));
+                }
+                else
+                    timeInfo.currentTime = playback_time;
+
+                playback_delay = snd_pcm_status_get_delay( playback_status );
+                timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime = timeInfo.currentTime +
+                    (PaTime)playback_delay / stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* Set callback flags *after* one of these has been detected */
+        if( stream->underrun != 0.0 )
+        {
+            cbFlags |= paOutputUnderflow;
+            stream->underrun = 0.0;
+        }
+        if( stream->overrun != 0.0 )
+        {
+            cbFlags |= paInputOverflow;
+            stream->overrun = 0.0;
+        }
+
+        PA_ENSURE( Wait( stream, &framesAvail ) );
+        while( framesAvail > 0 )
+        {
+            pthread_testcancel();
+
+            /* Priming output */
+            if( startThreshold > 0 )
+            {
+                PA_DEBUG(( "CallbackThreadFunc: Priming\n" ));
+                cbFlags |= paPrimingOutput;
+                framesAvail = MIN( (int)framesAvail, (int)startThreshold );
+            }
+
+            /* now we know the soundcard is ready to produce/receive at least
+             * one period.  we just need to get the buffers for the client
+             * to read/write. */
+            PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo, cbFlags );
+
+            PA_ENSURE( SetUpBuffers( stream, framesAvail, 1, &framesGot ) );
+            /* Check for under/overflow */
+            if( stream->pcm_playback && stream->pcm_capture )
+            {
+                if( !stream->captureAvail )
+                {
+                    cbFlags |= paInputUnderflow;
+                    PA_DEBUG(( "Input underflow\n" ));
+                }
+                if( !stream->playbackAvail )
+                {
+                    if( !framesGot )    /* The normal case, dropping input */
+                    {
+                        cbFlags |= paInputOverflow;
+                        PA_DEBUG(( "Input overflow\n" ));
+                    }
+                    else                /* Keeping input (paNeverDropInput) */
+                    {
+                        cbFlags |= paOutputOverflow;
+                        PA_DEBUG(( "Output overflow\n" ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+            callbackResult = paContinue;
+
+            CallbackUpdate( &stream->threading );   /* Report to watchdog */
+            /* this calls the callback */
+            framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                          &callbackResult );
+            PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+
+            /* Inform ALSA how many frames we read/wrote
+               Now, this number may differ between capture and playback, due to under/overflow.
+               If we're dropping input frames, we effectively sink them here.
+             */
+            if( stream->pcm_capture )
+            {
+                int res = snd_pcm_mmap_commit( stream->pcm_capture, stream->capture_offset, stream->captureAvail );
+
+                /* Non-fatal error? Terminate loop (go back to polling for frames)*/
+                if( res == -EPIPE || res == -ESTRPIPE )
+                    framesAvail = 0;
+                else
+                    ENSURE( res, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            }
+            if( stream->pcm_playback )
+            {
+                int res = snd_pcm_mmap_commit( stream->pcm_playback, stream->playback_offset, stream->playbackAvail );
+
+                /* Non-fatal error? Terminate loop (go back to polling for frames) */
+                if( res == -EPIPE || res == -ESTRPIPE )
+                    framesAvail = 0;
+                else
+                    ENSURE( res, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+            }
+
+            /* If threshold for starting stream specified (priming buffer), decrement and compare */
+            if( startThreshold > 0 )
+            {
+                if( (startThreshold -= framesGot) <= 0 )
+                {
+                    UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_lock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+                    PA_ENSURE( AlsaStart( stream, 1 ) );    /* Buffer will be zeroed */
+                    UNLESS( !pthread_cond_signal( &stream->startCond ), paInternalError );
+                    UNLESS( !pthread_mutex_unlock( &stream->startMtx ), paInternalError );
+                }
+            }
+
+            if( callbackResult != paContinue )
+                break;
+
+            framesAvail -= framesGot;
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+            If you need to byte swap outputBuffer, you can do it here using
+            routines in pa_byteswappers.h
+        */
+
+        if( callbackResult != paContinue )
+        {
+            stream->callbackAbort = (callbackResult == paAbort);
+            goto end;
+            
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* This code is unreachable, but important to include regardless because it
+     * is possibly a macro with a closing brace to match the opening brace in
+     * pthread_cleanup_push() above.  The documentation states that they must
+     * always occur in pairs. */
+    pthread_cleanup_pop( 1 );
+
+end:
+    pthread_exit( pres );
+
+error:
+    /* Pass on error code */
+    pres = malloc( sizeof (PaError) );
+    *pres = result;
+    
+    goto end;
+}
+
+/* Blocking interface */
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    signed long err;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t framesGot, framesAvail;
+    void *userBuffer;
+    int i;
+    snd_pcm_t *save;
+
+    assert( stream );
+
+    /* Disregard playback */
+    save =  stream->pcm_playback;
+    stream->pcm_playback = NULL;
+
+    if( !stream->pcm_capture )
+        PA_ENSURE( paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream );
+
+
+    if( stream->overrun )
+    {
+        result = paInputOverflowed;
+        stream->overrun = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.userInputIsInterleaved )
+        userBuffer = buffer;
+    else /* Copy channels into local array */
+    {
+        int numBytes = sizeof (void *) * stream->capture_channels;
+        UNLESS( userBuffer = alloca( numBytes ), paInsufficientMemory );
+        for( i = 0; i < stream->capture_channels; ++i )
+            ((const void **) userBuffer)[i] = ((const void **) buffer)[i];
+    }
+
+    /* Start stream if in prepared state */
+    if( snd_pcm_state( stream->pcm_capture ) == SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED )
+    {
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_start( stream->pcm_capture ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+    while( frames > 0 )
+    {
+        if( (err = GetStreamReadAvailable( stream )) == paInputOverflowed )
+            err = 0;    /* Wait will detect the (unlikely) xrun, and restart capture */
+        PA_ENSURE( err );
+        framesAvail = (snd_pcm_uframes_t) err;
+
+        if( framesAvail == 0 )
+            PA_ENSURE( Wait( stream, &framesAvail ) );
+        framesAvail = MIN( framesAvail, frames );
+
+        PA_ENSURE( SetUpBuffers( stream, framesAvail, 0, &framesGot ) );
+        framesGot = PaUtil_CopyInput( &stream->bufferProcessor, &userBuffer, framesGot );
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_mmap_commit( stream->pcm_capture, stream->capture_offset, framesGot ),
+                paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        frames -= framesGot;
+    }
+
+end:
+    stream->pcm_playback = save;
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    signed long err;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    snd_pcm_uframes_t framesGot, framesAvail;
+    const void *userBuffer;
+    int i;
+    snd_pcm_t *save;
+    
+    /* Disregard capture */
+    save = stream->pcm_capture;
+    stream->pcm_capture = NULL;
+
+    assert( stream );
+    if( !stream->pcm_playback )
+        PA_ENSURE( paCanNotWriteToAnInputOnlyStream );
+
+    if( stream->underrun )
+    {
+        result = paOutputUnderflowed;
+        stream->underrun = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.userOutputIsInterleaved )
+        userBuffer = buffer;
+    else /* Copy channels into local array */
+    {
+        int numBytes = sizeof (void *) * stream->playback_channels;
+        UNLESS( userBuffer = alloca( numBytes ), paInsufficientMemory );
+        for( i = 0; i < stream->playback_channels; ++i )
+            ((const void **) userBuffer)[i] = ((const void **) buffer)[i];
+    }
+
+    while( frames > 0 )
+    {
+        snd_pcm_uframes_t hwAvail;
+
+        PA_ENSURE( err = GetStreamWriteAvailable( stream ) );
+        framesAvail = err;
+        if( framesAvail == 0 )
+            PA_ENSURE( Wait( stream, &framesAvail ) );
+        framesAvail = MIN( framesAvail, frames );
+
+        PA_ENSURE( SetUpBuffers( stream, framesAvail, 0, &framesGot ) );
+        framesGot = PaUtil_CopyOutput( &stream->bufferProcessor, &userBuffer, framesGot );
+        ENSURE( snd_pcm_mmap_commit( stream->pcm_playback, stream->playback_offset, framesGot ),
+                paUnanticipatedHostError );
+
+        frames -= framesGot;
+
+        /* Frames residing in buffer */
+        PA_ENSURE( err = GetStreamWriteAvailable( stream ) );
+        framesAvail = err;
+        hwAvail = stream->playbackBufferSize - framesAvail;
+
+        /* Start stream after one period of samples worth */
+        if( snd_pcm_state( stream->pcm_playback ) == SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED &&
+            hwAvail >= stream->frames_per_period )
+        {
+            ENSURE( snd_pcm_start( stream->pcm_playback ), paUnanticipatedHostError );
+        }
+    }
+
+end:
+    stream->pcm_capture = save;
+    return result;
+error:
+    goto end;
+}
+
+
+/* Return frames available for reading. In the event of an overflow, the capture pcm will be restarted */
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t avail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_capture );
+
+    if( avail < 0 )
+    {
+        if( avail == -EPIPE )
+        {
+            PA_ENSURE( HandleXrun( stream ) );
+            avail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_capture );
+        }
+
+        if( avail == -EPIPE )
+            PA_ENSURE( paInputOverflowed );
+        ENSURE( avail, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+    return avail;
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* Return frames available for writing. In the event of an underflow, the playback pcm will be prepared */
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream*)s;
+    snd_pcm_sframes_t avail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_playback );
+
+    if( avail < 0 )
+    {
+        if( avail == -EPIPE )
+        {
+            PA_ENSURE( HandleXrun( stream ) );
+            avail = snd_pcm_avail_update( stream->pcm_playback );
+        }
+
+        /* avail should not contain -EPIPE now, since HandleXrun will only prepare the pcm */
+        ENSURE( avail, paUnanticipatedHostError );
+    }
+
+    return avail;
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* Extensions */
+
+/* Initialize host api specific structure */
+void PaAlsa_InitializeStreamInfo( PaAlsaStreamInfo *info )
+{
+    info->size = sizeof (PaAlsaStreamInfo);
+    info->hostApiType = paALSA;
+    info->version = 1;
+    info->deviceString = NULL;
+}
+
+void PaAlsa_EnableRealtimeScheduling( PaStream *s, int enable )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream *) s;
+    stream->threading.rtSched = enable;
+}
+
+void PaAlsa_EnableWatchdog( PaStream *s, int enable )
+{
+    PaAlsaStream *stream = (PaAlsaStream *) s;
+    stream->threading.useWatchdog = enable;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46dd0790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_linux_alsa/pa_linux_alsa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef PA_LINUX_ALSA_H
+#define PA_LINUX_ALSA_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef struct PaAlsaStreamInfo
+{
+    unsigned long size;
+    PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType;
+    unsigned long version;
+
+    const char *deviceString;
+}
+PaAlsaStreamInfo;
+
+void PaAlsa_InitializeStreamInfo( PaAlsaStreamInfo *info );
+
+void PaAlsa_EnableRealtimeScheduling( PaStream *s, int enable );
+
+void PaAlsa_EnableWatchdog( PaStream *s, int enable );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_mac/pa_mac_hostapis.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac/pa_mac_hostapis.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e71577e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac/pa_mac_hostapis.c
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_mac_hostapis.c,v 1.1.2.1 2004/05/27 22:39:58 gregpfeil Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library Windows initialization table
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+Mac OS host API initialization function table.
+*/
+
+
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+    
+    PaError PaSkeleton_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    PaError PaMacCore_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    PaError PaMacSm_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    PaError PaJack_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    PaError PaMacAsio_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+PaUtilHostApiInitializer *paHostApiInitializers[] =
+{
+#ifdef PA_USE_COREAUDIO
+    PaMacCore_Initialize,
+#endif
+    
+#ifdef PA_USE_SM
+    PaMacSm_Initialize,
+#endif
+    
+#ifdef PA_USE_JACK
+    PaJack_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PA_USE_ASIO
+    PaMacAsio_Initialize,
+#endif
+    
+    PaSkeleton_Initialize, /* just for testing */
+    
+    0   /* NULL terminated array */
+};
+
+
+int paDefaultHostApiIndex = 0;
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/notes.txt b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/notes.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c79b90e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/notes.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+Notes on Core Audio Implementation of PortAudio
+
+by Phil Burk and Darren Gibbs
+
+Document last updated March 20, 2002
+
+WHAT WORKS
+
+Output with very low latency, <10 msec.
+Half duplex input or output.
+Full duplex on the same CoreAudio device.
+The paFLoat32, paInt16, paInt8, paUInt8 sample formats.
+Pa_GetCPULoad()
+Pa_StreamTime()
+
+KNOWN BUGS OR LIMITATIONS
+
+We do not yet support simultaneous input and output on different 
+devices. Note that some CoreAudio devices like the Roland UH30 look 
+like one device but are actually two different CoreAudio devices. The 
+BuiltIn audio is typically one CoreAudio device.
+
+Mono doesn't work.
+
+DEVICE MAPPING
+
+CoreAudio devices can support both input and output. But the sample 
+rates supported may be different. So we have map one or two PortAudio 
+device to each CoreAudio device depending on whether it supports 
+input, output or both.
+
+When we query devices, we first get a list of CoreAudio devices. Then 
+we scan the list and add a PortAudio device for each CoreAudio device 
+that supports input. Then we make a scan for output devices.
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/pa_mac_core.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/pa_mac_core.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a7d10f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_core/pa_mac_core.c
@@ -0,0 +1,890 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_mac_core.c,v 1.8.2.1 2004/05/27 22:39:58 gregpfeil Exp $
+ * pa_mac_core.c
+ * Implementation of PortAudio for Mac OS X CoreAudio       
+ *                                                                                         
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com
+ *
+ * Authors: Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <CoreAudio/CoreAudio.h>
+#include <AudioToolbox/AudioToolbox.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+// =====  constants  =====
+
+// =====  structs  =====
+#pragma mark structs
+
+// PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation
+typedef struct PaMacCore_HAR
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface blockingStreamInterface;
+    
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+    AudioDeviceID *macCoreDeviceIds;
+}
+PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation;
+
+typedef struct PaMacCore_DI
+{
+    PaDeviceInfo inheritedDeviceInfo;
+}
+PaMacCoreDeviceInfo;
+
+// PaMacCoreStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation
+typedef struct PaMacCore_S
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+    
+    int primeStreamUsingCallback;
+    
+    AudioDeviceID inputDevice;
+    AudioDeviceID outputDevice;
+    
+    // Processing thread management --------------
+//    HANDLE abortEvent;
+//    HANDLE processingThread;
+//    DWORD processingThreadId;
+    
+    char throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload; // 0 -> don't throtte, non-0 -> throttle
+    int processingThreadPriority;
+    int highThreadPriority;
+    int throttledThreadPriority;
+    unsigned long throttledSleepMsecs;
+    
+    int isStopped;
+    volatile int isActive;
+    volatile int stopProcessing; // stop thread once existing buffers have been returned
+    volatile int abortProcessing; // stop thread immediately
+    
+//    DWORD allBuffersDurationMs; // used to calculate timeouts
+}
+PaMacCoreStream;
+
+// Data needed by the CoreAudio callback functions
+typedef struct PaMacCore_CD
+{
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream;
+    PaStreamCallback *callback;
+    void *userData;
+    PaUtilConverter *inputConverter;
+    PaUtilConverter *outputConverter;
+    void *inputBuffer;
+    void *outputBuffer;
+    int inputChannelCount;
+    int outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat;
+    PaSampleFormat outputSampleFormat;
+    PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator;
+}
+PaMacClientData;
+
+// =====  CoreAudio-PortAudio bridge functions =====
+#pragma mark CoreAudio-PortAudio bridge functions
+
+// Maps CoreAudio OSStatus codes to PortAudio PaError codes
+static PaError conv_err(OSStatus error)
+{
+    PaError result;
+    
+    switch (error) {
+        case kAudioHardwareNoError:
+            result = paNoError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareNotRunningError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareUnspecifiedError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareUnknownPropertyError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareBadPropertySizeError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareIllegalOperationError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareBadDeviceError:
+            result = paInvalidDevice; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareBadStreamError:
+            result = paBadStreamPtr; break;
+        case kAudioHardwareUnsupportedOperationError:
+            result = paInternalError; break;
+        case kAudioDeviceUnsupportedFormatError:
+            result = paSampleFormatNotSupported; break;
+        case kAudioDevicePermissionsError:
+            result = paDeviceUnavailable; break;
+        default:
+            result = paInternalError;
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+static AudioStreamBasicDescription *InitializeStreamDescription(const PaStreamParameters *parameters, double sampleRate)
+{
+    struct AudioStreamBasicDescription *streamDescription = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(AudioStreamBasicDescription));
+    streamDescription->mSampleRate = sampleRate;
+    streamDescription->mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
+    streamDescription->mFormatFlags = 0;
+    streamDescription->mFramesPerPacket = 1;
+    
+    if (parameters->sampleFormat & paNonInterleaved) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsNonInterleaved;
+        streamDescription->mChannelsPerFrame = 1;
+        streamDescription->mBytesPerFrame = Pa_GetSampleSize(parameters->sampleFormat);
+        streamDescription->mBytesPerPacket = Pa_GetSampleSize(parameters->sampleFormat);
+    }
+    else {
+        streamDescription->mChannelsPerFrame = parameters->channelCount;
+    }
+    
+    streamDescription->mBytesPerFrame = Pa_GetSampleSize(parameters->sampleFormat) * streamDescription->mChannelsPerFrame;
+    streamDescription->mBytesPerPacket = streamDescription->mBytesPerFrame * streamDescription->mFramesPerPacket;
+    
+    if (parameters->sampleFormat & paFloat32) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 32;
+    }
+    else if (parameters->sampleFormat & paInt32) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 32;
+    }
+    else if (parameters->sampleFormat & paInt24) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 24;
+    }
+    else if (parameters->sampleFormat & paInt16) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 16;
+    }
+    else if (parameters->sampleFormat & paInt8) {
+        streamDescription->mFormatFlags |= kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsSignedInteger;
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 8;
+    }    
+    else if (parameters->sampleFormat & paInt32) {
+        streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 8;
+    }
+    
+    return streamDescription;
+}
+
+static PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *InitializeTimeInfo(const AudioTimeStamp* now, const AudioTimeStamp* inputTime, const AudioTimeStamp* outputTime)
+{
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *timeInfo = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo));
+    
+    timeInfo->inputBufferAdcTime = inputTime->mSampleTime;
+    timeInfo->currentTime = now->mSampleTime;
+    timeInfo->outputBufferDacTime = outputTime->mSampleTime;
+    
+    return timeInfo;
+}
+
+// =====  support functions  =====
+#pragma mark support functions
+
+static void CleanUp(PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi)
+{
+    if( macCoreHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( macCoreHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( macCoreHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+    
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( macCoreHostApi );    
+}
+
+static PaError GetChannelInfo(PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo, AudioDeviceID macCoreDeviceId, int isInput)
+{
+    UInt32 propSize;
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    UInt32 i;
+    int numChannels = 0;
+    AudioBufferList *buflist;
+
+    err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetPropertyInfo(macCoreDeviceId, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration, &propSize, NULL));
+    buflist = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(propSize);
+    err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(macCoreDeviceId, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyStreamConfiguration, &propSize, buflist));
+    if (!err) {
+        for (i = 0; i < buflist->mNumberBuffers; ++i) {
+            numChannels += buflist->mBuffers[i].mNumberChannels;
+        }
+        int frameLatency;
+        propSize = sizeof(UInt32);
+        err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(macCoreDeviceId, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyLatency, &propSize, &frameLatency));
+        if (!err) {
+            double secondLatency = frameLatency / deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate;
+            if (isInput) {
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = numChannels;
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = secondLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = secondLatency;
+            }
+            else {
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = numChannels;
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = secondLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = secondLatency;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory(buflist);
+    
+    return err;
+}
+
+static PaError InitializeDeviceInfo(PaMacCoreDeviceInfo *macCoreDeviceInfo,  AudioDeviceID macCoreDeviceId, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &macCoreDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+    deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+    deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
+    
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    UInt32 propSize;
+
+    err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetPropertyInfo(macCoreDeviceId, 0, 0, kAudioDevicePropertyDeviceName, &propSize, NULL));
+    // FIXME: this allocation should be part of the allocations group
+    char *name = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(propSize);
+    err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(macCoreDeviceId, 0, 0, kAudioDevicePropertyDeviceName, &propSize, name));
+    if (!err) {
+        deviceInfo->name = name;
+    }
+    
+    Float64 sampleRate;
+    propSize = sizeof(Float64);
+    err = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(macCoreDeviceId, 0, 0, kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate, &propSize, &sampleRate));
+    if (!err) {
+        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = sampleRate;
+    }
+
+
+    // Get channel info
+    err = GetChannelInfo(deviceInfo, macCoreDeviceId, 1);
+    err = GetChannelInfo(deviceInfo, macCoreDeviceId, 0);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static PaError InitializeDeviceInfos( PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi;
+    PaMacCoreDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
+
+    // initialise device counts and default devices under the assumption that there are no devices. These values are incremented below if and when devices are successfully initialized.
+    hostApi = &macCoreHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    hostApi->info.deviceCount = 0;
+    hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    
+    UInt32 propsize;
+    AudioHardwareGetPropertyInfo(kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices, &propsize, NULL);
+    int numDevices = propsize / sizeof(AudioDeviceID);
+    hostApi->info.deviceCount = numDevices;
+    if (numDevices > 0) {
+        hostApi->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                                            macCoreHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * numDevices );
+        if( !hostApi->deviceInfos )
+        {
+            return paInsufficientMemory;
+        }
+
+        // allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block
+        deviceInfoArray = (PaMacCoreDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                                macCoreHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaMacCoreDeviceInfo) * numDevices );
+        if( !deviceInfoArray )
+        {
+            return paInsufficientMemory;
+        }
+        
+        macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds = PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(macCoreHostApi->allocations, propsize);
+        AudioHardwareGetProperty(kAudioHardwarePropertyDevices, &propsize, macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds);
+
+        AudioDeviceID defaultInputDevice, defaultOutputDevice;
+        propsize = sizeof(AudioDeviceID);
+        AudioHardwareGetProperty(kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultInputDevice, &propsize, &defaultInputDevice);
+        AudioHardwareGetProperty(kAudioHardwarePropertyDefaultOutputDevice, &propsize, &defaultOutputDevice);
+        
+        UInt32 i;
+        for (i = 0; i < numDevices; ++i) {
+            if (macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[i] == defaultInputDevice) {
+                hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = i;
+            }
+            if (macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[i] == defaultOutputDevice) {
+                hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = i;
+            }
+            InitializeDeviceInfo(&deviceInfoArray[i], macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[i], hostApiIndex);
+            hostApi->deviceInfos[i] = &(deviceInfoArray[i].inheritedDeviceInfo);      
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static OSStatus CheckFormat(AudioDeviceID macCoreDeviceId, const PaStreamParameters *parameters, double sampleRate, int isInput)
+{
+    UInt32 propSize = sizeof(AudioStreamBasicDescription);
+    AudioStreamBasicDescription *streamDescription = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(propSize);
+
+    streamDescription->mSampleRate = sampleRate;
+    streamDescription->mFormatID = 0;
+    streamDescription->mFormatFlags = 0;
+    streamDescription->mBytesPerPacket = 0;
+    streamDescription->mFramesPerPacket = 0;
+    streamDescription->mBytesPerFrame = 0;
+    streamDescription->mChannelsPerFrame = 0;
+    streamDescription->mBitsPerChannel = 0;
+    streamDescription->mReserved = 0;
+
+    OSStatus result = AudioDeviceGetProperty(macCoreDeviceId, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyStreamFormatSupported, &propSize, streamDescription);
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory(streamDescription);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static OSStatus CopyInputData(PaMacClientData* destination, const AudioBufferList *source, unsigned long frameCount)
+{
+    int frameSpacing, channelSpacing;
+    if (destination->inputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved) {
+        frameSpacing = 1;
+        channelSpacing = destination->inputChannelCount;
+    }
+    else {
+        frameSpacing = destination->inputChannelCount;
+        channelSpacing = 1;
+    }
+    
+    AudioBuffer const *inputBuffer = &source->mBuffers[0];
+    void *coreAudioBuffer = inputBuffer->mData;
+    void *portAudioBuffer = destination->inputBuffer;
+    UInt32 i, streamNumber, streamChannel;
+    for (i = streamNumber = streamChannel = 0; i < destination->inputChannelCount; ++i, ++streamChannel) {
+        if (streamChannel >= inputBuffer->mNumberChannels) {
+            ++streamNumber;
+            inputBuffer = &source->mBuffers[streamNumber];
+            coreAudioBuffer = inputBuffer->mData;
+            streamChannel = 0;
+        }
+        destination->inputConverter(portAudioBuffer, frameSpacing, coreAudioBuffer, inputBuffer->mNumberChannels, frameCount, destination->ditherGenerator);
+        coreAudioBuffer += sizeof(Float32);
+        portAudioBuffer += Pa_GetSampleSize(destination->inputSampleFormat) * channelSpacing;
+    }
+}
+
+static OSStatus CopyOutputData(AudioBufferList* destination, PaMacClientData *source, unsigned long frameCount)
+{
+    int frameSpacing, channelSpacing;
+    if (source->outputSampleFormat & paNonInterleaved) {
+        frameSpacing = 1;
+        channelSpacing = source->outputChannelCount;
+    }
+    else {
+        frameSpacing = source->outputChannelCount;
+        channelSpacing = 1;
+    }
+    
+    AudioBuffer *outputBuffer = &destination->mBuffers[0];
+    void *coreAudioBuffer = outputBuffer->mData;
+    void *portAudioBuffer = source->outputBuffer;
+    UInt32 i, streamNumber, streamChannel;
+    for (i = streamNumber = streamChannel = 0; i < source->outputChannelCount; ++i, ++streamChannel) {
+        if (streamChannel >= outputBuffer->mNumberChannels) {
+            ++streamNumber;
+            outputBuffer = &destination->mBuffers[streamNumber];
+            coreAudioBuffer = outputBuffer->mData;
+            streamChannel = 0;
+        }
+        source->outputConverter(coreAudioBuffer, outputBuffer->mNumberChannels, portAudioBuffer, frameSpacing, frameCount, NULL);
+        coreAudioBuffer += sizeof(Float32);
+        portAudioBuffer += Pa_GetSampleSize(source->outputSampleFormat) * channelSpacing;
+    }    
+}
+
+static OSStatus AudioIOProc( AudioDeviceID inDevice,
+                      const AudioTimeStamp* inNow,
+                      const AudioBufferList* inInputData,
+                      const AudioTimeStamp* inInputTime,
+                      AudioBufferList* outOutputData, 
+                      const AudioTimeStamp* inOutputTime,
+                      void* inClientData)
+{
+    PaMacClientData *clientData = (PaMacClientData *)inClientData;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *timeInfo = InitializeTimeInfo(inNow, inInputTime, inOutputTime);
+    
+    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+    
+    AudioBuffer *outputBuffer = &outOutputData->mBuffers[0];
+    unsigned long frameCount = outputBuffer->mDataByteSize / (outputBuffer->mNumberChannels * sizeof(Float32));
+
+    if (clientData->inputBuffer) {
+        CopyInputData(clientData, inInputData, frameCount);
+    }
+    PaStreamCallbackResult result = clientData->callback(clientData->inputBuffer, clientData->outputBuffer, frameCount, timeInfo, paNoFlag, clientData->userData);
+    if (clientData->outputBuffer) {
+        CopyOutputData(outOutputData, clientData, frameCount);
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, frameCount );
+    
+    if (result == paComplete || result == paAbort) {
+        Pa_StopStream(clientData->stream);
+    }
+}
+
+// This is not for input-only streams, this is for streams where the input device is different from the output device
+// TODO: This needs to store the output data in a buffer, to be written to the device the next time AudioOutputProc is called
+static OSStatus AudioInputProc( AudioDeviceID inDevice,
+                         const AudioTimeStamp* inNow,
+                         const AudioBufferList* inInputData,
+                         const AudioTimeStamp* inInputTime,
+                         AudioBufferList* outOutputData, 
+                         const AudioTimeStamp* inOutputTime,
+                         void* inClientData)
+{
+    PaMacClientData *clientData = (PaMacClientData *)inClientData;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *timeInfo = InitializeTimeInfo(inNow, inInputTime, inOutputTime);
+
+    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    AudioBuffer const *inputBuffer = &inInputData->mBuffers[0];
+    unsigned long frameCount = inputBuffer->mDataByteSize / (inputBuffer->mNumberChannels * sizeof(Float32));
+
+    CopyInputData(clientData, inInputData, frameCount);
+    clientData->callback(clientData->inputBuffer, NULL, frameCount, timeInfo, paNoFlag, clientData->userData);
+    
+    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, frameCount );
+}
+
+// This is not for output-only streams, this is for streams where the input device is different from the output device
+static OSStatus AudioOutputProc( AudioDeviceID inDevice,
+                          const AudioTimeStamp* inNow,
+                          const AudioBufferList* inInputData,
+                          const AudioTimeStamp* inInputTime,
+                          AudioBufferList* outOutputData, 
+                          const AudioTimeStamp* inOutputTime,
+                          void* inClientData)
+{
+    PaMacClientData *clientData = (PaMacClientData *)inClientData;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo *timeInfo = InitializeTimeInfo(inNow, inInputTime, inOutputTime);
+
+    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    AudioBuffer *outputBuffer = &outOutputData->mBuffers[0];
+    unsigned long frameCount = outputBuffer->mDataByteSize / (outputBuffer->mNumberChannels * sizeof(Float32));
+
+    clientData->callback(NULL, clientData->outputBuffer, frameCount, timeInfo, paNoFlag, clientData->userData);
+
+    CopyOutputData(outOutputData, clientData, frameCount);
+
+    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &clientData->stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, frameCount );
+}
+
+static PaError SetSampleRate(AudioDeviceID device, double sampleRate, int isInput)
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    
+    double actualSampleRate;
+    UInt32 propSize = sizeof(double);
+    result = conv_err(AudioDeviceSetProperty(device, NULL, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate, propSize, &sampleRate));
+    
+    result = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(device, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyNominalSampleRate, &propSize, &actualSampleRate));
+    
+    if (result == paNoError && actualSampleRate != sampleRate) {
+        result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+    }
+    
+    return result;    
+}
+
+static PaError SetFramesPerBuffer(AudioDeviceID device, unsigned long framesPerBuffer, int isInput)
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    UInt32 preferredFramesPerBuffer = framesPerBuffer;
+    //    while (preferredFramesPerBuffer > UINT32_MAX) {
+    //        preferredFramesPerBuffer /= 2;
+    //    }
+    
+    UInt32 actualFramesPerBuffer;
+    UInt32 propSize = sizeof(UInt32);
+    result = conv_err(AudioDeviceSetProperty(device, NULL, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize, propSize, &preferredFramesPerBuffer));
+    
+    result = conv_err(AudioDeviceGetProperty(device, 0, isInput, kAudioDevicePropertyBufferFrameSize, &propSize, &actualFramesPerBuffer));
+    
+    if (result != paNoError) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+    else if (actualFramesPerBuffer > framesPerBuffer) {
+        result = paBufferTooSmall;
+    }
+    else if (actualFramesPerBuffer < framesPerBuffer) {
+        result = paBufferTooBig;
+    }
+    
+    return result;    
+}
+    
+static PaError SetUpUnidirectionalStream(AudioDeviceID device, double sampleRate, unsigned long framesPerBuffer, int isInput)
+{
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    err = SetSampleRate(device, sampleRate, isInput);
+    err = SetFramesPerBuffer(device, framesPerBuffer, isInput);
+}
+
+// =====  PortAudio functions  =====
+#pragma mark PortAudio functions
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif // __cplusplus
+    
+    PaError PaMacCore_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+    
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif // __cplusplus
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi = (PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    
+    CleanUp(macCoreHostApi);
+}
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi = (PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo;
+    
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    if (inputParameters) {
+        deviceInfo = macCoreHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.deviceInfos[inputParameters->device];
+        if (inputParameters->channelCount > deviceInfo->maxInputChannels)
+            result = paInvalidChannelCount;
+        else if (CheckFormat(macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[inputParameters->device], inputParameters, sampleRate, 1) != kAudioHardwareNoError) {
+            result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+    if (outputParameters && result == paNoError) {
+        deviceInfo = macCoreHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.deviceInfos[outputParameters->device];
+        if (outputParameters->channelCount > deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels)
+            result = paInvalidChannelCount;
+        else if (CheckFormat(macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[outputParameters->device], outputParameters, sampleRate, 0) != kAudioHardwareNoError) {
+            result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi = (PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *)hostApi;
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaMacCoreStream));
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+    stream->isStopped = 1;
+    stream->inputDevice = kAudioDeviceUnknown;
+    stream->outputDevice = kAudioDeviceUnknown;
+    
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                           ( (streamCallback)
+                                             ? &macCoreHostApi->callbackStreamInterface
+                                             : &macCoreHostApi->blockingStreamInterface ),
+                                           streamCallback, userData );
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+    
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+    PaMacClientData *clientData = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaMacClientData));
+    clientData->stream = stream;
+    clientData->callback = streamCallback;
+    clientData->userData = userData;
+    clientData->inputBuffer = 0;
+    clientData->outputBuffer = 0;
+    clientData->ditherGenerator = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator));
+    PaUtil_InitializeTriangularDitherState(clientData->ditherGenerator);
+    
+    if (inputParameters != NULL) {
+        stream->inputDevice = macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[inputParameters->device];
+        clientData->inputConverter = PaUtil_SelectConverter(paFloat32, inputParameters->sampleFormat, streamFlags);
+        clientData->inputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(Pa_GetSampleSize(inputParameters->sampleFormat) * framesPerBuffer * inputParameters->channelCount);
+        clientData->inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        clientData->inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        err = SetUpUnidirectionalStream(stream->inputDevice, sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, 1);
+    }
+    
+    if (err == paNoError && outputParameters != NULL) {
+        stream->outputDevice = macCoreHostApi->macCoreDeviceIds[outputParameters->device];
+        clientData->outputConverter = PaUtil_SelectConverter(outputParameters->sampleFormat, paFloat32, streamFlags);
+        clientData->outputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(Pa_GetSampleSize(outputParameters->sampleFormat) * framesPerBuffer * outputParameters->channelCount);
+        clientData->outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        clientData->outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        err = SetUpUnidirectionalStream(stream->outputDevice, sampleRate, framesPerBuffer, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (inputParameters == NULL || outputParameters == NULL || stream->inputDevice == stream->outputDevice) {
+        AudioDeviceID device = (inputParameters == NULL) ? stream->outputDevice : stream->inputDevice;
+
+        AudioDeviceAddIOProc(device, AudioIOProc, clientData);
+    }
+    else {
+        // using different devices for input and output
+        AudioDeviceAddIOProc(stream->inputDevice, AudioInputProc, clientData);
+        AudioDeviceAddIOProc(stream->outputDevice, AudioOutputProc, clientData);
+    }
+    
+    return err;
+}
+
+// Note: When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+
+    PaUtil_ResetCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    if (stream->inputDevice != kAudioDeviceUnknown) {
+        if (stream->outputDevice == kAudioDeviceUnknown || stream->outputDevice == stream->inputDevice) {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc(stream->inputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+        }
+        else {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc(stream->inputDevice, AudioInputProc));
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc(stream->outputDevice, AudioOutputProc));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        err = conv_err(AudioDeviceRemoveIOProc(stream->outputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+    }
+    
+    return err;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+
+    if (stream->inputDevice != kAudioDeviceUnknown) {
+        if (stream->outputDevice == kAudioDeviceUnknown || stream->outputDevice == stream->inputDevice) {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStart(stream->inputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+        }
+        else {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStart(stream->inputDevice, AudioInputProc));
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStart(stream->outputDevice, AudioOutputProc));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStart(stream->outputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+    }
+    
+    stream->isActive = 1;
+    stream->isStopped = 0;
+    return err;
+}
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError err = paNoError;
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+    
+    if (stream->inputDevice != kAudioDeviceUnknown) {
+        if (stream->outputDevice == kAudioDeviceUnknown || stream->outputDevice == stream->inputDevice) {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStop(stream->inputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+        }
+        else {
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStop(stream->inputDevice, AudioInputProc));
+            err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStop(stream->outputDevice, AudioOutputProc));
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        err = conv_err(AudioDeviceStop(stream->outputDevice, AudioIOProc));
+    }
+    
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+    stream->isStopped = 1;
+    return err;
+}    
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    // TODO: this should be nicer than abort
+    return AbortStream(s);
+}
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+    
+    return stream->isStopped;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->isActive;
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    OSStatus err;
+    PaTime result;
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+
+    AudioTimeStamp *timeStamp = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(AudioTimeStamp));
+    if (stream->inputDevice != kAudioDeviceUnknown) {
+        err = AudioDeviceGetCurrentTime(stream->inputDevice, timeStamp);
+    }
+    else {
+        err = AudioDeviceGetCurrentTime(stream->outputDevice, timeStamp);
+    }
+    
+    result = err ? 0 : timeStamp->mSampleTime;
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory(timeStamp);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaMacCoreStream *stream = (PaMacCoreStream*)s;
+    
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+// As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called for blocking streams.
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    return paInternalError;
+}
+
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    return paInternalError;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    return paInternalError;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    return paInternalError;
+}
+
+// HostAPI-specific initialization function
+PaError PaMacCore_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *macCoreHostApi = (PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaMacCoreHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !macCoreHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    
+    macCoreHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !macCoreHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    
+    *hostApi = &macCoreHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paCoreAudio;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "CoreAudio";
+
+    result = InitializeDeviceInfos(macCoreHostApi, hostApiIndex);
+    if (result != paNoError) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    
+    // Set up the proper callbacks to this HostApi's functions
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+    
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &macCoreHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+    
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &macCoreHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+    
+    return result;
+    
+error:
+        if( macCoreHostApi ) {
+            CleanUp(macCoreHostApi);
+        }
+    
+    return result;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_sm/pa_mac_sm.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_sm/pa_mac_sm.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59457ded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_mac_sm/pa_mac_sm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1656 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_mac_sm.c,v 1.1.2.1 2002/06/07 21:20:48 rossb Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library for Macintosh
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Special thanks to Chris Rolfe for his many helpful suggestions, bug fixes,
+ * and code contributions.
+ * Thanks also to Tue Haste Andersen, Alberto Ricci, Nico Wald,
+ * Roelf Toxopeus and Tom Erbe for testing the code and making
+ * numerous suggestions.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+/* Modification History
+   PLB20010415 - ScanInputDevices was setting sDefaultOutputDeviceID instead of sDefaultInputDeviceID
+   PLB20010415 - Device Scan was crashing for anything other than siBadSoundInDevice, but some Macs may return other errors!
+   PLB20010420 - Fix TIMEOUT in record mode.
+   PLB20010420 - Change CARBON_COMPATIBLE to TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
+   PLB20010907 - Pass unused event to WaitNextEvent to prevent Mac OSX crash. Thanks Dominic Mazzoni.
+   PLB20010908 - Use requested number of input channels. Thanks Dominic Mazzoni.
+   PLB20011009 - Use NewSndCallBackUPP() for CARBON
+   PLB20020417 - I used to call Pa_GetMinNumBuffers() which doesn't take into account the
+                 variable minFramesPerHostBuffer. Now I call PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers() which will
+                 give lower latency when virtual memory is turned off.
+                 Thanks Kristoffer Jensen and Georgios Marentakis for spotting this bug.
+   PLB20020423 - Use new method to calculate CPU load similar to other ports. Based on num frames calculated.
+                 Fixed Pa_StreamTime(). Now estimates how many frames have played based on MicroSecond timer.
+                 Added PA_MAX_USAGE_ALLOWED to prevent Mac form hanging when CPU load approaches 100%.
+   PLB20020424 - Fixed return value in Pa_StreamTime
+*/
+
+/*
+COMPATIBILITY
+This Macintosh implementation is designed for use with Mac OS 7, 8 and
+9 on PowerMacs, and OS X if compiled with CARBON
+ 
+OUTPUT
+A circular array of CmpSoundHeaders is used as a queue. For low latency situations
+there will only be two small buffers used. For higher latency, more and larger buffers
+may be used.
+To play the sound we use SndDoCommand() with bufferCmd. Each buffer is followed
+by a callbackCmd which informs us when the buffer has been processsed.
+ 
+INPUT
+The SndInput Manager SPBRecord call is used for sound input. If only
+input is used, then the PA user callback is called from the Input completion proc.
+For full-duplex, or output only operation, the PA callback is called from the
+HostBuffer output completion proc. In that case, input sound is passed to the
+callback by a simple FIFO.
+ 
+TODO:
+O- Add support for native sample data formats other than int16.
+O- Review buffer sizing. Should it be based on result of siDeviceBufferInfo query?
+O- Determine default devices somehow.
+*/
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <memory.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+/* Mac specific includes */
+#include "OSUtils.h"
+#include <MacTypes.h>
+#include <Math64.h>
+#include <Errors.h>
+#include <Sound.h>
+#include <SoundInput.h>
+#include <SoundComponents.h>
+#include <Devices.h>
+#include <DateTimeUtils.h>
+#include <Timer.h>
+#include <Gestalt.h>
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_host.h"
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+
+#ifndef FALSE
+ #define FALSE  (0)
+ #define TRUE   (!FALSE)
+#endif
+
+/* #define TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON (1) */
+
+/*
+ * Define maximum CPU load that will be allowed. User callback will
+ * be skipped if load exceeds this limit. This is to prevent the Mac
+ * from hanging when the CPU is hogged by the sound thread.
+ * On my PowerBook G3, the mac hung when I used 94% of CPU ( usage = 0.94 ).
+ */
+#define PA_MAX_USAGE_ALLOWED    (0.92)
+
+/* Debugging output macros. */
+#define PRINT(x) { printf x; fflush(stdout); }
+#define ERR_RPT(x) PRINT(x)
+#define DBUG(x)   /* PRINT(x) /**/
+#define DBUGX(x)  /* PRINT(x) /**/
+
+#define MAC_PHYSICAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER   (512)  /* Minimum number of stereo frames per SoundManager double buffer. */
+#define MAC_VIRTUAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER   (4096) /* Need this many when using Virtual Memory for recording. */
+#define PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS            (2)
+#define PA_MAX_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS           (16)   /* Do not exceed!! */
+#define PA_MAX_DEVICE_INFO                (32)
+
+/* Conversions for 16.16 fixed point code. */
+#define DoubleToUnsignedFixed(x) ((UnsignedFixed) ((x) * 65536.0))
+#define UnsignedFixedToDouble(fx) (((double)(fx)) * (1.0/(1<<16)))
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+/****************** Structures ******************************************************/
+/************************************************************************************/
+/* Use for passing buffers from input callback to output callback for processing. */
+typedef struct MultiBuffer
+{
+    char    *buffers[PA_MAX_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS];
+    int      numBuffers;
+    int      nextWrite;
+    int      nextRead;
+}
+MultiBuffer;
+
+/* Define structure to contain all Macintosh specific data. */
+typedef struct PaHostSoundControl
+{
+    UInt64                  pahsc_EntryCount;
+	double                  pahsc_InverseMicrosPerHostBuffer; /* 1/Microseconds of real-time audio per user buffer. */
+
+    /* Use char instead of Boolean for atomic operation. */
+    volatile char           pahsc_IsRecording;   /* Recording in progress. Set by foreground. Cleared by background. */
+    volatile char           pahsc_StopRecording; /* Signal sent to background. */
+    volatile char           pahsc_IfInsideCallback;
+    /* Input */
+    SPB                     pahsc_InputParams;
+    SICompletionUPP         pahsc_InputCompletionProc;
+    MultiBuffer             pahsc_InputMultiBuffer;
+    int32                   pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer;
+    int32                   pahsc_InputRefNum;
+    /* Output */
+    CmpSoundHeader          pahsc_SoundHeaders[PA_MAX_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS];
+    int32                   pahsc_BytesPerOutputHostBuffer;
+    SndChannelPtr           pahsc_Channel;
+    SndCallBackUPP          pahsc_OutputCompletionProc;
+    int32                   pahsc_NumOutsQueued;
+    int32                   pahsc_NumOutsPlayed;
+    PaTimestamp             pahsc_NumFramesDone;
+    UInt64                  pahsc_WhenFramesDoneIncremented;
+    /* Init Time -------------- */
+    int32                   pahsc_NumHostBuffers;
+    int32                   pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer;
+    int32                   pahsc_UserBuffersPerHostBuffer;
+    int32                   pahsc_MinFramesPerHostBuffer; /* Can vary depending on virtual memory usage. */
+}
+PaHostSoundControl;
+
+/* Mac specific device information. */
+typedef struct internalPortAudioDevice
+{
+    long                    pad_DeviceRefNum;
+    long                    pad_DeviceBufferSize;
+    Component               pad_Identifier;
+    PaDeviceInfo            pad_Info;
+}
+internalPortAudioDevice;
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+/****************** Data ************************************************************/
+/************************************************************************************/
+static int                 sNumDevices = 0;
+static internalPortAudioDevice sDevices[PA_MAX_DEVICE_INFO] = { 0 };
+static int32               sPaHostError = 0;
+static int                 sDefaultOutputDeviceID;
+static int                 sDefaultInputDeviceID;
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+/****************** Prototypes ******************************************************/
+/************************************************************************************/
+static PaError PaMac_TimeSlice( internalPortAudioStream   *past,  int16 *macOutputBufPtr );
+static PaError PaMac_CallUserLoop( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int16 *outPtr );
+static PaError PaMac_RecordNext( internalPortAudioStream   *past );
+static void    PaMac_StartLoadCalculation( internalPortAudioStream   *past );
+static int     PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers( int minFramesPerHostBuffer, int framesPerBuffer, double sampleRate );
+static double *PaMac_GetSampleRatesFromHandle ( int numRates, Handle h );
+static PaError PaMac_ScanInputDevices( void );
+static PaError PaMac_ScanOutputDevices( void );
+static PaError PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo( Component identifier, internalPortAudioDevice *ipad );
+static PaError PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo( Str255 deviceName, internalPortAudioDevice *ipad );
+static void    PaMac_InitSoundHeader( internalPortAudioStream   *past, CmpSoundHeader *sndHeader );
+static void    PaMac_EndLoadCalculation( internalPortAudioStream   *past );
+static void    PaMac_PlayNext ( internalPortAudioStream *past, int index );
+static long    PaMac_FillNextOutputBuffer( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int index );
+static pascal void PaMac_InputCompletionProc(SPBPtr recParams);
+static pascal void PaMac_OutputCompletionProc (SndChannelPtr theChannel, SndCommand * theCmd);
+static PaError PaMac_BackgroundManager( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int index );
+long PaHost_GetTotalBufferFrames( internalPortAudioStream   *past );
+static int     Mac_IsVirtualMemoryOn( void );
+static void    PToCString(unsigned char* inString, char* outString);
+char *MultiBuffer_GetNextWriteBuffer( MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+char *MultiBuffer_GetNextReadBuffer( MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+int   MultiBuffer_GetNextReadIndex( MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+int   MultiBuffer_GetNextWriteIndex( MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+int   MultiBuffer_IsWriteable(  MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+int   MultiBuffer_IsReadable(  MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+void  MultiBuffer_AdvanceReadIndex(  MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+void  MultiBuffer_AdvanceWriteIndex(  MultiBuffer *mbuf );
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** Simple FIFO index control for multiple buffers.
+** Read and Write indices range from 0 to 2N-1.
+** This allows us to distinguish between full and empty.
+*/
+char *MultiBuffer_GetNextWriteBuffer( MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    return mbuf->buffers[mbuf->nextWrite % mbuf->numBuffers];
+}
+char *MultiBuffer_GetNextReadBuffer( MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    return mbuf->buffers[mbuf->nextRead % mbuf->numBuffers];
+}
+int MultiBuffer_GetNextReadIndex( MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    return mbuf->nextRead % mbuf->numBuffers;
+}
+int MultiBuffer_GetNextWriteIndex( MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    return mbuf->nextWrite % mbuf->numBuffers;
+}
+
+int MultiBuffer_IsWriteable(  MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    int bufsFull = mbuf->nextWrite - mbuf->nextRead;
+    if( bufsFull < 0 ) bufsFull += (2 * mbuf->numBuffers);
+    return (bufsFull < mbuf->numBuffers);
+}
+int MultiBuffer_IsReadable(  MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    int bufsFull = mbuf->nextWrite - mbuf->nextRead;
+    if( bufsFull < 0 ) bufsFull += (2 * mbuf->numBuffers);
+    return (bufsFull > 0);
+}
+void MultiBuffer_AdvanceReadIndex(  MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    int temp = mbuf->nextRead + 1;
+    mbuf->nextRead = (temp >= (2 * mbuf->numBuffers)) ? 0 : temp;
+}
+void MultiBuffer_AdvanceWriteIndex(  MultiBuffer *mbuf )
+{
+    int temp = mbuf->nextWrite + 1;
+    mbuf->nextWrite = (temp >= (2 * mbuf->numBuffers)) ? 0 : temp;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** String Utility by Chris Rolfe
+*/
+static void PToCString(unsigned char* inString, char* outString)
+{
+    long i;
+    for(i=0; i<inString[0]; i++)  /* convert Pascal to C string */
+        outString[i] = inString[i+1];
+    outString[i]=0;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_Term( void )
+{
+    int           i;
+    PaDeviceInfo *dev;
+    double       *rates;
+    /* Free any allocated sample rate arrays. */
+    for( i=0; i<sNumDevices; i++ )
+    {
+        dev =  &sDevices[i].pad_Info;
+        rates = (double *) dev->sampleRates;
+        if( (rates != NULL) ) free( rates ); /* MEM_011 */
+        dev->sampleRates = NULL;
+        if( dev->name != NULL ) free( (void *) dev->name ); /* MEM_010 */
+        dev->name = NULL;
+    }
+    sNumDevices = 0;
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ PaHost_Init() is the library initialization function - call this before
+    using the library.
+*/
+PaError PaHost_Init( void )
+{
+    PaError err;
+    NumVersionVariant version;
+
+    version.parts = SndSoundManagerVersion();
+    DBUG(("SndSoundManagerVersion = 0x%x\n", version.whole));
+
+    /* Have we already initialized the device info? */
+    err = (PaError) Pa_CountDevices();
+    if( err < 0 ) return err;
+    else return paNoError;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ PaMac_ScanOutputDevices() queries the properties of all output devices.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_ScanOutputDevices( void )
+{
+    PaError       err;
+    Component     identifier=0;
+    ComponentDescription criteria = { kSoundOutputDeviceType, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    long       numComponents, i;
+
+    /* Search the system linked list for output components  */
+    numComponents = CountComponents (&criteria);
+    identifier = 0;
+    sDefaultOutputDeviceID = sNumDevices; /* FIXME - query somehow */
+    for (i = 0; i < numComponents; i++)
+    {
+        /* passing nil returns first matching component. */
+        identifier = FindNextComponent( identifier, &criteria);
+        sDevices[sNumDevices].pad_Identifier = identifier;
+
+        /* Set up for default OUTPUT devices. */
+        err = PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo( identifier, &sDevices[sNumDevices] );
+        if( err < 0 ) return err;
+        else  sNumDevices++;
+
+    }
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ PaMac_ScanInputDevices() queries the properties of all input devices.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_ScanInputDevices( void )
+{
+    Str255     deviceName;
+    int        count;
+    Handle     iconHandle;
+    PaError    err;
+    OSErr      oserr;
+    count = 1;
+    sDefaultInputDeviceID = sNumDevices; /* FIXME - query somehow */ /* PLB20010415 - was setting sDefaultOutputDeviceID */
+    while(true)
+    {
+        /* Thanks Chris Rolfe and Alberto Ricci for this trick. */
+        oserr = SPBGetIndexedDevice(count++, deviceName, &iconHandle);
+        DBUG(("PaMac_ScanInputDevices: SPBGetIndexedDevice returned %d\n", oserr ));
+#if 1
+        /* PLB20010415 - was giving error for anything other than siBadSoundInDevice, but some Macs may return other errors! */
+        if(oserr != noErr) break; /* Some type of error is expected when count > devices */
+#else
+        if(oserr == siBadSoundInDevice)
+        {  /* it's expected when count > devices */
+            oserr = noErr;
+            break;
+        }
+        if(oserr != noErr)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("ERROR: SPBGetIndexedDevice(%d,,) returned %d\n", count-1, oserr ));
+            sPaHostError = oserr;
+            return paHostError;
+        }
+#endif
+        DisposeHandle(iconHandle);   /* Don't need the icon */
+
+        err = PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo( deviceName, &sDevices[sNumDevices] );
+        DBUG(("PaMac_ScanInputDevices: PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo returned %d\n", err ));
+        if( err < 0 ) return err;
+        else if( err == 1 ) sNumDevices++;
+    }
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+/* Sample rate info returned by using siSampleRateAvailable selector in SPBGetDeviceInfo() */
+/* Thanks to Chris Rolfe for help with this query. */
+#pragma options align=mac68k
+typedef  struct
+{
+    int16                   numRates;
+    UnsignedFixed           (**rates)[]; /* Handle created by SPBGetDeviceInfo */
+}
+SRateInfo;
+#pragma options align=reset
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo()
+** Query information about a named output device.
+** Clears contents of ipad and writes info based on queries.
+** Return one if OK,
+**        zero if device cannot be used,
+**        or negative error.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo( Component identifier, internalPortAudioDevice *ipad )
+{
+    int     len;
+    OSErr   err;
+    PaDeviceInfo *dev =  &ipad->pad_Info;
+    SRateInfo srinfo = {0};
+    int     numRates;
+    ComponentDescription tempD;
+    Handle nameH=nil, infoH=nil, iconH=nil;
+
+    memset( ipad, 0, sizeof(internalPortAudioDevice) );
+
+    dev->structVersion = 1;
+    dev->maxInputChannels = 0;
+    dev->maxOutputChannels = 2;
+    dev->nativeSampleFormats = paInt16; /* FIXME - query to see if 24 or 32 bit data can be handled. */
+
+    /* Get sample rates supported. */
+    err = GetSoundOutputInfo(identifier, siSampleRateAvailable, (Ptr) &srinfo);
+    if(err != noErr)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo: GetSoundOutputInfo siSampleRateAvailable returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    numRates = srinfo.numRates;
+    DBUG(("PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo: srinfo.numRates = 0x%x\n", srinfo.numRates ));
+    if( numRates == 0 )
+    {
+        dev->numSampleRates = -1;
+        numRates = 2;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        dev->numSampleRates = numRates;
+    }
+    dev->sampleRates = PaMac_GetSampleRatesFromHandle( numRates, (Handle) srinfo.rates );
+    /* SPBGetDeviceInfo created the handle, but it's OUR job to release it. */
+    DisposeHandle((Handle) srinfo.rates);
+
+    /* Device name */
+    /*  we pass an existing handle for the component name;
+     we don't care about the info (type, subtype, etc.) or icon, so set them to nil */
+    infoH = nil;
+    iconH = nil;
+    nameH = NewHandle(0);
+    if(nameH == nil)  return paInsufficientMemory;
+    err = GetComponentInfo(identifier, &tempD, nameH, infoH, iconH);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo: GetComponentInfo returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    len = (*nameH)[0] + 1;
+    dev->name = (char *) malloc(len);  /* MEM_010 */
+    if( dev->name == NULL )
+    {
+        DisposeHandle(nameH);
+        return paInsufficientMemory;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PToCString((unsigned char *)(*nameH), (char *) dev->name);
+        DisposeHandle(nameH);
+    }
+
+    DBUG(("PaMac_QueryOutputDeviceInfo: dev->name = %s\n", dev->name ));
+    return paNoError;
+
+error:
+    sPaHostError = err;
+    return paHostError;
+
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo()
+** Query information about a named input device.
+** Clears contents of ipad and writes info based on queries.
+** Return one if OK,
+**        zero if device cannot be used,
+**        or negative error.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo( Str255 deviceName, internalPortAudioDevice *ipad )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int     len;
+    OSErr   err;
+    long    mRefNum = 0;
+    long    tempL;
+    int16   tempS;
+    Fixed   tempF;
+    PaDeviceInfo *dev =  &ipad->pad_Info;
+    SRateInfo srinfo = {0};
+    int     numRates;
+
+    memset( ipad, 0, sizeof(internalPortAudioDevice) );
+    dev->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+
+    /* Open device based on name. If device is in use, it may not be able to open in write mode. */
+    err = SPBOpenDevice( deviceName, siWritePermission, &mRefNum);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        /* If device is in use, it may not be able to open in write mode so try read mode. */
+        err = SPBOpenDevice( deviceName, siReadPermission, &mRefNum);
+        if (err)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBOpenDevice returned %d\n", err ));
+            sPaHostError = err;
+            return paHostError;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Define macros for printing out device info. */
+#define PrintDeviceInfo(selector,var) \
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, selector, (Ptr) &var); \
+    if (err) { \
+        DBUG(("query %s failed\n", #selector )); \
+    }\
+    else { \
+        DBUG(("query %s = 0x%x\n", #selector, var )); \
+    }
+
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siContinuous, tempS );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siAsync, tempS );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siNumberChannels, tempS );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siSampleSize, tempS );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siSampleRate, tempF );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siChannelAvailable, tempS );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siActiveChannels, tempL );
+    PrintDeviceInfo( siDeviceBufferInfo, tempL );
+
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siActiveChannels, (Ptr) &tempL);
+    if (err == 0) DBUG(("%s = 0x%x\n", "siActiveChannels", tempL ));
+    /* Can we use this device? */
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siAsync, (Ptr) &tempS);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBGetDeviceInfo siAsync returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if( tempS == 0 ) goto useless; /* Does not support async recording so forget about it. */
+
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siChannelAvailable, (Ptr) &tempS);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBGetDeviceInfo siChannelAvailable returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    dev->maxInputChannels = tempS;
+
+    /* Get sample rates supported. */
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siSampleRateAvailable, (Ptr) &srinfo);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBGetDeviceInfo siSampleRateAvailable returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    numRates = srinfo.numRates;
+    DBUG(("numRates = 0x%x\n", numRates ));
+    if( numRates == 0 )
+    {
+        dev->numSampleRates = -1;
+        numRates = 2;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        dev->numSampleRates = numRates;
+    }
+    dev->sampleRates = PaMac_GetSampleRatesFromHandle( numRates, (Handle) srinfo.rates );
+    /* SPBGetDeviceInfo created the handle, but it's OUR job to release it. */
+    DisposeHandle((Handle) srinfo.rates);
+
+    /* Get size of device buffer. */
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siDeviceBufferInfo, (Ptr) &tempL);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBGetDeviceInfo siDeviceBufferInfo returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    ipad->pad_DeviceBufferSize = tempL;
+    DBUG(("siDeviceBufferInfo = %d\n", tempL ));
+
+    /* Set format based on sample size. */
+    err = SPBGetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siSampleSize, (Ptr) &tempS);
+    if (err)
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_QueryInputDeviceInfo: SPBGetDeviceInfo siSampleSize returned %d\n", err ));
+        goto error;
+    }
+    switch( tempS )
+    {
+    case 0x0020:
+        dev->nativeSampleFormats = paInt32;  /* FIXME - warning, code probably won't support this! */
+        break;
+    case 0x0010:
+    default: /* FIXME - What about other formats? */
+        dev->nativeSampleFormats = paInt16;
+        break;
+    }
+    DBUG(("nativeSampleFormats = %d\n", dev->nativeSampleFormats ));
+
+    /* Device name */
+    len = deviceName[0] + 1;  /* Get length of Pascal string */
+    dev->name = (char *) malloc(len);  /* MEM_010 */
+    if( dev->name == NULL )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    PToCString(deviceName, (char *) dev->name);
+    DBUG(("deviceName = %s\n", dev->name ));
+    result = (PaError) 1;
+    /* All done so close up device. */
+cleanup:
+    if( mRefNum )  SPBCloseDevice(mRefNum);
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( mRefNum )  SPBCloseDevice(mRefNum);
+    sPaHostError = err;
+    return paHostError;
+
+useless:
+    if( mRefNum )  SPBCloseDevice(mRefNum);
+    return (PaError) 0;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** Allocate a double array and fill it with listed sample rates.
+*/
+static double * PaMac_GetSampleRatesFromHandle ( int numRates, Handle h )
+{
+    OSErr   err = noErr;
+    SInt8   hState;
+    int     i;
+    UnsignedFixed *fixedRates;
+    double *rates = (double *) malloc( numRates * sizeof(double) ); /* MEM_011 */
+    if( rates == NULL ) return NULL;
+    /* Save and restore handle state as suggested by TechNote at:
+            http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1122.html
+    */
+    hState = HGetState (h);
+    if (!(err = MemError ()))
+    {
+        HLock (h);
+        if (!(err = MemError ( )))
+        {
+            fixedRates = (UInt32 *) *h;
+            for( i=0; i<numRates; i++ )
+            {
+                rates[i] = UnsignedFixedToDouble(fixedRates[i]);
+            }
+
+            HSetState (h,hState);
+            err = MemError ( );
+        }
+    }
+    if( err )
+    {
+        free( rates );
+        ERR_RPT(("Error in PaMac_GetSampleRatesFromHandle = %d\n", err ));
+    }
+    return rates;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+int Pa_CountDevices()
+{
+    PaError err;
+    DBUG(("Pa_CountDevices()\n"));
+    /* If no devices, go find some. */
+    if( sNumDevices <= 0 )
+    {
+        err = PaMac_ScanOutputDevices();
+        if( err != paNoError ) goto error;
+        err = PaMac_ScanInputDevices();
+        if( err != paNoError ) goto error;
+    }
+    return sNumDevices;
+
+error:
+    PaHost_Term();
+    DBUG(("Pa_CountDevices: returns %d\n", err ));
+    return err;
+
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+const PaDeviceInfo* Pa_GetDeviceInfo( PaDeviceID id )
+{
+    if( (id < 0) || ( id >= Pa_CountDevices()) ) return NULL;
+    return &sDevices[id].pad_Info;
+}
+/*************************************************************************/
+PaDeviceID Pa_GetDefaultInputDeviceID( void )
+{
+    return sDefaultInputDeviceID;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+PaDeviceID Pa_GetDefaultOutputDeviceID( void )
+{
+    return sDefaultOutputDeviceID;
+}
+
+/********************************* BEGIN CPU UTILIZATION MEASUREMENT ****/
+static void PaMac_StartLoadCalculation( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    UnsignedWide widePad;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return;
+    /* Query system timer for usage analysis and to prevent overuse of CPU. */
+    Microseconds( &widePad );
+    pahsc->pahsc_EntryCount = UnsignedWideToUInt64( widePad );
+}
+
+/******************************************************************************
+** Measure fractional CPU load based on real-time it took to calculate
+** buffers worth of output.
+*/
+/**************************************************************************/
+static void PaMac_EndLoadCalculation( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    UnsignedWide widePad;
+    UInt64    currentCount;
+    long      usecsElapsed;
+    double    newUsage;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return;
+    
+    /* Measure CPU utilization during this callback. Note that this calculation
+    ** assumes that we had the processor the whole time.
+    */
+#define LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0   (0.95)
+#define LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_1   (0.99999 - LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0)
+    Microseconds( &widePad );
+    currentCount = UnsignedWideToUInt64( widePad );
+
+	usecsElapsed = (long) U64Subtract(currentCount, pahsc->pahsc_EntryCount);
+	
+        /* Use inverse because it is faster than the divide. */
+	newUsage =  usecsElapsed * pahsc->pahsc_InverseMicrosPerHostBuffer;
+	
+	past->past_Usage = (LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_0 * past->past_Usage) +
+                           (LOWPASS_COEFFICIENT_1 * newUsage);
+ 
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Called by Pa_StartStream()
+*/
+PaError PaHost_StartInput( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording = 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording = 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.nextWrite = 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.nextRead = 0;
+    return PaMac_RecordNext( past );
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Called by Pa_StopStream().
+** May be called during error recovery or cleanup code
+** so protect against NULL pointers.
+*/
+PaError PaHost_StopInput( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int abort )
+{
+    int32   timeOutMsec;
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    OSErr   err = 0;
+    long    mRefNum;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return paNoError;
+
+    (void) abort;
+
+    mRefNum = pahsc->pahsc_InputRefNum;
+
+    DBUG(("PaHost_StopInput: mRefNum = %d\n", mRefNum ));
+    if( mRefNum )
+    {
+        DBUG(("PaHost_StopInput: pahsc_IsRecording = %d\n", pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording ));
+        if( pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording )
+        {
+            /* PLB20010420 - Fix TIMEOUT in record mode. */
+            pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording = 1; /* Request that we stop recording. */
+            err = SPBStopRecording(mRefNum);
+            DBUG(("PaHost_StopInput: then pahsc_IsRecording = %d\n", pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording ));
+
+            /* Calculate timeOut longer than longest time it could take to play one buffer. */
+            timeOutMsec = (int32) ((1500.0 * pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer) / past->past_SampleRate);
+            /* Keep querying sound channel until it is no longer busy playing. */
+            while( !err && pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording && (timeOutMsec > 0))
+            {
+                Pa_Sleep(20);
+                timeOutMsec -= 20;
+            }
+            if( timeOutMsec <= 0 )
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("PaHost_StopInput: timed out!\n"));
+                return paTimedOut;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if( err )
+    {
+        sPaHostError = err;
+        result = paHostError;
+    }
+
+    DBUG(("PaHost_StopInput: finished.\n", mRefNum ));
+    return result;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************/
+static void PaMac_InitSoundHeader( internalPortAudioStream   *past, CmpSoundHeader *sndHeader )
+{
+    sndHeader->numChannels = past->past_NumOutputChannels;
+    sndHeader->sampleRate = DoubleToUnsignedFixed(past->past_SampleRate);
+    sndHeader->loopStart = 0;
+    sndHeader->loopEnd = 0;
+    sndHeader->encode = cmpSH;
+    sndHeader->baseFrequency = kMiddleC;
+    sndHeader->markerChunk = nil;
+    sndHeader->futureUse2 = nil;
+    sndHeader->stateVars = nil;
+    sndHeader->leftOverSamples = nil;
+    sndHeader->compressionID = 0;
+    sndHeader->packetSize = 0;
+    sndHeader->snthID = 0;
+    sndHeader->sampleSize = 8 * sizeof(int16); // FIXME - might be 24 or 32 bits some day;
+    sndHeader->sampleArea[0] = 0;
+    sndHeader->format = kSoundNotCompressed;
+}
+
+static void SetFramesDone( PaHostSoundControl *pahsc, PaTimestamp framesDone )
+{
+	UnsignedWide     now;
+ 	Microseconds( &now );
+ 	pahsc->pahsc_NumFramesDone = framesDone;
+ 	pahsc->pahsc_WhenFramesDoneIncremented = UnsignedWideToUInt64( now );
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_StartOutput( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    SndCommand  pauseCommand;
+    SndCommand  resumeCommand;
+    int          i;
+    OSErr         error;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return paInternalError;
+    if( pahsc->pahsc_Channel == NULL ) return paInternalError;
+
+    past->past_StopSoon = 0;
+    past->past_IsActive = 1;
+    pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsQueued = 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsPlayed = 0;
+    
+    SetFramesDone( pahsc, 0.0 );
+
+    /* Pause channel so it does not do back ground processing while we are still filling the queue. */
+    pauseCommand.cmd = pauseCmd;
+    pauseCommand.param1 = pauseCommand.param2 = 0;
+    error = SndDoCommand (pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &pauseCommand, true);
+    if (noErr != error) goto exit;
+
+    /* Queue all of the buffers so we start off full. */
+    for (i = 0; i<pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers; i++)
+    {
+        PaMac_PlayNext( past, i );
+    }
+    
+    /* Resume channel now that the queue is full. */
+    resumeCommand.cmd = resumeCmd;
+    resumeCommand.param1 = resumeCommand.param2 = 0;
+    error = SndDoImmediate( pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &resumeCommand );
+    if (noErr != error) goto exit;
+
+    return paNoError;
+exit:
+    past->past_IsActive = 0;
+    sPaHostError = error;
+    ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_StartOutput: SndDoCommand returned %d\n", error ));
+    return paHostError;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************/
+long PaHost_GetTotalBufferFrames( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    return (long) (pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers * pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer);
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Called by Pa_StopStream().
+** May be called during error recovery or cleanup code
+** so protect against NULL pointers.
+*/
+PaError PaHost_StopOutput( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int abort )
+{
+    int32 timeOutMsec;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return paNoError;
+    if( pahsc->pahsc_Channel == NULL ) return paNoError;
+
+    DBUG(("PaHost_StopOutput()\n"));
+    if( past->past_IsActive == 0 ) return paNoError;
+
+    /* Set flags for callback function to see. */
+    if( abort ) past->past_StopNow = 1;
+    past->past_StopSoon = 1;
+    /* Calculate timeOut longer than longest time it could take to play all buffers. */
+    timeOutMsec = (int32) ((1500.0 * PaHost_GetTotalBufferFrames( past )) / past->past_SampleRate);
+    /* Keep querying sound channel until it is no longer busy playing. */
+    while( past->past_IsActive && (timeOutMsec > 0))
+    {
+        Pa_Sleep(20);
+        timeOutMsec -= 20;
+    }
+    if( timeOutMsec <= 0 )
+    {
+        ERR_RPT(("PaHost_StopOutput: timed out!\n"));
+        return paTimedOut;
+    }
+    else return paNoError;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_StartEngine( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    (void) past; /* Prevent unused variable warnings. */
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_StopEngine( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int abort )
+{
+    (void) past; /* Prevent unused variable warnings. */
+    (void) abort; /* Prevent unused variable warnings. */
+    return paNoError;
+}
+/***********************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_StreamActive( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    return (PaError) ( past->past_IsActive + pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording );
+}
+int Mac_IsVirtualMemoryOn( void )
+{
+    long  attr;
+    OSErr result = Gestalt( gestaltVMAttr, &attr );
+    DBUG(("gestaltVMAttr : 0x%x\n", attr ));
+    return ((attr >> gestaltVMHasPagingControl ) & 1);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************
+* Determine number of host Buffers
+* and how many User Buffers we can put into each host buffer.
+*/
+static void PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers( internalPortAudioStream *past )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    int32  minNumBuffers;
+    int32  minFramesPerHostBuffer;
+    int32  minTotalFrames;
+    int32  userBuffersPerHostBuffer;
+    int32  framesPerHostBuffer;
+    int32  numHostBuffers;
+    
+    minFramesPerHostBuffer = pahsc->pahsc_MinFramesPerHostBuffer;
+    minFramesPerHostBuffer = (minFramesPerHostBuffer + 7) & ~7;
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: minFramesPerHostBuffer = %d\n", minFramesPerHostBuffer ));
+    
+    /* Determine number of user buffers based on minimum latency. */
+	/* PLB20020417 I used to call Pa_GetMinNumBuffers() which doesn't take into account the
+	**    variable minFramesPerHostBuffer. Now I call PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers() which will
+	**    gove lower latency when virtual memory is turned off. */
+    /* minNumBuffers = Pa_GetMinNumBuffers( past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer, past->past_SampleRate ); WRONG */
+    minNumBuffers = PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers( minFramesPerHostBuffer, past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer, past->past_SampleRate );
+    
+    past->past_NumUserBuffers = ( minNumBuffers > past->past_NumUserBuffers ) ? minNumBuffers : past->past_NumUserBuffers;
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: min past_NumUserBuffers = %d\n", past->past_NumUserBuffers ));
+    minTotalFrames = past->past_NumUserBuffers * past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer;
+    
+    /* We cannot make the buffers too small because they may not get serviced quickly enough. */
+    if( (int32) past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer < minFramesPerHostBuffer )
+    {
+        userBuffersPerHostBuffer =
+            (minFramesPerHostBuffer + past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer - 1) /
+            past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        userBuffersPerHostBuffer = 1;
+    }
+    framesPerHostBuffer = past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer * userBuffersPerHostBuffer;
+    
+    /* Calculate number of host buffers needed. Round up to cover minTotalFrames. */
+    numHostBuffers = (minTotalFrames + framesPerHostBuffer - 1) / framesPerHostBuffer;
+    /* Make sure we have enough host buffers. */
+    if( numHostBuffers < PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS)
+    {
+        numHostBuffers = PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* If we have too many host buffers, try to put more user buffers in a host buffer. */
+        while(numHostBuffers > PA_MAX_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS)
+        {
+            userBuffersPerHostBuffer += 1;
+            framesPerHostBuffer = past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer * userBuffersPerHostBuffer;
+            numHostBuffers = (minTotalFrames + framesPerHostBuffer - 1) / framesPerHostBuffer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pahsc->pahsc_UserBuffersPerHostBuffer = userBuffersPerHostBuffer;
+    pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer = framesPerHostBuffer;
+    pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers = numHostBuffers;
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: pahsc_UserBuffersPerHostBuffer = %d\n", pahsc->pahsc_UserBuffersPerHostBuffer ));
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: pahsc_NumHostBuffers = %d\n", pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers ));
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer = %d\n", pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer ));
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers: past_NumUserBuffers = %d\n", past->past_NumUserBuffers ));
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************/
+PaError PaHost_OpenStream( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    OSErr             err;
+    PaError             result = paHostError;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc;
+    int                 i;
+    /* Allocate and initialize host data. */
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) PaHost_AllocateFastMemory(sizeof(PaHostSoundControl));
+    if( pahsc == NULL )
+    {
+        return paInsufficientMemory;
+    }
+    past->past_DeviceData = (void *) pahsc;
+
+    /* If recording, and virtual memory is turned on, then use bigger buffers to prevent glitches. */
+    if( (past->past_NumInputChannels > 0)  && Mac_IsVirtualMemoryOn() )
+    {
+        pahsc->pahsc_MinFramesPerHostBuffer = MAC_VIRTUAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pahsc->pahsc_MinFramesPerHostBuffer = MAC_PHYSICAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER;
+    }
+
+    PaHost_CalcNumHostBuffers( past );
+    
+    /* Setup constants for CPU load measurement. */
+    pahsc->pahsc_InverseMicrosPerHostBuffer = past->past_SampleRate / (1000000.0 * 	pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer);
+
+    /* ------------------ OUTPUT */
+    if( past->past_NumOutputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        /* Create sound channel to which we can send commands. */
+        pahsc->pahsc_Channel = 0L;
+        err = SndNewChannel(&pahsc->pahsc_Channel, sampledSynth, 0, nil); /* FIXME - use kUseOptionalOutputDevice if not default. */
+        if(err != 0)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_OpenStream: SndNewChannel returned 0x%x\n", err ));
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* Install our callback function pointer straight into the sound channel structure */
+        /* Use new CARBON name for callback procedure. */
+#if TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
+        pahsc->pahsc_OutputCompletionProc = NewSndCallBackUPP(PaMac_OutputCompletionProc);
+#else
+        pahsc->pahsc_OutputCompletionProc = NewSndCallBackProc(PaMac_OutputCompletionProc);
+#endif
+
+        pahsc->pahsc_Channel->callBack = pahsc->pahsc_OutputCompletionProc;
+
+        pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerOutputHostBuffer = pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer * past->past_NumOutputChannels * sizeof(int16);
+        for (i = 0; i<pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers; i++)
+        {
+            char *buf = (char *)PaHost_AllocateFastMemory(pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerOutputHostBuffer);
+            if (buf == NULL)
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_OpenStream: could not allocate output buffer. Size = \n", pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerOutputHostBuffer ));
+                goto memerror;
+            }
+
+            PaMac_InitSoundHeader( past, &pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[i] );
+            pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[i].samplePtr = buf;
+            pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[i].numFrames = (unsigned long) pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer;
+
+        }
+    }
+#ifdef SUPPORT_AUDIO_CAPTURE
+    /* ------------------ INPUT */
+    /* Use double buffer scheme that matches output. */
+    if( past->past_NumInputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        int16   tempS;
+        long    tempL;
+        Fixed   tempF;
+        long    mRefNum;
+        unsigned char noname = 0; /* FIXME - use real device names. */
+#if TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputCompletionProc = NewSICompletionUPP((SICompletionProcPtr)PaMac_InputCompletionProc);
+#else
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputCompletionProc = NewSICompletionProc((ProcPtr)PaMac_InputCompletionProc);
+#endif
+        pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer = pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer * past->past_NumInputChannels * sizeof(int16);
+        for (i = 0; i<pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers; i++)
+        {
+            char *buf = (char *) PaHost_AllocateFastMemory(pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer);
+            if ( buf == NULL )
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("PaHost_OpenStream: could not allocate input  buffer. Size = \n", pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer ));
+                goto memerror;
+            }
+            pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.buffers[i] = buf;
+        }
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.numBuffers = pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers;
+
+        err = SPBOpenDevice( (const unsigned char *) &noname, siWritePermission, &mRefNum); /* FIXME - use name so we get selected device */
+        // FIXME err = SPBOpenDevice( (const unsigned char *) sDevices[past->past_InputDeviceID].pad_Info.name, siWritePermission, &mRefNum);
+        if (err) goto error;
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputRefNum = mRefNum;
+        DBUG(("PaHost_OpenStream: mRefNum = %d\n", mRefNum ));
+
+        /* Set input device characteristics. */
+        tempS = 1;
+        err = SPBSetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siContinuous, (Ptr) &tempS);
+        if (err)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_OpenStream: SPBSetDeviceInfo siContinuous returned %d\n", err ));
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        tempL = 0x03;
+        err = SPBSetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siActiveChannels, (Ptr) &tempL);
+        if (err)
+        {
+            DBUG(("PaHost_OpenStream: setting siActiveChannels returned 0x%x. Error ignored.\n", err ));
+        }
+
+        /* PLB20010908 - Use requested number of input channels. Thanks Dominic Mazzoni. */
+        tempS = past->past_NumInputChannels;
+        err = SPBSetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siNumberChannels, (Ptr) &tempS);
+        if (err)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_OpenStream: SPBSetDeviceInfo siNumberChannels returned %d\n", err ));
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        tempF = ((unsigned long)past->past_SampleRate) << 16;
+        err = SPBSetDeviceInfo(mRefNum, siSampleRate, (Ptr) &tempF);
+        if (err)
+        {
+            ERR_RPT(("Error in PaHost_OpenStream: SPBSetDeviceInfo siSampleRate returned %d\n", err ));
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* Setup record-parameter block */
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.inRefNum          = mRefNum;
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.milliseconds      = 0;   // not used
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.completionRoutine = pahsc->pahsc_InputCompletionProc;
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.interruptRoutine  = 0;
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.userLong          = (long) past;
+        pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.unused1           = 0;
+    }
+#endif /* SUPPORT_AUDIO_CAPTURE */
+    DBUG(("PaHost_OpenStream: complete.\n"));
+    return paNoError;
+
+error:
+    PaHost_CloseStream( past );
+    ERR_RPT(("PaHost_OpenStream: sPaHostError =  0x%x.\n", err ));
+    sPaHostError = err;
+    return paHostError;
+
+memerror:
+    PaHost_CloseStream( past );
+    return paInsufficientMemory;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Called by Pa_CloseStream().
+** May be called during error recovery or cleanup code
+** so protect against NULL pointers.
+*/
+PaError PaHost_CloseStream( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    OSErr   err = 0;
+    int     i;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc;
+
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CloseStream( 0x%x )\n", past ));
+
+    if( past == NULL ) return paBadStreamPtr;
+
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return paNoError;
+
+    if( past->past_NumOutputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        /* TRUE means flush now instead of waiting for quietCmd to be processed. */
+        if( pahsc->pahsc_Channel != NULL ) SndDisposeChannel(pahsc->pahsc_Channel, TRUE);
+        {
+            for (i = 0; i<pahsc->pahsc_NumHostBuffers; i++)
+            {
+                Ptr p = (Ptr) pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[i].samplePtr;
+                if( p != NULL ) PaHost_FreeFastMemory( p, pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerOutputHostBuffer );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( past->past_NumInputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        if( pahsc->pahsc_InputRefNum )
+        {
+            err = SPBCloseDevice(pahsc->pahsc_InputRefNum);
+            pahsc->pahsc_InputRefNum = 0;
+            if( err )
+            {
+                sPaHostError = err;
+                result = paHostError;
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            for (i = 0; i<pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.numBuffers; i++)
+            {
+                Ptr p = (Ptr) pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.buffers[i];
+                if( p != NULL ) PaHost_FreeFastMemory( p, pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    past->past_DeviceData = NULL;
+    PaHost_FreeFastMemory( pahsc, sizeof(PaHostSoundControl) );
+
+    DBUG(("PaHost_CloseStream: complete.\n", past ));
+    return result;
+}
+/*************************************************************************/
+int Pa_GetMinNumBuffers( int framesPerUserBuffer, double sampleRate )
+{
+/* We use the MAC_VIRTUAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER because we might be recording.
+** This routine doesn't have enough information to determine the best value
+** and is being depracated. */
+    return PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers( MAC_VIRTUAL_FRAMES_PER_BUFFER, framesPerUserBuffer, sampleRate );
+}
+/*************************************************************************/
+static int PaMac_GetMinNumBuffers( int minFramesPerHostBuffer, int framesPerUserBuffer, double sampleRate )
+{
+    int minUserPerHost = ( minFramesPerHostBuffer + framesPerUserBuffer - 1) / framesPerUserBuffer;
+    int numBufs = PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS * minUserPerHost;
+    if( numBufs < PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS ) numBufs = PA_MIN_NUM_HOST_BUFFERS;
+    (void) sampleRate;
+    return numBufs;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+void Pa_Sleep( int32 msec )
+{
+    EventRecord   event;
+    int32 sleepTime, endTime;
+    /* Convert to ticks. Round up so we sleep a MINIMUM of msec time. */
+    sleepTime = ((msec * 60) + 999) / 1000;
+    if( sleepTime < 1 ) sleepTime = 1;
+    endTime = TickCount() + sleepTime;
+    do
+    {
+        DBUGX(("Sleep for %d ticks.\n", sleepTime ));
+        /* Use WaitNextEvent() to sleep without getting events. */
+        /* PLB20010907 - Pass unused event to WaitNextEvent instead of NULL to prevent
+         * Mac OSX crash. Thanks Dominic Mazzoni. */
+        WaitNextEvent( 0, &event, sleepTime, NULL );
+        sleepTime = endTime - TickCount();
+    }
+    while( sleepTime > 0 );
+}
+/*************************************************************************/
+int32 Pa_GetHostError( void )
+{
+    int32 err = sPaHostError;
+    sPaHostError = 0;
+    return err;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * Allocate memory that can be accessed in real-time.
+ * This may need to be held in physical memory so that it is not
+ * paged to virtual memory.
+ * This call MUST be balanced with a call to PaHost_FreeFastMemory().
+ */
+void *PaHost_AllocateFastMemory( long numBytes )
+{
+    void *addr = NewPtrClear( numBytes );
+    if( (addr == NULL) || (MemError () != 0) ) return NULL;
+
+#if (TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON == 0)
+    if( HoldMemory( addr, numBytes ) != noErr )
+    {
+        DisposePtr( (Ptr) addr );
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+    return addr;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * Free memory that could be accessed in real-time.
+ * This call MUST be balanced with a call to PaHost_AllocateFastMemory().
+ */
+void PaHost_FreeFastMemory( void *addr, long numBytes )
+{
+    if( addr == NULL ) return;
+#if TARGET_API_MAC_CARBON
+    (void) numBytes;
+#else
+    UnholdMemory( addr, numBytes );
+#endif
+    DisposePtr( (Ptr) addr );
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************/
+PaTimestamp Pa_StreamTime( PortAudioStream *stream )
+{
+	PaTimestamp   framesDone1;
+	PaTimestamp   framesDone2;
+	UInt64        whenIncremented;
+	UnsignedWide  now;
+	UInt64        now64;
+	long          microsElapsed;
+	long          framesElapsed;
+	
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc;
+    internalPortAudioStream   *past = (internalPortAudioStream *) stream;
+    if( past == NULL ) return paBadStreamPtr;
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    
+/* Capture information from audio thread.
+ * We have to be careful that we don't get interrupted in the middle.
+ * So we grab the pahsc_NumFramesDone twice and make sure it didn't change.
+ */
+ 	do
+ 	{
+ 		framesDone1 = pahsc->pahsc_NumFramesDone;
+ 		whenIncremented = pahsc->pahsc_WhenFramesDoneIncremented;
+ 		framesDone2 = pahsc->pahsc_NumFramesDone;
+ 	} while( framesDone1 != framesDone2 );
+ 	
+ /* Calculate how many microseconds have elapsed and convert to frames. */
+ 	Microseconds( &now );
+ 	now64 = UnsignedWideToUInt64( now );
+ 	microsElapsed = U64Subtract( now64, whenIncremented );
+ 	framesElapsed = microsElapsed * past->past_SampleRate * 0.000001;
+ 	
+	return framesDone1 + framesElapsed;
+}
+
+/**************************************************************************
+** Callback for Input, SPBRecord()
+*/
+int gRecordCounter = 0;
+int gPlayCounter = 0;
+pascal void PaMac_InputCompletionProc(SPBPtr recParams)
+{
+    PaError                    result = paNoError;
+    int                        finished = 1;
+    internalPortAudioStream   *past;
+    PaHostSoundControl        *pahsc;
+
+    gRecordCounter += 1; /* debug hack to see if engine running */
+
+    /* Get our PA data from Mac structure. */
+    past = (internalPortAudioStream *) recParams->userLong;
+    if( past == NULL ) return;
+
+    if( past->past_Magic != PA_MAGIC )
+    {
+        AddTraceMessage("PaMac_InputCompletionProc: bad MAGIC, past", (long) past );
+        AddTraceMessage("PaMac_InputCompletionProc: bad MAGIC, magic", (long) past->past_Magic );
+        goto error;
+    }
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    past->past_NumCallbacks += 1;
+
+    /* Have we been asked to stop recording? */
+    if( (recParams->error == abortErr) || pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording ) goto error;
+
+    /* If there are no output channels, then we need to call the user callback function from here.
+     * Otherwise we will call the user code during the output completion routine.
+     */
+    if(past->past_NumOutputChannels == 0)
+    {
+		SetFramesDone( pahsc,
+			pahsc->pahsc_NumFramesDone + pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer );
+        result = PaMac_CallUserLoop( past, NULL );
+    }
+
+    /* Did user code ask us to stop? If not, issue another recording request. */
+    if( (result == paNoError) && (pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording == 0) )
+    {
+        result = PaMac_RecordNext( past );
+        if( result != paNoError ) pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording = 0;
+    }
+    else goto error;
+
+    return;
+
+error:
+    pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording = 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording = 0;
+    return;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Called by either input or output completion proc.
+** Grabs input data if any present, and calls PA conversion code,
+** that in turn calls user code.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_CallUserLoop( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int16 *outPtr )
+{
+    PaError             result = paNoError;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    int16              *inPtr = NULL;
+    int                 i;
+    
+
+    /* Advance read index for sound input FIFO here, independantly of record/write process. */
+    if(past->past_NumInputChannels > 0)
+    {
+        if( MultiBuffer_IsReadable( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer ) )
+        {
+            inPtr = (int16 *)  MultiBuffer_GetNextReadBuffer( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer );
+            MultiBuffer_AdvanceReadIndex( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Call user code enough times to fill buffer. */
+    if( (inPtr != NULL) || (outPtr != NULL) )
+    {
+        PaMac_StartLoadCalculation( past ); /* CPU usage */
+
+#ifdef PA_MAX_USAGE_ALLOWED
+	/* If CPU usage exceeds limit, skip user callback to prevent hanging CPU. */
+		if( past->past_Usage > PA_MAX_USAGE_ALLOWED )
+	    {
+	    	past->past_FrameCount += (PaTimestamp) pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer;
+		}
+		else
+#endif
+		{
+		
+	        for( i=0; i<pahsc->pahsc_UserBuffersPerHostBuffer; i++ )
+	        {
+	            result = (PaError) Pa_CallConvertInt16( past, inPtr, outPtr );
+	            if( result != 0)
+	            {
+	                /* Recording might be in another process, so tell it to stop with a flag. */
+	                pahsc->pahsc_StopRecording = pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording;
+	                break;
+	            }
+	            /* Advance sample pointers. */
+	            if(inPtr != NULL) inPtr += past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer * past->past_NumInputChannels;
+	            if(outPtr != NULL) outPtr += past->past_FramesPerUserBuffer * past->past_NumOutputChannels;
+	        }
+	    }
+		
+        PaMac_EndLoadCalculation( past );
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************
+** Setup next recording buffer in FIFO and issue recording request to Snd Input Manager.
+*/
+static PaError PaMac_RecordNext( internalPortAudioStream   *past )
+{
+    PaError  result = paNoError;
+    OSErr     err;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    /* Get pointer to next buffer to record into. */
+    pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.bufferPtr  = MultiBuffer_GetNextWriteBuffer( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer );
+
+    /* Advance write index if there is room. Otherwise keep writing same buffer. */
+    if( MultiBuffer_IsWriteable( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer ) )
+    {
+        MultiBuffer_AdvanceWriteIndex( &pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer );
+    }
+
+    AddTraceMessage("PaMac_RecordNext: bufferPtr", (long) pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.bufferPtr );
+    AddTraceMessage("PaMac_RecordNext: nextWrite", pahsc->pahsc_InputMultiBuffer.nextWrite );
+
+    /* Setup parameters and issue an asynchronous recording request. */
+    pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.bufferLength      = pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer;
+    pahsc->pahsc_InputParams.count             = pahsc->pahsc_BytesPerInputHostBuffer;
+    err = SPBRecord(&pahsc->pahsc_InputParams, true);
+    if( err )
+    {
+        AddTraceMessage("PaMac_RecordNext: SPBRecord error ", err );
+        sPaHostError = err;
+        result = paHostError;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        pahsc->pahsc_IsRecording = 1;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**************************************************************************
+** Callback for Output Playback()
+** Return negative error, 0 to continue, 1 to stop.
+*/
+long    PaMac_FillNextOutputBuffer( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int index )
+{
+    PaHostSoundControl  *pahsc;
+    long                 result = 0;
+    int                  finished = 1;
+    char                *outPtr;
+
+    gPlayCounter += 1; /* debug hack */
+
+    past->past_NumCallbacks += 1;
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    if( pahsc == NULL ) return -1;
+    /* Are we nested?! */
+    if( pahsc->pahsc_IfInsideCallback ) return 0;
+    pahsc->pahsc_IfInsideCallback = 1;
+    /* Get pointer to buffer to fill. */
+    outPtr = pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[index].samplePtr;
+    /* Combine with any sound input, and call user callback. */
+    result = PaMac_CallUserLoop( past, (int16 *) outPtr );
+
+    pahsc->pahsc_IfInsideCallback = 0;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************************
+** Called by SoundManager when ready for another buffer.
+*/
+static pascal void PaMac_OutputCompletionProc (SndChannelPtr theChannel, SndCommand * theCallBackCmd)
+{
+    internalPortAudioStream *past;
+    PaHostSoundControl      *pahsc;
+    (void) theChannel;
+    (void) theCallBackCmd;
+
+    /* Get our data from Mac structure. */
+    past = (internalPortAudioStream *) theCallBackCmd->param2;
+    if( past == NULL ) return;
+
+    pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsPlayed += 1;
+
+	SetFramesDone( pahsc,
+			pahsc->pahsc_NumFramesDone + pahsc->pahsc_FramesPerHostBuffer );
+			
+    PaMac_BackgroundManager( past, theCallBackCmd->param1 );
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************/
+static PaError PaMac_BackgroundManager( internalPortAudioStream   *past, int index )
+{
+    PaError      result = paNoError;
+    PaHostSoundControl *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+    /* Has someone asked us to abort by calling Pa_AbortStream()? */
+    if( past->past_StopNow )
+    {
+        SndCommand  command;
+        /* Clear the queue of any pending commands. */
+        command.cmd = flushCmd;
+        command.param1 = command.param2 = 0;
+        SndDoImmediate( pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &command );
+        /* Then stop currently playing buffer, if any. */
+        command.cmd = quietCmd;
+        SndDoImmediate( pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &command );
+        past->past_IsActive = 0;
+    }
+    /* Has someone asked us to stop by calling Pa_StopStream()
+     * OR has a user callback returned '1' to indicate finished.
+     */
+    else if( past->past_StopSoon )
+    {
+        if( (pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsQueued - pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsPlayed) <= 0 )
+        {
+            past->past_IsActive = 0; /* We're finally done. */
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PaMac_PlayNext( past, index );
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*************************************************************************************
+** Fill next buffer with sound and queue it for playback.
+*/
+static void PaMac_PlayNext ( internalPortAudioStream *past, int index )
+{
+    OSErr                  error;
+    long                     result;
+    SndCommand               playCmd;
+    SndCommand           callbackCmd;
+    PaHostSoundControl      *pahsc = (PaHostSoundControl *) past->past_DeviceData;
+
+    /* If this was the last buffer, or abort requested, then just be done. */
+    if ( past->past_StopSoon ) goto done;
+    
+    /* Load buffer with sound. */
+    result = PaMac_FillNextOutputBuffer ( past, index );
+    if( result > 0 ) past->past_StopSoon = 1; /* Stop generating audio but wait until buffers play. */
+    else if( result < 0 ) goto done;
+    
+    /* Play the next buffer. */
+    playCmd.cmd = bufferCmd;
+    playCmd.param1 = 0;
+    playCmd.param2 = (long) &pahsc->pahsc_SoundHeaders[ index ];
+    error = SndDoCommand (pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &playCmd, true );
+    if( error != noErr ) goto gotError;
+    
+    /* Ask for a callback when it is done. */
+    callbackCmd.cmd = callBackCmd;
+    callbackCmd.param1 = index;
+    callbackCmd.param2 = (long)past;
+    error = SndDoCommand (pahsc->pahsc_Channel, &callbackCmd, true );
+    if( error != noErr ) goto gotError;
+    pahsc->pahsc_NumOutsQueued += 1;
+
+    return;
+
+gotError:
+    sPaHostError = error;
+done:
+    return;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_sgi/pa_sgi.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_sgi/pa_sgi.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b45d09d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_sgi/pa_sgi.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1417 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_sgi.c,v 1.2.2.20 2004/01/03 19:20:09 pieter Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library. 
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com.
+ * Silicon Graphics (SGI) IRIX implementation by Pieter Suurmond.
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+/** @file
+ @brief SGI IRIX AL implementation (according to V19 API version 2.0).
+
+ @note This file started as a copy of pa_skeleton.c (v 1.1.2.35 2003/09/20), it
+ has nothing to do with the old V18 pa_sgi version: this implementation uses the
+ newer IRIX AL calls and uses pthreads instead of sproc.
+
+ On IRIX, one may type './configure' followed by 'gmake' from the portaudio root 
+ directory to build the static and shared libraries, as well as all the tests.
+
+ On IRIX 6.5, using 'make' instead of 'gmake' may cause Makefile to fail. (This 
+ happens on my machine: make does not understand syntax with 2 colons on a line,
+ like this:
+               $(TESTS): bin/%: [snip]
+
+ Maybe this is due to an old make version(?), my only solution is: use gmake.
+ Anyway, all the tests compile well now, with GCC 3.3, as well as with MIPSpro 7.2.1.
+ Tested:
+        - paqa_devs              ok, but at a certain point digital i/o fails:
+                                     TestAdvance: INPUT, device = 2, rate = 32000, numChannels = 1, format = 1
+                                     Possibly, this is an illegal sr or number of channels for digital i/o.
+        - paqa_errs              13 of the tests run ok, but 5 of them give weird results.
+        + patest1                ok.
+        + patest_buffer          ok.
+        + patest_callbackstop    ok.
+        - patest_clip            ok, but hear no difference between dithering turned OFF and ON.
+        + patest_hang            ok.
+        + patest_latency         ok.
+        + patest_leftright       ok.
+        + patest_maxsines        ok.
+        + patest_many            ok.
+        + patest_multi_sine      ok.
+        + patest_pink            ok.
+        + patest_prime           ok.
+        - patest_read_record     ok, but playback stops a little earlier than 5 seconds it seems(?).
+        + patest_record          ok.
+        + patest_ringmix         ok.
+        + patest_saw             ok.
+        + patest_sine            ok.
+        + patest_sine8           ok.
+        - patest_sine_formats    ok, FLOAT32 + INT16 + INT18 are OK, but UINT8 IS NOT OK!
+        + patest_sine_time       ok.
+        + patest_start_stop      ok, but under/overflow errors of course in the AL queue monitor.
+        + patest_stop            ok.
+        - patest_sync            ok?
+        + patest_toomanysines    ok.
+        - patest_underflow       ok? (stopping after SleepTime = 91: err=Stream is stopped)
+        - patest_wire            ok.
+        + patest_write_sine      ok.
+        + pa_devs                ok.
+                                 Ok on an Indy, in both stereo and quadrophonic mode.
+        + pa_fuzz                ok.
+        + pa_minlat              ok.
+
+ Worked on (or checked) proposals:
+ 
+  003:    Improve Latency Specification OK, but not 100% sure: plus or minus 1 host buffer?
+  004 OK: Allow Callbacks to Accept Variable Number of Frames per Buffer. 
+          Simply using a fixed host buffer size. Very roughly implemented now, the adaption
+          to limited-requested latencies and samplerate may be improved. At least this
+          implementation chooses its own internal host buffer size (no coredumps any longer).
+  005 OK: Blocking Read/Write Interface.
+  006:    Non-interleaved buffers seems OK? Covered by the buffer-processor and such?....
+  009 OK: Host error reporting should now be.
+  010 OK: State Machine and State Querying Functions.
+  011 OK: Renaming done.
+  014     Implementation Style Guidelines (sorry, my braces are not ANSI style).
+  015 OK: Callback Timestamps (During priming, though, these are still null!).
+  016 OK: Use Structs for Pa_OpenStream() Parameters.
+  019:    Notify Client When All Buffers Have Played (Ok, covered by the buffer processor?)
+  020 OK: Allow Callback to prime output stream (StartStream() should do the priming)
+          Should be tested more thoroughly for full duplex streams. (patest_prime seems ok).
+
+
+ @todo Underrun or overflow flags at some more places.
+
+ @todo Callback Timestamps during priming.
+
+ @todo Improve adaption to number of channels, samplerate and such when inventing 
+       some frames per host buffer (when client requests 0).
+
+ @todo Make a complete new version to support 'sproc'-applications.
+       Or could we manage that with some clever if-defs?
+       It must be clear which version we use (especially when using pa as lib!):
+       an irix-sproc() version or pthread version.
+
+ @todo In Makefile.in: 'make clean' does not remove lib/libportaudio.so.0.0.19.
+    
+ Note: Even when mono-output is requested, with ALv7, the audio library opens
+       a outputs stereo. One can observe this in SGI's 'Audio Queue Monitor'.
+*/
+
+#include <string.h>         /* For strlen() but also for strerror()! */
+#include <stdio.h>          /* printf() */
+#include <math.h>           /* fabs()   */
+
+#include <dmedia/audio.h>   /* IRIX AL (audio library). Link with -laudio. */
+#include <dmedia/dmedia.h>  /* IRIX DL (digital media library), solely for */
+                            /* function dmGetUST(). Link with -ldmedia.    */
+#include <errno.h>          /* To catch 'oserror' after AL-calls. */
+#include <pthread.h>        /* POSIX threads. */
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+                            /* Uncomment for diagnostics: */
+#define DBUG(x) /*{ printf x; fflush(stdout); }*/
+
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+PaError PaSGI_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *ipp,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *opp,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/* 
+    Apparently, we must use macros for reporting unanticipated host errors.    
+    Only in case we return paUnanticipatedHostError from an Portaudio call, 
+    we have to call one of the following three macro's.
+    (Constant paAL is defined in pa_common/portaudio.h. See also proposal 009.)
+
+    After an AL error, use this to translate the AL error code to human text:
+*/
+#define PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() \
+    {\
+    int ee = oserror();\
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo(paAL, ee, alGetErrorString(ee));\
+    }
+/*
+    But after a generic IRIX error, let strerror() translate the error code from
+    the operating system and use this (strerror() gives the same as perror()):
+*/
+#define PA_SGI_SET_LAST_IRIX_ERROR() \
+    {\
+    int ee = oserror();\
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo(paAL, ee, strerror(ee));\
+    }
+
+/* GOT RID OF calling PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo() with 0 as error number.
+- Weird samplerate difference became:  paInvalidSampleRate.
+- Failing to set AL queue size became: paInternalError
+  (Because I cannot decide between paBufferTooBig and paBufferTooSmall
+   because it may even the 'default AL queue size that failed... Or 
+   should we introduce another error-code like 'paInvalidQueueSize'?... NO)
+*/
+
+/* PaSGIHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation   inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface         callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface         blockingStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup*        allocations;
+                                                    /* implementation specific data goes here. */
+    ALvalue*                      sgiDeviceIDs;     /* Array of AL resource device numbers.    */
+ /* PaHostApiIndex                hostApiIndex;        Hu? As in the linux and oss files? */
+}
+PaSGIHostApiRepresentation;
+
+/*
+    Initialises sgiDeviceIDs array.
+*/
+PaError PaSGI_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError                     result = paNoError;
+    int                         e, i, deviceCount, def_in, def_out;
+    PaSGIHostApiRepresentation* SGIHostApi;
+    PaDeviceInfo*               deviceInfoArray;    
+    static const short          numParams = 4;            /* Array with name, samplerate, channels */
+    ALpv                        y[numParams];             /* and type.                             */
+    static const short          maxDevNameChars = 32;     /* Including the terminating null char.  */
+    char                        devName[maxDevNameChars]; /* Too lazy for dynamic alloc.           */
+
+    /* DBUG(("PaSGI_Initialize() started.\n")); */
+    SGIHostApi = (PaSGIHostApiRepresentation*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaSGIHostApiRepresentation));
+    if( !SGIHostApi )
+        { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+    SGIHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !SGIHostApi->allocations )
+        { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+    *hostApi = &SGIHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paAL;                       /* IRIX AL type id, was paInDevelopment. */
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "SGI IRIX AL";
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice  = paNoDevice;  /* Set later. */
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;  /* Set later.  */
+    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 0;                   /* We 'll increment in the loop below. */
+    
+    /* Determine the total number of input and output devices (thanks to Gary Scavone). */
+    deviceCount = alQueryValues(AL_SYSTEM, AL_DEVICES, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if (deviceCount < 0)        /* Returns -1 in case of failure. */
+        {
+        DBUG(("Failed to count devices: alQueryValues()=%d; %s.\n",
+               deviceCount, alGetErrorString(oserror())));
+        result = paDeviceUnavailable;             /* Is this an appropriate error return code? */
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    if (deviceCount > 0)
+        {
+        (*hostApi)->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                                  SGIHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * deviceCount);
+        if (!(*hostApi)->deviceInfos)
+            { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+
+        /* Allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block. */
+        deviceInfoArray = (PaDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                          SGIHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) * deviceCount);
+        if (!deviceInfoArray)
+            { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+                                                             /* Store all AL device IDs in an array. */
+        SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs = (ALvalue*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(SGIHostApi->allocations,
+                                                                        deviceCount * sizeof(ALvalue));
+        if (!SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs)
+            { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+        /* Same query again, but now store all IDs in array sgiDeviceIDs (still using no qualifiers).*/
+        e = alQueryValues(AL_SYSTEM, AL_DEVICES, SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs, deviceCount, 0, 0);
+        if (e != deviceCount)
+            {
+            if (e < 0)                                     /* Sure an AL error really occurred. */
+                { PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() result = paUnanticipatedHostError; }
+            else                                                 /* Seems we lost some devices. */
+                { DBUG(("Number of devices suddenly changed!\n")); result = paDeviceUnavailable; }
+            goto cleanup;
+            }
+        y[0].param = AL_DEFAULT_INPUT;
+        y[1].param = AL_DEFAULT_OUTPUT;
+        e = alGetParams(AL_SYSTEM, y, 2);       /* Get params global to the AL system. */
+        if (e != 2)
+            {
+            if (e < 0)
+                {
+                PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()         /* Calls oserror() and alGetErrorString(). */
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError; /* Sure an AL error really occurred. */
+                }
+            else
+                {
+                DBUG(("Default input and/or output could not be found!\n"));
+                result = paDeviceUnavailable;   /* FIX: What if only in or out are available? */
+                }
+            goto cleanup;
+            }
+        def_in  = y[0].value.i;         /* Remember both AL devices for a while. */
+        def_out = y[1].value.i;
+        y[0].param     = AL_NAME;
+        y[0].value.ptr = devName;
+        y[0].sizeIn    = maxDevNameChars; /* Including terminating null char. */
+        y[1].param     = AL_RATE;
+        y[2].param     = AL_CHANNELS;
+        y[3].param     = AL_TYPE;       /* Subtype of AL_INPUT_DEVICE_TYPE or AL_OUTPUT_DEVICE_TYPE? */
+        for (i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i) /* Fill allocated deviceInfo structs. */
+            {
+            PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[i];
+            deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+            deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex; /* Retrieve name, samplerate, channels and type. */
+            e = alGetParams(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[i].i, y, numParams);
+            if (e != numParams)
+                {
+                if (e < 0) /* Calls oserror() and alGetErrorString(). */
+                    { PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() result = paUnanticipatedHostError; }
+                else
+                    { DBUG(("alGetParams() could not get all params!\n")); result = paInternalError; }
+                goto cleanup;
+                }
+            deviceInfo->name = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(SGIHostApi->allocations, strlen(devName) + 1);
+            if (!deviceInfo->name)
+                { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+            strcpy((char*)deviceInfo->name, devName);
+
+            /* Determine whether the received number of channels belongs to input or output device. */
+            if (alIsSubtype(AL_INPUT_DEVICE_TYPE, y[3].value.i))
+                {
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels  = y[2].value.i;
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+                }
+            else if (alIsSubtype(AL_OUTPUT_DEVICE_TYPE, y[3].value.i))
+                {
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels  = 0;
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = y[2].value.i;
+                }
+            else /* Should never occur. */
+                {
+                DBUG(("AL device is neither input nor output!\n"));
+                result = paInternalError;
+                goto cleanup;
+                }
+            
+            /* Determine if this device is the default (in or out). If so, assign. */
+            if (def_in == SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[i].i)
+                {
+                if ((*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice != paNoDevice)
+                    {
+                    DBUG(("Default input already assigned!\n"));
+                    result = paInternalError;
+                    goto cleanup;
+                    }
+                (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = i;
+                /* DBUG(("Default input assigned to pa device %d (%s).\n", i, deviceInfo->name)); */
+                }
+            else if (def_out == SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[i].i)
+                {
+                if ((*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice != paNoDevice)
+                    {
+                    DBUG(("Default output already assigned!\n"));
+                    result = paInternalError;
+                    goto cleanup;
+                    }
+                (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = i;
+                /* DBUG(("Default output assigned to pa device %d (%s).\n", i, deviceInfo->name)); */
+                }
+            /*---------------------------------------------- Default latencies set to 'reasonable' values. */
+            deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency   = 0.050; /* 50 milliseconds seems ok. */
+            deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency  = 0.050; /* These are ALSO ABSOLUTE MINIMA in OpenStream(). */
+            deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency  = 0.500; /* 500 milliseconds a reasonable value? */
+            deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.500; /* Ten times these are ABSOLUTE MAX in OpenStream()). */
+
+            deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = alFixedToDouble(y[1].value.ll); /* Read current sr. */
+            (*hostApi)->deviceInfos[i] = deviceInfo;
+            ++(*hostApi)->info.deviceCount;
+            }
+        }
+    /* What if (deviceCount==0)? */
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate         = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream        = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface(&SGIHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                     StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                     GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                     PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                     PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface(&SGIHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                     StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                     GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                     ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+cleanup:        
+    if (result != paNoError)
+        {
+        if (SGIHostApi)
+            {
+            if (SGIHostApi->allocations)
+                {
+                PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations(SGIHostApi->allocations);
+                PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup(SGIHostApi->allocations);
+                }
+            PaUtil_FreeMemory(SGIHostApi);
+            }
+        }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaSGIHostApiRepresentation *SGIHostApi = (PaSGIHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    /* Clean up any resources not handled by the allocation group. */
+    if( SGIHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( SGIHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( SGIHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( SGIHostApi );
+}
+
+/*
+    Check if samplerate is supported for this output device. Called once
+    or twice by function IsFormatSupported() and one time by OpenStream().
+    When paUnanticipatedHostError is returned, the caller does NOT have 
+    to call PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() or such.
+*/
+static PaError sr_supported(int al_device, double sr)
+{
+    int         e;
+    PaError     result;
+    ALparamInfo pinfo;
+    long long   lsr;    /* 64 bit fixed point internal AL samplerate. */
+    
+    if (alGetParamInfo(al_device, AL_RATE, &pinfo))
+        {
+        e = oserror();
+        DBUG(("alGetParamInfo(AL_RATE) failed: %s.\n", alGetErrorString(e)));
+        if (e == AL_BAD_RESOURCE)
+            result = paInvalidDevice;
+        else
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()        /* Sure an AL error occured. */
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        }
+    else
+        {
+        lsr = alDoubleToFixed(sr);  /* Within the range? */
+        if ((pinfo.min.ll <= lsr) && (lsr <= pinfo.max.ll))
+            result = paFormatIsSupported;
+        else
+            result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        }
+    /* DBUG(("sr_supported()=%d.\n", result)); */
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    See common/portaudio.h (suggestedLatency field is ignored).
+*/
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaSGIHostApiRepresentation* SGIHostApi = (PaSGIHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount, result;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        /* Unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+           paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification. */
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+        /* Check that input device can support inputChannelCount. */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+        /* Validate inputStreamInfo. */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+        /* Check if samplerate is supported for this input device. */
+        result = sr_supported(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[inputParameters->device].i, sampleRate);
+        if (result != paFormatIsSupported) /* PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() may already be called. */
+            return result;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+    if( outputParameters ) /* As with input above. */
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+        /* Check if samplerate is supported for this output device. */
+        result = sr_supported(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[outputParameters->device].i, sampleRate);
+        if (result != paFormatIsSupported)
+            return result;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+    /*  IMPLEMENT ME:
+        Because the buffer adapter handles conversion between all standard
+        sample formats, the following checks are only required if paCustomFormat
+        is implemented, or under some other unusual conditions.
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+              we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+              a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+              we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+              a native format
+    */
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) inputSampleFormat;
+    (void) outputSampleFormat;
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+}
+
+/** Auxilary struct, embedded twice in the struct below, for inputs and outputs. */
+typedef struct PaSGIhostPortBuffer
+{
+            /** NULL means IRIX AL port closed. */
+    ALport  port;
+            /** NULL means memory not allocated. */
+    void*   buffer;
+}
+    PaSGIhostPortBuffer;
+
+/** Stream data structure specifically for this IRIX AL implementation. */
+typedef struct PaSGIStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation  streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer       cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor       bufferProcessor;
+    unsigned long               framesPerHostCallback;
+                                /** Allocated host buffers and AL ports. */
+    PaSGIhostPortBuffer         hostPortBuffIn,
+                                hostPortBuffOut;
+                                /** Copy of stream flags given to OpenStream(). */
+    PaStreamFlags               streamFlags;
+                                /** Stream state may be 0 or 1 or 2, but never 3. */
+    unsigned char               state;
+                                /** Requests to stop or abort may come from the parent,
+                                    or from the child itself (user callback result). */
+    unsigned char               stopAbort;
+    pthread_t                   thread;
+}
+    PaSGIStream;
+
+/** Stream can be in only one of the following three states: stopped (1), active (2), or
+    callback finshed (0). To prevent 'state 3' from occurring, Setting and testing of the
+    state bits is done atomically.
+*/
+#define PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_FINISHED_ (0) /* After callback finished or cancelled queued buffers. */
+#define PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_  (1) /* Set by OpenStream(), StopStream() and AbortStream(). */
+#define PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_ACTIVE_   (2) /* Set by StartStream. Reset by OpenStream(),           */
+                                         /* StopStream() and AbortStream().                      */
+
+/** Stop requests, via the 'stopAbort' field can be either 1, meaning 'stop' or 2, meaning 'abort'.
+    When both occur at the same time, 'abort' takes precedence, even after a first 'stop'.
+*/
+#define PA_SGI_REQ_CONT_    (0)         /* Reset by OpenStream(), StopStream and AbortStream. */
+#define PA_SGI_REQ_STOP_    (1)         /* Set by StopStream(). */
+#define PA_SGI_REQ_ABORT_   (2)         /* Set by AbortStream(). */
+
+
+/** Called by OpenStream() once or twice. First, the number of channels, sampleformat, and
+    queue size are configured. The configuration is then bound to the specified AL device. 
+    Then an AL port is opened. Finally, the samplerate of the device is altered (or at least
+    set again).
+    
+    After successful return, actual latency is written in *latency, and actual samplerate 
+    in *samplerate.
+
+    @param pa_params may be NULL and pa_params->channelCount may also be null, in both 
+           cases the function immediately returns.
+    @return paNoError if configuration was skipped or if it succeeded.
+*/
+static PaError set_sgi_device(ALvalue*                  sgiDeviceIDs,   /* Array built by PaSGI_Initialize(). */
+                              const PaStreamParameters* pa_params,      /* read device and channels. */                             
+                              double*                   latency,        /* Read and write in seconds. */
+                              
+                              PaSampleFormat            pasfmt,         /* Don't read from pa_params!. */
+                              char*                     direction,      /* "r" or "w". */
+                              char*                     name,
+                              long                      framesPerHostBuffer,
+                              double*                   samplerate,     /* Also writes back here. */
+                              PaSGIhostPortBuffer*      hostPortBuff)   /* Receive pointers here. */
+{
+    int       bytesPerFrame, sgiDevice, alErr, d, dd, iq_size, default_iq_size;
+    ALpv      pvs[2];
+    ALconfig  alc = NULL;
+    PaError   result = paNoError;
+
+    if (!pa_params)
+        goto cleanup;                  /* Not errors, just not full duplex, skip all. */
+    if (!pa_params->channelCount)
+        goto cleanup;
+    alc = alNewConfig();    /* Create default config. This defaults to stereo, 16-bit integer data. */
+    if (!alc)               /* Call alFreeConfig() later, when done with it. */
+        { result = paInsufficientMemory;  goto cleanup; }
+    /*----------------------- CONFIGURE NUMBER OF CHANNELS: ---------------------------*/
+    if (alSetChannels(alc, pa_params->channelCount))          /* Returns 0 on success. */
+        {
+        if (oserror() == AL_BAD_CHANNELS)
+            result = paInvalidChannelCount;
+        else
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    bytesPerFrame = pa_params->channelCount;          /* Is multiplied by width below. */
+    /*----------------------- CONFIGURE SAMPLE FORMAT: --------------------------------*/
+    if (pasfmt == paFloat32)
+        {
+        if (alSetSampFmt(alc, AL_SAMPFMT_FLOAT))
+            {
+            if (oserror() == AL_BAD_SAMPFMT)
+                result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+            else
+                {
+                PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError; 
+                }
+            goto cleanup;
+            }
+        bytesPerFrame *= 4;             /* No need to set width for floats. */
+        }
+    else
+        {
+        if (alSetSampFmt(alc, AL_SAMPFMT_TWOSCOMP))
+            {
+            if (oserror() == AL_BAD_SAMPFMT)
+                result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+            else
+                {
+                PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                }
+            goto cleanup;
+            }
+        if (pasfmt == paInt8)
+            {
+            if (alSetWidth(alc, AL_SAMPLE_8))
+                {
+                if (oserror() == AL_BAD_WIDTH)
+                    result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+                else
+                    {
+                    PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    }
+                goto cleanup;
+                }
+            /* bytesPerFrame *= 1; */
+            }
+        else if (pasfmt == paInt16)
+            {
+            if (alSetWidth(alc, AL_SAMPLE_16))
+                {
+                if (oserror() == AL_BAD_WIDTH)
+                    result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+                else
+                    {
+                    PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    }
+                goto cleanup;
+                }
+            bytesPerFrame *= 2;
+            }
+        else if (pasfmt == paInt24)
+            {
+            if (alSetWidth(alc, AL_SAMPLE_24))
+                {
+                if (oserror() == AL_BAD_WIDTH)
+                    result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+                else
+                    {
+                    PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    }
+                goto cleanup;
+                }
+            bytesPerFrame *= 3;   /* OR 4 ???????! */
+            }
+        else return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+        }
+    /*----------------------- SET INTERNAL AL QUEUE SIZE: -------------------------------*/
+    /*  The AL API doesn't provide a means for querying minimum and maximum buffer sizes.
+        So, if the requested size fails, try again with a value that is closer to the AL's 
+        default queue size. In this implementation, 'Portaudio latency' corresponds to
+        the AL queue size minus one buffersize:
+                                                 AL queue size - framesPerHostBuffer
+                                    PA latency = -----------------------------------
+                                                            sample rate                  */
+    default_iq_size = alGetQueueSize(alc);
+    if (default_iq_size < 0)     /* So let's first get that 'default size'. */
+        {                        /* Default internal queue size could not be determined. */
+        PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+        result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    /* AL buffer becomes somewhat bigger than the suggested latency, notice this is   */
+    /* based on requsted samplerate, not in the actual rate, which is measured later. */
+    /* Do NOT read pa_params->suggestedLatency, but use the limited *latency param!   */
+    
+    iq_size = (int)(0.5 + ((*latency) * (*samplerate))) + (int)framesPerHostBuffer;
+                                                /* The AL buffer becomes somewhat     */
+                                                /* bigger than the suggested latency. */
+    if (iq_size < (framesPerHostBuffer << 1))   /* Make sure the minimum is twice     */
+        {                                       /* framesPerHostBuffer.               */
+        DBUG(("Setting minimum queue size.\n"));
+        iq_size = (framesPerHostBuffer << 1);
+        }
+    d = iq_size - default_iq_size;                 /* Determine whether we'll decrease */
+    while (alSetQueueSize(alc, iq_size))           /* or increase after failing.       */
+        {                                          /* Size in sample frames.           */
+        if (oserror() != AL_BAD_QSIZE)                       /* Stop at AL_BAD_CONFIG. */
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            goto cleanup;
+            }
+        dd = iq_size - default_iq_size;     /* Stop when even the default size failed  */
+        if (((d >= 0) && (dd <= 0)) ||      /* (dd=0) or when difference flipped sign. */
+            ((d <= 0) && (dd >= 0)) ||
+            (iq_size <= framesPerHostBuffer))  /* Also guarentee that framesPerHostBuffer */
+            {                                  /* can be subtracted (res>0) after return. */
+            DBUG(("Could not set AL queue size to %d sample frames!\n", iq_size));
+            result = paInternalError; /* FIX: PROBABLY AN INAPROPRIATE ERROR CODE HERE.   */
+            goto cleanup;             /* As inapropriate as paUnanticipatedHostError was? */
+            }
+        DBUG(("Failed to set internal queue size to %d frames, ", iq_size));
+        if (d > 0)
+            iq_size -= framesPerHostBuffer;    /* Try lesser multiple. */
+        else
+            iq_size += framesPerHostBuffer;    /* Try larger multiple. */
+        DBUG(("trying %d frames now...\n", iq_size));
+        }
+    /* Note: Actual latency is written back to *latency after meausuring actual (not
+             the requested) samplerate. See below. 
+    */
+    /*----------------------- ALLOCATE HOST BUFFER: --------------------------------------*/
+    hostPortBuff->buffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory((long)bytesPerFrame * framesPerHostBuffer);
+    if (!hostPortBuff->buffer) /* Caller is responsible for cleanup+close after failures! */
+        { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+    /*----------------------- BIND CONFIGURATION TO DEVICE: ------------------------------*/
+    sgiDevice = sgiDeviceIDs[pa_params->device].i;
+    if (alSetDevice(alc, sgiDevice)) /* Try to switch the hardware. */
+        {
+        if (oserror() == AL_BAD_DEVICE)
+            result = paInvalidDevice;
+        else
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    /*----------------------- OPEN PORT: ----------------------------------------------*/
+    hostPortBuff->port = alOpenPort(name, direction, alc);  /* Caller is responsible   */
+    if (!hostPortBuff->port)                                /* for closing after fail. */
+        {
+        PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR()
+        result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+        goto cleanup;
+        }                                                     /* Maybe set SR earlier? */
+    /*----------------------- SET SAMPLERATE: -----------------------------------------*/
+    pvs[0].param    = AL_MASTER_CLOCK;       /* Attempt to set a crystal-based sample- */
+    pvs[0].value.i  = AL_CRYSTAL_MCLK_TYPE;  /* rate on input or output device.        */
+    pvs[1].param    = AL_RATE;
+    pvs[1].value.ll = alDoubleToFixed(*samplerate);
+    if (2 != alSetParams(sgiDevice, pvs, 2))
+        {
+        DBUG(("alSetParams() failed to set samplerate to %.4f Hz!\n", *samplerate));
+        result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    /*----------------------- GET ACTUAL SAMPLERATE: ---------------------------*/
+    alErr = alGetParams(sgiDevice, &pvs[1], 1); /* SEE WHAT WE REALY SET IT TO. */
+    if (alErr != 1)                             /* And return that to caller.   */
+        {
+        DBUG(("alGetParams() failed to read samplerate!\n"));
+        result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    *samplerate = alFixedToDouble(pvs[1].value.ll);  /* Between 1 Hz and 1 MHz. */
+    if ((*samplerate < 1.0) || (*samplerate > 1000000.0))
+        {
+        DBUG(("alFixedToDouble() resulted a weird samplerate: %.6f Hz!\n", *samplerate));
+        result = paInvalidSampleRate;
+        goto cleanup;
+        }
+    /*----------------------- CALC ACTUAL LATENCY (based on actual SR): -----------------------*/
+    *latency = (iq_size - framesPerHostBuffer) / (*samplerate);         /* FIX:  SURE > 0!???? */
+cleanup:
+    if (alc)
+        alFreeConfig(alc); /* We no longer need configuration. */
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+    Called by OpenStream() if it fails and by CloseStream. Only used here, in this file.
+    Fields MUST be set to NULL or to a valid value, prior to call.
+*/
+static void streamCleanupAndClose(PaSGIStream* stream)
+{
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.port)    alClosePort(stream->hostPortBuffIn.port);         /* Close AL ports.  */
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer)  PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer); /* Release buffers. */
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port)   alClosePort(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port);
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer) PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer);
+}
+
+
+/* See pa_hostapi.h for a list of validity guarantees made about OpenStream parameters. */
+static PaError OpenStream(struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation* hostApi,
+                          PaStream**                          s,
+                          const PaStreamParameters*           ipp,
+                          const PaStreamParameters*           opp,
+                          double                              sampleRate, /* Common to both i and o. */
+                          unsigned long                       framesPerBuffer,
+                          PaStreamFlags                       streamFlags,
+                          PaStreamCallback*                   streamCallback,
+                          void*                               userData)
+{
+    PaError                     result = paNoError;
+    PaSGIHostApiRepresentation* SGIHostApi = (PaSGIHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaSGIStream*                stream = 0;
+    unsigned long               framesPerHostBuffer;   /* Not necessarily the same as framesPerBuffer. */
+    int                         inputChannelCount,     outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat              inputSampleFormat,     outputSampleFormat,
+                                hostInputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat;
+    double                      sr_in,                 sr_out,
+                                latency_in,            latency_out;
+    static const PaSampleFormat irixFormats = (paInt8 | paInt16 | paInt24 | paFloat32);
+    /* Constant used by PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat(). Because IRIX AL does not
+       provide a way to query for possible formats for a given device, interface or port,
+       just add together the formats we know that are supported in general by IRIX AL 
+       (at the end of the year 2003): AL_SAMPFMT_TWOSCOMP with AL_SAMPLE_8(=paInt8),
+       AL_SAMPLE_16(=paInt16) or AL_SAMPLE_24(=paInt24); AL_SAMPFMT_FLOAT(=paFloat32); 
+       AL_SAMPFMT_DOUBLE(=paFloat64); IRIX misses unsigned 8 and 32 bit signed ints.
+    */
+    DBUG(("OpenStream() started.\n"));
+    if (ipp)
+        {
+        inputChannelCount = ipp->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = ipp->sampleFormat;
+        /* Unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification. */
+        if (ipp->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification) /* DEVICE CHOOSEN BY CLIENT. */
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+        /* Check that input device can support inputChannelCount. */
+        if (inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ipp->device]->maxInputChannels)
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+        /* Validate inputStreamInfo. */
+        if (ipp->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+        hostInputSampleFormat = PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat(irixFormats, inputSampleFormat);
+        /* Check if samplerate is supported for this input device. */
+        result = sr_supported(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[ipp->device].i, sampleRate);
+        if (result != paFormatIsSupported) /* PA_SGI_SET_LAST_AL_ERROR() may already be called. */
+            return result;
+        /* Validate input latency. Use defaults if necessary. */
+        if (ipp->suggestedLatency < hostApi->deviceInfos[ipp->device]->defaultLowInputLatency)
+            latency_in = hostApi->deviceInfos[ipp->device]->defaultLowInputLatency;         /* Low = minimum. */
+        else if (ipp->suggestedLatency > 10.0 * hostApi->deviceInfos[ipp->device]->defaultHighInputLatency)
+            latency_in = 10.0 * hostApi->deviceInfos[ipp->device]->defaultHighInputLatency; /* 10*High = max. */
+        else
+            latency_in = ipp->suggestedLatency;
+        }
+    else
+        {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+        inputSampleFormat = hostInputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialised var' warnings. */
+        latency_in = 0.0; /* Necessary? */
+        }
+    if (opp)
+        {
+        outputChannelCount = opp->channelCount;        
+        outputSampleFormat = opp->sampleFormat;
+        if (opp->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification) /* Like input (above). */
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+        if (outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[opp->device]->maxOutputChannels)
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+        if (opp->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+        hostOutputSampleFormat = PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat(irixFormats, outputSampleFormat);
+        /* Check if samplerate is supported for this output device. */
+        result = sr_supported(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs[opp->device].i, sampleRate);
+        if (result != paFormatIsSupported)
+            return result;
+        /* Validate output latency. Use defaults if necessary. */
+        if (opp->suggestedLatency < hostApi->deviceInfos[opp->device]->defaultLowOutputLatency)
+            latency_out = hostApi->deviceInfos[opp->device]->defaultLowOutputLatency;         /* Low = minimum. */
+        else if (opp->suggestedLatency > 10.0 * hostApi->deviceInfos[opp->device]->defaultHighOutputLatency)
+            latency_out = 10.0 * hostApi->deviceInfos[opp->device]->defaultHighOutputLatency; /* 10*High = max. */
+        else
+            latency_out = opp->suggestedLatency;
+        }
+    else
+        {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+        outputSampleFormat = hostOutputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialised var' warning. */
+        latency_out = 0.0;
+        }
+    /*  Sure that ipp and opp will never be both NULL. */
+
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )  /* Validate platform specific flags.  */
+        return paInvalidFlag;                           /* Unexpected platform specific flag. */
+
+    stream = (PaSGIStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaSGIStream) );
+    if (!stream)
+        { result = paInsufficientMemory; goto cleanup; }
+
+    stream->hostPortBuffIn.port    = (ALport)NULL;       /* Ports closed.   */
+    stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer  =         NULL;       /* No buffers yet. */
+    stream->hostPortBuffOut.port   = (ALport)NULL;
+    stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer =         NULL;
+
+    if (streamCallback)
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation,
+               &SGIHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData);
+    else
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation,
+               &SGIHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData);
+                                                     /* (NULL.) */
+    if (framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)            /* Proposal 004. */
+        { /* Keep framesPerBuffer zero but come up with some fixed host buffer size. */
+        double  lowest_lat = 0.0; /* 0.0 to surpress uninit warning, we're sure it will end up higher. */
+        if (ipp)
+            lowest_lat = latency_in;            /* Sure > 0.0! */
+        if (opp && (latency_out < lowest_lat))
+            lowest_lat = latency_out;
+        /* So that queue size becomes approximately 5 times framesPerHostBuffer: */
+        framesPerHostBuffer = (unsigned long)((lowest_lat * sampleRate) / 4.0);
+        /* But always limit: */
+        if (framesPerHostBuffer < 64L)
+            framesPerHostBuffer = 64L;
+        else if (framesPerHostBuffer > 32768L)
+            framesPerHostBuffer = 32768L;
+        DBUG(("Decided to use a fixed host buffer size of %ld frames.\n", framesPerHostBuffer));
+        }
+    else
+        framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerBuffer; /* Then just take the requested amount. No buffer-adaption yet? */
+
+    sr_in = sr_out = sampleRate;
+    /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+    result = set_sgi_device(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs, /* Needed by alSetDevice and other functs. */
+                            ipp,                      /* Reads channelCount, device but NOT latency. */
+                            &latency_in,              /* Read limited requested latency but also WRITE actual. */
+                            hostInputSampleFormat,    /* For alSetSampFmt and alSetWidth. */                            
+                            "r",                      /* "r" for reading from input port. */
+                            "portaudio in",           /* Name string. */
+                            framesPerHostBuffer,      /* As calculated or as requested by the client. */
+                            &sr_in,                   /* Receive actual s.rate after setting it. */
+                            &stream->hostPortBuffIn); /* Receives ALport and input host buffer.  */
+    if (result != paNoError) goto cleanup;
+    /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+    result = set_sgi_device(SGIHostApi->sgiDeviceIDs,
+                            opp,
+                            &latency_out,
+                            hostOutputSampleFormat,
+                            "w",                      /* "w" for writing. */
+                            "portaudio out",
+                            framesPerHostBuffer,
+                            &sr_out,
+                            &stream->hostPortBuffOut);
+    if (result != paNoError) goto cleanup;
+    /*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+    if (fabs(sr_in - sr_out) > 0.001)                         /* Make sure both are the 'same'. */
+        {
+        DBUG(("Weird samplerate difference between input and output!\n"));
+        result = paInvalidSampleRate;            /* Could not come up with a better error code. */
+        goto cleanup;
+        }                                                                 /* sr_in '==' sr_out. */
+    sampleRate = sr_in;                  /* Following fields set to estimated or actual values: */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate    = sampleRate;
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency  = latency_in;  /* 0.0 if output only. */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = latency_out; /* 0.0 if input only.  */
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer(&stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate);
+    result = PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    inputChannelCount,   inputSampleFormat,  hostInputSampleFormat,
+                    outputChannelCount,  outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+                    sampleRate,          streamFlags,
+                    framesPerBuffer,           /* As requested by OpenStream(), may be zero! */
+                    framesPerHostBuffer,       /* Use fixed number of frames per host buffer */
+                    paUtilFixedHostBufferSize, /* to keep things simple. See pa_common/pa_   */
+                    streamCallback, userData); /* process.h for more hostbuffersize options. */
+    if (result != paNoError)
+        goto cleanup;
+
+    stream->framesPerHostCallback = framesPerHostBuffer;
+    stream->streamFlags           = streamFlags;                  /* Remember priming request. */
+    stream->state                 = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_;  /* After opening, the stream */
+    stream->stopAbort             = PA_SGI_REQ_CONT_;             /* is in the stopped state.  */
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;         /* Pass object to caller. */
+cleanup:
+    if (result != paNoError)        /* Always set result when jumping to cleanup after failure. */
+        {
+        if (stream)
+            {
+            streamCleanupAndClose(stream); /* Frees i/o buffers and closes AL ports. */
+            PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream);
+            }
+        }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/** POSIX thread that performs the actual i/o and calls the client's callback,
+    spawned by StartStream().
+*/
+static void* PaSGIpthread(void *userData)
+{
+    PaSGIStream*              stream = (PaSGIStream*)userData;
+    int                       callbackResult = paContinue;
+    double                    nanosec_per_frame;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo  timeInfo = { 0, 0, 0 };
+
+    stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_ACTIVE_;   /* Parent thread also sets active flag, but we 
+                                                     make no assumption about who does this first. */
+    nanosec_per_frame = 1000000000.0 / stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate;
+    /*----------------------------------------------- OUTPUT PRIMING: -----------------------------*/
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port)              /* Somewhat less than AL queue size so the next */
+        {                                          /* output buffer will (probably) not block.     */
+        unsigned long frames_to_prime = (long)(0.5 + 
+                                        (stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency
+                                         * stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate));
+        if (stream->streamFlags & paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback)
+          {
+          PaStreamCallbackFlags cbflags = paPrimingOutput;
+          if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.port) /* Only set this flag in case of full duplex. */
+            cbflags |= paInputUnderflow;
+          DBUG(("Prime with client's callback: < %ld frames.\n", frames_to_prime));
+          while (frames_to_prime >= stream->framesPerHostCallback)  /* We will not do less (yet).  */
+            {                                                     /* TODO: Timestamps and CPU load */
+            PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing(&stream->bufferProcessor,  /* measurement during priming. */
+                                         &timeInfo,
+                                         cbflags);             /* Pass underflow + priming flags.  */
+            if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.port)                   /* Does that provide client's call- */
+                PaUtil_SetNoInput(&stream->bufferProcessor);   /* back with silent inputbuffers?   */
+            
+            PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0);   /* 0=take host buffer size. */
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0,
+                                                 stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer, 0);
+            callbackResult = paContinue;                            /* Call the client's callback. */
+            frames_to_prime -= PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing(&stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult);
+            if (callbackResult == paAbort)
+                {                                           /* What should we do in other cases    */
+                stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_ABORT_;      /* where (callbackResult!=paContinue). */
+                break; /* Don't even output the samples just returned (also skip following while). */
+                }
+            else                                       /* Write interleaved samples to SGI device. */
+                alWriteFrames(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port, stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer, 
+                              stream->framesPerHostCallback);
+            }
+          }
+        else /* Prime with silence.  */
+            {
+            DBUG(("Prime with silence: %ld frames.\n", frames_to_prime));
+            alZeroFrames(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port, frames_to_prime);
+            }
+        }
+    /*------------------------------------------------------ I/O: ---------------------------------*/
+    while (!stream->stopAbort)         /* Exit loop immediately when 'stop' or 'abort' are raised. */
+        {
+        unsigned long   framesProcessed;
+        stamp_t         fn, t, fnd, td;   /* Unsigned 64 bit. */
+        
+        PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME: - handle buffer slips. */
+        if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.port)
+            {
+            /*  Get device sample frame number associated with next audio sample frame
+                we're going to read from this port. */
+            alGetFrameNumber(stream->hostPortBuffIn.port, &fn);
+            /*  Get some recent pair of (frame number, time) from the audio device to 
+                which our port is connected. time is 'UST' which is given in nanoseconds 
+                and shared with the other audio devices and with other media. */
+            alGetFrameTime(stream->hostPortBuffIn.port, &fnd, &td);
+            /*  Calculate UST associated with fn, the next sample frame we're going to read or
+                write. Because this is signed arithmetic, code works for both inputs and outputs. */
+            t = td + (stamp_t) ((double)(fn - fnd) * nanosec_per_frame);
+            /*  If port is not in underflow or overflow state, we can alReadFrames() or 
+                alWriteFrames() here and know that t is the time associated with the first 
+                sample frame of the buffer we read or write. */
+            timeInfo.inputBufferAdcTime = ((PaTime)t) / 1000000000.0;
+            /* Read interleaved samples from AL port (I think it will block only the first time). */
+            alReadFrames(stream->hostPortBuffIn.port, stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer, 
+                         stream->framesPerHostCallback);
+            }
+        if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port)
+            {
+            alGetFrameNumber(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port, &fn);
+            alGetFrameTime(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port, &fnd, &td);
+            t = td + (stamp_t) ((double)(fn - fnd) * nanosec_per_frame);
+            timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime = ((PaTime)t) / 1000000000.0;
+            }
+        dmGetUST((unsigned long long*)(&t));                /* Receive time in nanoseconds in t. */
+        timeInfo.currentTime = ((PaTime)t) / 1000000000.0;
+        
+        /* If you need to byte swap or shift inputBuffer to convert it into a pa format, do it here. */
+        PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                     &timeInfo,
+                                     0 /* IMPLEMENT ME: pass underflow/overflow flags when necessary */);
+                                     
+        if (stream->hostPortBuffIn.port)                    /* Equivalent to (inputChannelCount > 0) */
+            {                /* We are sure about the amount to transfer (PaUtil_Set before alRead). */
+            PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* 0 means take host buffer size */);
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    0, /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                    stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer,
+                    0 ); /* 0 - use inputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+            }
+        if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port)
+            {
+            PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* 0 means take host buffer size */);
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    0, /* first channel of outputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                    stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer,
+                    0 ); /* 0 - use outputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+            }
+        /*
+            You must pass a valid value of callback result to PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing()
+            in general you would pass paContinue for normal operation, and
+            paComplete to drain the buffer processor's internal output buffer.
+            You can check whether the buffer processor's output buffer is empty
+            using PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty( bufferProcessor )
+        */
+        callbackResult = paContinue;      /* Whoops, lost this somewhere, back again in v 1.2.2.16! */
+        framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing(&stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult);
+        /* If you need to byte swap or shift outputBuffer to convert it to host format, do it here. */
+        PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+        
+        if (callbackResult != paContinue)
+            {                                              /* Once finished, call the finished callback. */
+            DBUG(("SGI callbackResult = %d.\n", callbackResult));
+            if (stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback)
+                stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback(stream->streamRepresentation.userData);
+            if (callbackResult == paAbort)
+                {
+                stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_ABORT_;
+                break;  /* Don't play the last buffer returned. */
+                }
+            else        /* paComplete or some other non-zero value. */
+                stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_STOP_;
+            }
+        if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port)                /* Write interleaved samples to SGI device */
+            alWriteFrames(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port,  /* (like unix_oss, AFTER checking callback result). */
+                          stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer, stream->framesPerHostCallback);
+        }
+    if (stream->hostPortBuffOut.port) /* Drain output buffer(s), as long as we don't see an 'abort' request. */
+        {
+        while ((!(stream->stopAbort & PA_SGI_REQ_ABORT_)) &&    /* Assume _STOP_ is set (or meant). */
+               (alGetFilled(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port) > 1)) /* In case of ABORT we quickly leave (again). */
+            ; /* Don't provide any new (not even silent) samples, but let an underrun [almost] occur. */
+        }
+    if (callbackResult != paContinue)
+        stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_FINISHED_;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures
+    that the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream(PaStream* s)
+{
+    PaError       result = paNoError;
+    PaSGIStream*  stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+
+    DBUG(("SGI CloseStream() started.\n"));
+    streamCleanupAndClose(stream); /* Releases i/o buffers and closes AL ports. */
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor(&stream->bufferProcessor);
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation);
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream);
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream(PaStream *s)
+{
+    PaError       result = paNoError;
+    PaSGIStream*  stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+
+    DBUG(("StartStream() started.\n"));
+    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor(&stream->bufferProcessor); /* See pa_common/pa_process.h. */
+    if (stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback)
+        {                                       /* only when callback is used */
+        if (pthread_create(&stream->thread,
+                           NULL,                /* pthread_attr_t * attr */
+                           PaSGIpthread,        /* Function to spawn.    */
+                           (void*)stream))      /* Pass stream as arg.   */
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_IRIX_ERROR()        /* Let's hope oserror() tells something useful. */
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        else
+            stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_ACTIVE_;
+        }                   /* Set active before returning from this function. */
+    else
+        stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_ACTIVE_; /* Apparently, setting active for blocking i/o is */
+    return result;                                  /* necessary (for patest_write_sine for example). */
+}
+
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError         result = paNoError;
+    PaSGIStream*    stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+    
+    if (stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback) /* Only for callback streams. */
+        {
+        stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_STOP_;   /* Signal and wait for the thread to drain outputs. */
+        if (pthread_join(stream->thread, NULL)) /* When succesful, stream->state */
+            {                                   /* is still ACTIVE, or FINISHED. */
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_IRIX_ERROR()
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        else  /* Transition from ACTIVE or FINISHED to STOPPED. */
+            stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_;
+        stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_CONT_; /* For possible next start. */
+        }
+/*  else
+        stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_;  Is this necessary for blocking i/o? */
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaSGIStream *stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+
+    if (stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback) /* Only for callback streams. */
+        {
+        stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_ABORT_;
+        if (pthread_join(stream->thread, NULL))
+            {
+            PA_SGI_SET_LAST_IRIX_ERROR()
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        else  /* Transition from ACTIVE or FINISHED to STOPPED. */
+            stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_;
+        stream->stopAbort = PA_SGI_REQ_CONT_; /* For possible next start. */
+        }
+/*  else
+        stream->state = PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_;  Is this necessary for blocking i/o? */
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )   /* Not just the opposite of IsStreamActive(): */
+{                                               /* in the 'callback finished' state, it       */
+                                                /* returns zero instead of nonzero.           */
+    if (((PaSGIStream*)s)->state & PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_STOPPED_)
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    if (((PaSGIStream*)s)->state & PA_SGI_STREAM_FLAG_ACTIVE_)
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    stamp_t t;
+    
+    (void) s; /* Suppress unused argument warning. */
+    dmGetUST((unsigned long long*)(&t)); /* Receive time in nanoseconds in t. */
+    return (PaTime)t / 1000000000.0;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaSGIStream *stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+/*
+    As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback
+    streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called
+    for blocking streams.
+*/
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaSGIStream*    stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+    int             n;
+
+printf("stream->framesPerHostCallback=%ld.\n", stream->framesPerHostCallback);
+fflush(stdout);
+
+    while (frames)
+        {
+        if (frames > stream->framesPerHostCallback) n = stream->framesPerHostCallback;
+        else                                        n = frames;
+        /* Read interleaved samples from SGI device. */
+        alReadFrames(stream->hostPortBuffIn.port,           /* Port already opened by OpenStream(). */
+                     stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer, n);     /* Already allocated by OpenStream().   */
+                                                            /* alReadFrames() always returns 0.     */
+        PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0); /* 0 means take host buffer size */
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                           0,   /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                                           stream->hostPortBuffIn.buffer,
+                                           0 ); /* 0 means use inputChannelCount passed at init. */
+        /* Copy samples from host input channels set up by the PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels 
+           to a user supplied buffer. */
+printf("frames=%ld, buffer=%ld\n", frames, (long)buffer);
+fflush(stdout);
+        PaUtil_CopyInput(&stream->bufferProcessor, &buffer, n);
+        frames -= n;
+        }
+printf("DONE: frames=%ld, buffer=%ld\n", frames, (long)buffer);
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaSGIStream*    stream = (PaSGIStream*)s;
+    unsigned long   n;
+    while (frames)
+        {
+        PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0); /* 0 means take host buffer size */
+        PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                            0,   /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                                            stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer,
+                                            0 ); /* 0 means use inputChannelCount passed at init. */
+        /* Copy samples from user supplied buffer to host input channels set up by
+           PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels. Copies the minimum of the number of user frames 
+           (specified by the frameCount parameter) and the number of host frames (specified in 
+           a previous call to SetOutputFrameCount()). */
+        n = PaUtil_CopyOutput(&stream->bufferProcessor, &buffer, frames);
+        /* Write interleaved samples to SGI device. */
+        alWriteFrames(stream->hostPortBuffOut.port, stream->hostPortBuffOut.buffer, n);
+        frames -= n;                                           /* alWriteFrames always returns 0. */
+        }
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    return (signed long)alGetFilled(((PaSGIStream*)s)->hostPortBuffIn.port);
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    return (signed long)alGetFillable(((PaSGIStream*)s)->hostPortBuffOut.port);
+}
+
+
+/* CVS reminder:
+   To download the 'v19-devel' branch from portaudio's CVS server for the first time, type:
+    cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs checkout -r v19-devel portaudio
+   Then 'cd' to the 'portaudio' directory that should have been created.
+   To commit changes:
+    cvs -d:pserver:pieter@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs login
+    cvs -d:pserver:pieter@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs commit -m 'blabla.' -r v19-devel pa_sgi/pa_sgi.c
+    cvs -d:pserver:pieter@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs logout
+   To see if someone else worked on something:
+    cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs update -r v19-devel
+   To get an older revision of a certain file (without sticky business):
+    cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs update -p -r 1.1.1.1.2.4 pa_tests/patest1.c >pa_tests/patest1.c-OLD
+   To see logs:
+    cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@www.portaudio.com:/home/cvs log pa_common/pa_skeleton.c
+*/
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_hostapis.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_hostapis.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bddc2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_hostapis.c
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_unix_hostapis.c,v 1.1.2.5 2003/10/02 12:35:46 pieter Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library UNIX initialization table
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+
+PaError PaJack_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+PaError PaAlsa_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+PaError PaOSS_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+/* Added for IRIX, Pieter, oct 2, 2003: */
+PaError PaSGI_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+
+PaUtilHostApiInitializer *paHostApiInitializers[] =
+    {
+#ifdef PA_USE_OSS
+        PaOSS_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PA_USE_ALSA
+        PaAlsa_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PA_USE_JACK
+        PaJack_Initialize,
+#endif
+                    /* Added for IRIX, Pieter, oct 2, 2003: */
+#ifdef PA_USE_SGI 
+        PaSGI_Initialize,
+#endif
+        0   /* NULL terminated array */
+    };
+
+int paDefaultHostApiIndex = 0;
+
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_util.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_util.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdadfe87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix/pa_unix_util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_unix_util.c,v 1.1.2.4 2003/11/01 10:12:13 aknudsen Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * UNIX platform-specific support functions
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+ 
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+
+
+/*
+   Track memory allocations to avoid leaks.
+ */
+
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+static int numAllocations_ = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+void *PaUtil_AllocateMemory( long size )
+{
+    void *result = malloc( size );
+
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+    if( result != NULL ) numAllocations_ += 1;
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_FreeMemory( void *block )
+{
+    if( block != NULL )
+    {
+        free( block );
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+        numAllocations_ -= 1;
+#endif
+
+    }
+}
+
+
+int PaUtil_CountCurrentlyAllocatedBlocks( void )
+{
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+    return numAllocations_;
+#else
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void Pa_Sleep( long msec )
+{
+    while( msec > 999 )     /* For OpenBSD and IRIX, argument */
+        {                   /* to usleep must be < 1000000.   */
+        usleep( 999000 );
+        msec -= 999;
+        }
+    usleep( msec * 1000 );
+}
+
+/*            *** NOT USED YET: ***
+static int usePerformanceCounter_;
+static double microsecondsPerTick_;
+*/
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeClock( void )
+{
+    /* TODO */
+}
+
+
+PaTime PaUtil_GetTime( void )
+{
+    struct timeval tv;
+    gettimeofday( &tv, NULL );
+    return (PaTime) tv.tv_usec / 1000000 + (PaTime) tv.tv_sec;
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/low_latency_tip.txt b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/low_latency_tip.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d982b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/low_latency_tip.txt
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/pa_unix_oss.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/pa_unix_oss.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2e6d5a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/pa_unix_oss.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1196 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_unix_oss.c,v 1.6.2.7 2003/09/23 21:17:22 rossbencina Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com
+ * OSS implementation by:
+ *   Douglas Repetto
+ *   Phil Burk
+ *   Dominic Mazzoni
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+# include <linux/soundcard.h>
+# define DEVICE_NAME_BASE            "/dev/dsp"
+#else
+# include <machine/soundcard.h> /* JH20010905 */
+# define DEVICE_NAME_BASE            "/dev/audio"
+#endif
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+/* TODO: add error text handling
+#define PA_UNIX_OSS_ERROR( errorCode, errorText ) \
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paInDevelopment, errorCode, errorText )
+*/
+
+#define PRINT(x)   { printf x; fflush(stdout); }
+#define DBUG(x)    /* PRINT(x) */
+
+/* PaOSSHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface blockingStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+
+    PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex;
+}
+PaOSSHostApiRepresentation;
+
+typedef struct PaOSS_DeviceList {
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo;
+    struct PaOSS_DeviceList *next;
+}
+PaOSS_DeviceList;
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+PaError PaOSS_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex );
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaOSSHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+
+
+PaError PaOSS_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSHostApiRepresentation *ossHostApi;
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS_Initialize\n"));
+
+    ossHostApi = (PaOSSHostApiRepresentation*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaOSSHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !ossHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    ossHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !ossHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    *hostApi = &ossHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paOSS;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "OSS";
+    ossHostApi->hostApiIndex = hostApiIndex;
+
+    BuildDeviceList( ossHostApi );
+
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &ossHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &ossHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( ossHostApi )
+    {
+        if( ossHostApi->allocations )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( ossHostApi->allocations );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( ossHostApi->allocations );
+        }
+                
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( ossHostApi );
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+#ifndef AFMT_S16_NE
+#define AFMT_S16_NE  Get_AFMT_S16_NE()
+/*********************************************************************
+ * Some versions of OSS do not define AFMT_S16_NE. So check CPU.
+ * PowerPC is Big Endian. X86 is Little Endian.
+ */
+static int Get_AFMT_S16_NE( void )
+{
+    long testData = 1; 
+    char *ptr = (char *) &testData;
+    int isLittle = ( *ptr == 1 ); /* Does address point to least significant byte? */
+    return isLittle ? AFMT_S16_LE : AFMT_S16_BE;
+}
+#endif
+
+PaError PaOSS_SetFormat(const char *callingFunctionName, int deviceHandle,
+                        char *deviceName, int inputChannelCount, int outputChannelCount,
+                        double *sampleRate)
+{
+    int format;
+    int rate;
+    int temp;
+
+    /* Attempt to set format to 16-bit */
+    
+    format = AFMT_S16_NE;
+    if (ioctl(deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &format) == -1) {
+       DBUG(("%s: could not set format: %s\n", callingFunctionName, deviceName ));
+       return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+    }
+    if (format != AFMT_S16_NE) {
+       DBUG(("%s: device does not support AFMT_S16_NE: %s\n", callingFunctionName, deviceName ));
+       return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+    }
+
+    /* try to set the number of channels */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0) {
+       temp = inputChannelCount;
+       
+       if( ioctl(deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &temp) < 0 ) {
+          DBUG(("%s: Couldn't set device %s to %d channels\n", callingFunctionName, deviceName, inputChannelCount ));
+          return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+       }
+    }
+    
+    if (outputChannelCount > 0) {
+       temp = outputChannelCount;
+       
+       if( ioctl(deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &temp) < 0 ) {
+          DBUG(("%s: Couldn't set device %s to %d channels\n", callingFunctionName, deviceName, outputChannelCount ));          
+          return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* try to set the sample rate */
+
+    rate = (int)(*sampleRate);
+    if (ioctl(deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &rate) == -1)
+    {
+        DBUG(("%s: Device %s, couldn't set sample rate to %d\n",
+              callingFunctionName, deviceName, (int)*sampleRate ));
+        return paInvalidSampleRate;
+    }
+
+    /* reject if there's no sample rate within 1% of the one requested */
+    if ((fabs(*sampleRate - rate) / *sampleRate) > 0.01)
+    {
+        DBUG(("%s: Device %s, wanted %d, closest sample rate was %d\n",
+              callingFunctionName, deviceName, (int)*sampleRate, rate ));                 
+        return paInvalidSampleRate;
+    }
+
+    *sampleRate = rate;
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+static PaError PaOSS_QueryDevice(char *deviceName, PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo)
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int tempDevHandle;
+    int numChannels, maxNumChannels;
+    int sampleRate;
+    int format;
+
+    /* douglas:
+       we have to do this querying in a slightly different order. apparently
+       some sound cards will give you different info based on their settins. 
+       e.g. a card might give you stereo at 22kHz but only mono at 44kHz.
+       the correct order for OSS is: format, channels, sample rate
+    */
+
+    if ( (tempDevHandle = open(deviceName,O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK))  == -1 )
+    {
+        DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: could not open %s\n", deviceName ));
+        return paDeviceUnavailable;
+    }
+
+    /* Attempt to set format to 16-bit */
+    format = AFMT_S16_NE;
+    if (ioctl(tempDevHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &format) == -1) {
+       DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: could not set format: %s\n", deviceName ));
+       result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+       goto error;
+    }
+    if (format != AFMT_S16_NE) {
+       DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: device does not support AFMT_S16_NE: %s\n", deviceName ));
+       result = paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+       goto error;
+    }
+
+    /* Negotiate for the maximum number of channels for this device. PLB20010927
+     * Consider up to 16 as the upper number of channels.
+     * Variable maxNumChannels should contain the actual upper limit after the call.
+     * Thanks to John Lazzaro and Heiko Purnhagen for suggestions.
+     */
+    maxNumChannels = 0;
+    for( numChannels = 1; numChannels <= 16; numChannels++ )
+    {
+        int temp = numChannels;
+        DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: use SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, numChannels = %d\n", numChannels ))
+        if(ioctl(tempDevHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &temp) < 0 )
+        {
+            /* ioctl() failed so bail out if we already have stereo */
+            if( numChannels > 2 ) break;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* ioctl() worked but bail out if it does not support numChannels.
+             * We don't want to leave gaps in the numChannels supported.
+             */
+            if( (numChannels > 2) && (temp != numChannels) ) break;
+            DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: temp = %d\n", temp ))
+            if( temp > maxNumChannels ) maxNumChannels = temp; /* Save maximum. */
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* The above negotiation may fail for an old driver so try this older technique. */
+    if( maxNumChannels < 1 )
+    {
+        int stereo = 1;
+        if(ioctl(tempDevHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_STEREO, &stereo) < 0)
+        {
+            maxNumChannels = 1;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            maxNumChannels = (stereo) ? 2 : 1;
+        }
+        DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: use SNDCTL_DSP_STEREO, maxNumChannels = %d\n", maxNumChannels ))
+    }
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS_QueryDevice: maxNumChannels = %d\n", maxNumChannels))
+
+    deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = maxNumChannels;
+    /* FIXME - for now, assume maxInputChannels = maxOutputChannels.
+     *    Eventually do separate queries for O_WRONLY and O_RDONLY
+    */
+    deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels;
+
+    /* During channel negotiation, the last ioctl() may have failed. This can
+     * also cause sample rate negotiation to fail. Hence the following, to return
+     * to a supported number of channels. SG20011005 */
+    {
+        int temp = maxNumChannels;
+        if( temp > 2 ) temp = 2; /* use most reasonable default value */
+        ioctl(tempDevHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &temp);
+    }
+
+    /* Get supported sample rate closest to 44100 Hz */
+    sampleRate = 44100;
+    if (ioctl(tempDevHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &sampleRate) == -1)
+    {
+        result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = sampleRate;
+
+    deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+
+    /* TODO */
+    deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = 128.0 / sampleRate;
+    deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = 128.0 / sampleRate;
+    deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = 16384.0 / sampleRate;
+    deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 16384.0 / sampleRate;
+
+    result = paNoError;
+
+error:
+    /* We MUST close the handle here or we won't be able to reopen it later!!!  */
+    close(tempDevHandle);
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PaError BuildDeviceList( PaOSSHostApiRepresentation *ossApi )
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *commonApi = &ossApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaOSS_DeviceList *head = NULL, *tail = NULL, *entry;
+    int i;
+    int numDevices;
+
+    /* Find devices by calling PaOSS_QueryDevice on each
+       potential device names.  When we find a valid one,
+       add it to a linked list. */
+
+    for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
+       char deviceName[32];
+       PaDeviceInfo deviceInfo;
+       int testResult;
+
+       if (i==0)
+          sprintf(deviceName, "%s", DEVICE_NAME_BASE);
+       else
+          sprintf(deviceName, "%s%d", DEVICE_NAME_BASE, i);
+
+       DBUG(("PaOSS BuildDeviceList: trying device %s\n", deviceName ));
+       testResult = PaOSS_QueryDevice(deviceName, &deviceInfo);
+       DBUG(("PaOSS BuildDeviceList: PaOSS_QueryDevice returned %d\n", testResult ));
+
+       if (testResult == paNoError) {
+          DBUG(("PaOSS BuildDeviceList: Adding device %s to list\n", deviceName));
+          deviceInfo.hostApi = ossApi->hostApiIndex;
+          deviceInfo.name = PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+              ossApi->allocations, strlen(deviceName)+1);
+          strcpy((char *)deviceInfo.name, deviceName);
+          entry = (PaOSS_DeviceList *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaOSS_DeviceList));
+          entry->deviceInfo = (PaDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+              ossApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) );
+          entry->next = NULL;
+          memcpy(entry->deviceInfo, &deviceInfo, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo));
+          if (tail)
+             tail->next = entry;
+          else {
+             head = entry;
+             tail = entry;
+          }
+       }
+    }
+
+    /* Make an array of PaDeviceInfo pointers out of the linked list */
+
+    numDevices = 0;
+    entry = head;
+    while(entry) {
+       numDevices++;
+       entry = entry->next;
+    }
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS BuildDeviceList: Total number of devices found: %d\n", numDevices));
+
+    commonApi->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+        ossApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) *numDevices );
+
+    entry = head;
+    i = 0;
+    while(entry) {
+       commonApi->deviceInfos[i] = entry->deviceInfo;
+       i++;
+       entry = entry->next;
+    }
+
+    commonApi->info.deviceCount = numDevices;
+    commonApi->info.defaultInputDevice = 0;
+    commonApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = 0;
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaOSSHostApiRepresentation *ossHostApi = (PaOSSHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    if( ossHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( ossHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( ossHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( ossHostApi );
+}
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaDeviceIndex device;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo;
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    char *deviceName;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    int tempDevHandle = 0;
+    int flags;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (inputChannelCount == 0 && outputChannelCount == 0)
+        return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+    /* if full duplex, make sure that they're the same device */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0 &&
+        inputParameters->device != outputParameters->device)
+        return paInvalidDevice;
+
+    /* if full duplex, also make sure that they're the same number of channels */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0 &&
+        inputChannelCount != outputChannelCount)
+       return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+    /* open the device so we can do more tests */
+    
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0) {
+        result = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&device, inputParameters->device, hostApi);
+        if (result != paNoError)
+            return result;
+    }
+    else {
+        result = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&device, outputParameters->device, hostApi);
+        if (result != paNoError)
+            return result;
+    }
+
+    deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[device];
+    deviceName = (char *)deviceInfo->name;
+    
+    flags = O_NONBLOCK;
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0)
+       flags |= O_RDWR;
+    else if (inputChannelCount > 0)
+       flags |= O_RDONLY;
+    else
+       flags |= O_WRONLY;
+
+    if ( (tempDevHandle = open(deviceInfo->name, flags))  == -1 )
+    {
+        DBUG(("PaOSS IsFormatSupported: could not open %s\n", deviceName ));
+        return paDeviceUnavailable;
+    }
+
+    /* PaOSS_SetFormat will do the rest of the checking for us */
+
+    if ((result = PaOSS_SetFormat("PaOSS IsFormatSupported", tempDevHandle,
+                                  deviceName, inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount,
+                                  &sampleRate)) != paNoError)
+    {
+       goto error;
+    }
+
+    /* everything succeeded! */
+
+    close(tempDevHandle);             
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+
+ error:
+    if (tempDevHandle)
+        close(tempDevHandle);         
+
+    return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+}
+
+/* PaOSSStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaOSSStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+
+    int deviceHandle;
+
+    int stopSoon;
+    int stopNow;
+    int isActive;
+
+    int inputChannelCount;
+    int outputChannelCount;
+
+    pthread_t thread;
+
+    void *inputBuffer;
+    void *outputBuffer;
+
+    int lastPosPtr;
+    double lastStreamBytes;
+
+    int framesProcessed;
+
+    double sampleRate;
+
+    unsigned long framesPerHostCallback;
+}
+PaOSSStream;
+
+/* see pa_hostapi.h for a list of validity guarantees made about OpenStream parameters */
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSHostApiRepresentation *ossHostApi = (PaOSSHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaOSSStream *stream = 0;
+    PaDeviceIndex device;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo;
+    audio_buf_info bufinfo;
+    int bytesPerHostBuffer;
+    int flags;
+    int deviceHandle = 0;
+    char *deviceName;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat = paInt16, outputSampleFormat = paInt16;
+    PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat = paInt16, hostOutputSampleFormat = paInt16;
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+
+        hostInputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16, inputSampleFormat );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+
+        hostOutputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16, outputSampleFormat );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( inputChannelCount == 0 && outputChannelCount == 0 )
+    {
+        DBUG(("Both inputChannelCount and outputChannelCount are zero!\n"));
+        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    }
+
+    /* validate platform specific flags */
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag; /* unexpected platform specific flag */
+
+    /*
+     * open the device and set parameters here
+     */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount == 0 && outputChannelCount == 0)
+        return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+    /* if full duplex, make sure that they're the same device */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0 &&
+        inputParameters->device != outputParameters->device)
+        return paInvalidDevice;
+
+    /* if full duplex, also make sure that they're the same number of channels */
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0 &&
+        inputChannelCount != outputChannelCount)
+       return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+    /* note that inputParameters and outputParameters device indicies are
+     * already in host format */
+    device = (inputChannelCount > 0 )
+            ? inputParameters->device
+            : outputParameters->device;
+
+    deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[device];
+    deviceName = (char *)deviceInfo->name;
+
+    flags = O_NONBLOCK;
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0 && outputChannelCount > 0)
+       flags |= O_RDWR;
+    else if (inputChannelCount > 0)
+       flags |= O_RDONLY;
+    else
+       flags |= O_WRONLY;
+
+    /* open first in nonblocking mode, in case it's busy... */
+    if ( (deviceHandle = open(deviceInfo->name, flags))  == -1 )
+    {
+        DBUG(("PaOSS OpenStream: could not open %s\n", deviceName ));
+        return paDeviceUnavailable;
+    }
+
+    /* if that succeeded, immediately open it again in blocking mode */
+    close(deviceHandle);
+    flags -= O_NONBLOCK;
+    if ( (deviceHandle = open(deviceInfo->name, flags))  == -1 )
+    {
+        DBUG(("PaOSS OpenStream: could not open %s in blocking mode\n", deviceName ));
+        return paDeviceUnavailable;
+    }
+
+    if ((result = PaOSS_SetFormat("PaOSS OpenStream", deviceHandle,
+                                  deviceName, inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount,
+                                  &sampleRate)) != paNoError)
+    {
+       goto error;
+    }
+
+    /* Compute number of frames per host buffer - if we can't retrieve the
+     * value, use the user's value instead 
+     */
+    
+    if ( ioctl(deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE, &bytesPerHostBuffer) == 0)
+    {
+        framesPerHostBuffer = bytesPerHostBuffer / 2 / (inputChannelCount>0? inputChannelCount: outputChannelCount);
+    }
+    else
+        framesPerHostBuffer = framesPerBuffer;
+
+    /* Allocate stream and fill in structure */
+
+    stream = (PaOSSStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaOSSStream) );
+    if( !stream )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( streamCallback )
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &ossHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &ossHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }    
+
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency = 0.;
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = 0.;
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0) {
+        if (ioctl( deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE, &bufinfo) == 0)
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency =
+                (bufinfo.fragsize * bufinfo.fragstotal) / sampleRate;
+    }
+
+    if (outputChannelCount > 0) {
+        if (ioctl( deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE, &bufinfo) == 0)
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency =
+                (bufinfo.fragsize * bufinfo.fragstotal) / sampleRate;
+    }    
+
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+    /* we assume a fixed host buffer size in this example, but the buffer processor
+        can also support bounded and unknown host buffer sizes by passing 
+        paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize or paUtilUnknownHostBufferSize instead of
+        paUtilFixedHostBufferSize below. */
+        
+    result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+              inputChannelCount, inputSampleFormat, hostInputSampleFormat,
+              outputChannelCount, outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+              sampleRate, streamFlags, framesPerBuffer,
+              framesPerHostBuffer, paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
+              streamCallback, userData );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    stream->framesPerHostCallback = framesPerHostBuffer;
+
+    stream->stopSoon = 0;
+    stream->stopNow = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+    stream->thread = 0;
+    stream->lastPosPtr = 0;
+    stream->lastStreamBytes = 0;
+    stream->sampleRate = sampleRate;
+    stream->framesProcessed = 0;
+    stream->deviceHandle = deviceHandle;
+
+    if (inputChannelCount > 0)
+        stream->inputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory( 2 * framesPerHostBuffer * inputChannelCount );
+    else
+        stream->inputBuffer = NULL;
+
+    if (outputChannelCount > 0)
+        stream->outputBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory( 2 * framesPerHostBuffer * outputChannelCount );
+    else
+        stream->outputBuffer = NULL;
+
+    stream->inputChannelCount = inputChannelCount;
+    stream->outputChannelCount = outputChannelCount;
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    result = paNoError;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( stream )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    if( deviceHandle )
+        close( deviceHandle );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static void *PaOSS_AudioThreadProc(void *userData)
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)userData;
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS AudioThread: %d in, %d out\n", stream->inputChannelCount, stream->outputChannelCount));
+
+    while( (stream->stopNow == 0) && (stream->stopSoon == 0) ) {
+        PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /* TODO: IMPLEMENT ME */
+        int callbackResult;
+        unsigned long framesProcessed;
+        int bytesRequested;
+        int bytesRead, bytesWritten;
+        int delta;
+        int result;
+        count_info info;
+
+        PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+    
+        PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo,
+                0 /* @todo pass underflow/overflow flags when necessary */ );
+        
+        /*
+          depending on whether the host buffers are interleaved, non-interleaved
+          or a mixture, you will want to call PaUtil_SetInterleaved*Channels(),
+          PaUtil_SetNonInterleaved*Channel() or PaUtil_Set*Channel() here.
+        */
+
+        if ( stream->inputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+            bytesRequested = stream->framesPerHostCallback * 2 * stream->inputChannelCount;
+            bytesRead = read( stream->deviceHandle, stream->inputBuffer, bytesRequested );
+            
+            PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, bytesRead/(2*stream->inputChannelCount));
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                0, /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                                                stream->inputBuffer,
+                                                0 ); /* 0 - use inputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+        }
+
+        if ( stream->outputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+           PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+           PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                                0, /* first channel of outputBuffer is channel 0 */
+                                                stream->outputBuffer,
+                                                0 ); /* 0 - use outputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
+        }
+
+        callbackResult = paContinue;
+        framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult );
+
+        PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+        
+        if( callbackResult == paContinue )
+        {
+           /* nothing special to do */
+        }
+        else if( callbackResult == paAbort )
+        {
+            /* once finished, call the finished callback */
+            if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+                stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+
+            return NULL; /* return from the loop */
+        }
+        else if ( callbackResult == paComplete )
+        {
+            /* User callback has asked us to stop with paComplete or other non-zero value */
+           
+            /* once finished, call the finished callback */
+            if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+                stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+
+            stream->stopSoon = 1;
+        }
+
+        if ( stream->outputChannelCount > 0 ) {
+            /* write output samples AFTER we've checked the callback result code */
+
+            bytesRequested = stream->framesPerHostCallback * 2 * stream->outputChannelCount;
+            bytesWritten = write( stream->deviceHandle, stream->outputBuffer, bytesRequested );
+
+            /* TODO: handle bytesWritten != bytesRequested (slippage?) */
+        }
+
+        /* Update current stream time (using a double so that
+           we don't wrap around like info.bytes does) */
+        if( stream->outputChannelCount > 0 )
+            result = ioctl( stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR, &info);
+        else
+            result = ioctl( stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETIPTR, &info);
+
+        if (result == 0) {
+            delta = ( info.bytes - stream->lastPosPtr ) & 0x000FFFFF;
+            stream->lastStreamBytes += delta;
+            stream->lastPosPtr = info.bytes;
+        }
+
+        stream->framesProcessed += stream->framesPerHostCallback;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    close(stream->deviceHandle);
+
+    if ( stream->inputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream->inputBuffer );
+    if ( stream->outputBuffer )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream->outputBuffer );
+
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+    int presult;
+
+    stream->isActive = 1;
+    stream->lastPosPtr = 0;
+    stream->lastStreamBytes = 0;
+    stream->framesProcessed = 0;
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS StartStream\n"));
+
+    /* only use the thread for callback streams */
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback ) {
+            presult = pthread_create(&stream->thread,
+                             NULL /*pthread_attr_t * attr*/,
+                             (void*)PaOSS_AudioThreadProc, (void *)stream);
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    stream->stopSoon = 1;
+
+    /* only use the thread for callback streams */
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback )
+        pthread_join( stream->thread, NULL );
+
+    stream->stopSoon = 0;
+    stream->stopNow = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS StopStream: Stopped stream\n"));
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    stream->stopNow = 1;
+
+    /* only use the thread for callback streams */
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.streamCallback )
+        pthread_join( stream->thread, NULL );
+
+    stream->stopSoon = 0;
+    stream->stopNow = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+    DBUG(("PaOSS AbortStream: Stopped stream\n"));
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    return (!stream->isActive);
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    return (stream->isActive);
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+    count_info info;
+    int delta;
+
+    if( stream->outputChannelCount > 0 ) {
+        if (ioctl( stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOPTR, &info) == 0) {
+            delta = ( info.bytes - stream->lastPosPtr ) & 0x000FFFFF;
+            return ( stream->lastStreamBytes + delta) / ( stream->outputChannelCount * 2 ) / stream->sampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (ioctl( stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETIPTR, &info) == 0) {
+            delta = (info.bytes - stream->lastPosPtr) & 0x000FFFFF;
+            return ( stream->lastStreamBytes + delta) / ( stream->inputChannelCount * 2 ) / stream->sampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* the ioctl failed, but we can still give a coarse estimate */
+
+    return stream->framesProcessed / stream->sampleRate;
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+/*
+    As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback
+    streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called
+    for blocking streams.
+*/
+
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+    int bytesRequested, bytesRead;
+
+    bytesRequested = frames * 2 * stream->inputChannelCount;
+    bytesRead = read( stream->deviceHandle, stream->inputBuffer, bytesRequested );
+
+    if ( bytesRequested != bytesRead )
+        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    else
+        return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+    int bytesRequested, bytesWritten;
+
+    bytesRequested = frames * 2 * stream->outputChannelCount;
+    bytesWritten = write( stream->deviceHandle, buffer, bytesRequested );
+
+    if ( bytesRequested != bytesWritten )
+        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    else
+        return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+    audio_buf_info info;
+
+    if ( ioctl(stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE, &info) == 0)
+    {
+        int bytesAvailable = info.fragments * info.fragsize;
+        return ( bytesAvailable / 2 / stream->inputChannelCount );
+    }
+    else
+        return 0; /* TODO: is this right for "don't know"? */
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaOSSStream *stream = (PaOSSStream*)s;
+
+    audio_buf_info info;
+
+    if ( ioctl(stream->deviceHandle, SNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE, &info) == 0)
+    {
+        int bytesAvailable = info.fragments * info.fragsize;
+        return ( bytesAvailable / 2 / stream->outputChannelCount );
+    }
+    else
+        return 0; /* TODO: is this right for "don't know"? */
+}
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/recplay.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/recplay.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d4c78cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_unix_oss/recplay.c
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * recplay.c
+ * Phil Burk
+ * Minimal record and playback test.
+ * 
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#ifndef __STDC__
+/* #include <getopt.h> */
+#endif /* __STDC__ */
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#ifdef __STDC__
+#include <string.h>
+#else /* __STDC__ */
+#include <strings.h>
+#endif /* __STDC__ */
+#include <sys/soundcard.h>
+
+#define NUM_BYTES   (64*1024)
+#define BLOCK_SIZE   (4*1024)
+
+#define AUDIO "/dev/dsp"
+
+char buffer[NUM_BYTES];
+
+int audioDev = 0;
+
+main (int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    int   numLeft;
+    char *ptr;
+    int   num;
+    int   samplesize;
+
+    /********** RECORD ********************/
+    /* Open audio device. */
+    audioDev = open (AUDIO, O_RDONLY, 0);
+    if (audioDev == -1)
+    {
+        perror (AUDIO);
+        exit (-1);
+    }
+
+    /* Set to 16 bit samples. */
+    samplesize = 16;
+    ioctl(audioDev, SNDCTL_DSP_SAMPLESIZE, &samplesize);
+    if (samplesize != 16)
+    {
+        perror("Unable to set the sample size.");
+        exit(-1);
+    }
+
+    /* Record in blocks */
+    printf("Begin recording.\n");
+    numLeft = NUM_BYTES;
+    ptr = buffer;
+    while( numLeft >= BLOCK_SIZE )
+    {
+        if ( (num = read (audioDev, ptr, BLOCK_SIZE)) < 0 )
+        {
+            perror (AUDIO);
+            exit (-1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            printf("Read %d bytes\n", num);
+            ptr += num;
+            numLeft -= num;
+        }
+    }
+
+    close( audioDev );
+
+    /********** PLAYBACK ********************/
+    /* Open audio device for writing. */
+    audioDev = open (AUDIO, O_WRONLY, 0);
+    if (audioDev == -1)
+    {
+        perror (AUDIO);
+        exit (-1);
+    }
+
+    /* Set to 16 bit samples. */
+    samplesize = 16;
+    ioctl(audioDev, SNDCTL_DSP_SAMPLESIZE, &samplesize);
+    if (samplesize != 16)
+    {
+        perror("Unable to set the sample size.");
+        exit(-1);
+    }
+
+    /* Play in blocks */
+    printf("Begin playing.\n");
+    numLeft = NUM_BYTES;
+    ptr = buffer;
+    while( numLeft >= BLOCK_SIZE )
+    {
+        if ( (num = write (audioDev, ptr, BLOCK_SIZE)) < 0 )
+        {
+            perror (AUDIO);
+            exit (-1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            printf("Wrote %d bytes\n", num);
+            ptr += num;
+            numLeft -= num;
+        }
+    }
+
+    close( audioDev );
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_hostapis.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_hostapis.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa6048e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_hostapis.c
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_win_hostapis.c,v 1.1.2.9 2003/09/15 18:30:26 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library Windows initialization table
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+    Win32 host API initialization function table.
+
+    @todo Consider using PA_USE_WMME etc instead of PA_NO_WMME. This is what
+    the Unix version does, we should consider being consistent.
+*/
+
+
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+PaError PaSkeleton_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+PaError PaWinMme_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+PaError PaWinDs_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+PaError PaAsio_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+PaUtilHostApiInitializer *paHostApiInitializers[] =
+    {
+
+#ifndef PA_NO_WMME
+        PaWinMme_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PA_NO_DS
+        PaWinDs_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PA_NO_ASIO
+        PaAsio_Initialize,
+#endif
+
+        PaSkeleton_Initialize, /* just for testing */
+
+        0   /* NULL terminated array */
+    };
+
+
+int paDefaultHostApiIndex = 0;
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_util.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_util.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0395e5c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_win_util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_win_util.c,v 1.1.2.7 2003/09/15 18:30:26 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library
+ * Win32 platform-specific support functions
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ Win32 platform-specific support functions.
+
+    @todo Implement workaround for QueryPerformanceCounter() skipping forward
+    bug. (see msdn kb Q274323).
+*/
+ 
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <mmsystem.h> /* for timeGetTime() */
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+
+
+/*
+   Track memory allocations to avoid leaks.
+ */
+
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+static int numAllocations_ = 0;
+#endif
+
+
+void *PaUtil_AllocateMemory( long size )
+{
+    void *result = GlobalAlloc( GPTR, size );
+
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+    if( result != NULL ) numAllocations_ += 1;
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+void PaUtil_FreeMemory( void *block )
+{
+    if( block != NULL )
+    {
+        GlobalFree( block );
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+        numAllocations_ -= 1;
+#endif
+
+    }
+}
+
+
+int PaUtil_CountCurrentlyAllocatedBlocks( void )
+{
+#if PA_TRACK_MEMORY
+    return numAllocations_;
+#else
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void Pa_Sleep( long msec )
+{
+    Sleep( msec );
+}
+
+static int usePerformanceCounter_;
+static double secondsPerTick_;
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeClock( void )
+{
+    LARGE_INTEGER ticksPerSecond;
+
+    if( QueryPerformanceFrequency( &ticksPerSecond ) != 0 )
+    {
+        usePerformanceCounter_ = 1;
+        secondsPerTick_ = 1.0 / (double)ticksPerSecond.QuadPart;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        usePerformanceCounter_ = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+double PaUtil_GetTime( void )
+{
+    LARGE_INTEGER time;
+
+    if( usePerformanceCounter_ )
+    {
+        /* FIXME:
+            according to this knowledge-base article, QueryPerformanceCounter
+            can skip forward by seconds!
+            http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;Q274323&
+
+            it may be better to use the rtdsc instruction using inline asm,
+            however then a method is needed to calculate a ticks/seconds ratio.
+        */
+        QueryPerformanceCounter( &time );
+        return time.QuadPart * secondsPerTick_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return timeGetTime() * .001;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98442a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1167 @@
+#include "pa_x86_plain_converters.h"
+
+#include "pa_converters.h"
+#include "pa_dither.h"
+
+/*
+    plain intel assemby versions of standard pa converter functions.
+
+    the main reason these versions are faster than the equivalent C versions
+    is that float -> int casting is expensive in C on x86 because the rounding
+    mode needs to be changed for every cast. these versions only set
+    the rounding mode once outside the loop.
+
+    small additional speed gains are made by the way that clamping is
+    implemented.
+
+TODO:
+    o- inline dither code
+    o- implement Dither only (no-clip) versions
+    o- implement int8 and uint8 versions
+    o- test thouroughly
+
+    o- the packed 24 bit functions could benefit from unrolling and avoiding
+        byte and word sized register access.
+*/
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+#define PA_CLIP_( val, min, max )\
+    { val = ((val) < (min)) ? (min) : (((val) > (max)) ? (max) : (val)); }
+*/
+
+/*
+    the following notes were used to determine whether a floating point
+    value should be saturated (ie >1 or <-1) by loading it into an integer
+    register. these should be rewritten so that they make sense.
+
+    an ieee floating point value
+
+    1.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx?
+
+
+    is less than  or equal to 1 and greater than or equal to -1 either:
+
+        if the mantissa is 0 and the unbiased exponent is 0
+
+        OR
+
+        if the unbiased exponent < 0
+
+    this translates to:
+
+        if the mantissa is 0 and the biased exponent is 7F
+
+        or
+
+        if the biased exponent is less than 7F
+
+
+    therefore the value is greater than 1 or less than -1 if
+
+        the mantissa is not 0 and the biased exponent is 7F
+
+        or
+
+        if the biased exponent is greater than 7F
+
+
+    in other words, if we mask out the sign bit, the value is
+    greater than 1 or less than -1 if its integer representation is greater than:
+
+    0 01111111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
+
+    0011 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 => 0x3F800000
+*/
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static const short fpuControlWord_ = 0x033F; /*round to nearest, 64 bit precision, all exceptions masked*/
+static const double int32Scaler_ = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+static const double ditheredInt32Scaler_ = 0x7FFFFFFE;
+static const double int24Scaler_ = 0x7FFFFF;
+static const double ditheredInt24Scaler_ = 0x7FFFFE;
+static const double int16Scaler_ = 0x7FFF;
+static const double ditheredInt16Scaler_ = 0x7FFE;
+
+#define PA_DITHER_BITS_   (15)
+/* Multiply by PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_ to get a float between -2.0 and +1.99999 */
+#define PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_  (1.0 / ((1<<PA_DITHER_BITS_)-1))
+static const float const_float_dither_scale_ = PA_FLOAT_DITHER_SCALE_;
+#define PA_DITHER_SHIFT_  ((32 - PA_DITHER_BITS_) + 1)
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int32(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed long *dest =  (signed long*)destinationBuffer;
+    (void)ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // REVIEW
+        double scaled = *src * 0x7FFFFFFF;
+        *dest = (signed long) scaled;
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+
+
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32 and int32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+    
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+        
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int32Scaler_             // stack:  (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int32_loop:
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFFFFFF, (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+        /*
+            note: we could store to a temporary qword here which would cause
+            wraparound distortion instead of int indefinite 0x10. that would
+            be more work, and given that not enabling clipping is only advisable
+            when you know that your signal isn't going to clip it isn't worth it.
+        */
+        fistp   dword ptr [edi]         // pop st(0) into dest, stack:  (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+
+        add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        //lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int32_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int32_Clip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed long *dest =  (signed long*)destinationBuffer;
+    (void) ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // REVIEW
+        double scaled = *src * 0x7FFFFFFF;
+        PA_CLIP_( scaled, -2147483648., 2147483647.  );
+        *dest = (signed long) scaled;
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32 and int32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+    
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+        
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int32Scaler_             // stack:  (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int32_Clip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int32_Clip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFFFFFF, (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+        fistp   dword ptr [edi]         // pop st(0) into dest, stack:  (int)0x7FFFFFFF
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int32_Clip_stored
+    
+    Float32_To_Int32_Clip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // convert to maximum range integers
+        mov     dword ptr [edi], edx
+
+    Float32_To_Int32_Clip_stored:
+
+        //add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int32_Clip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+    /*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed long *dest =  (signed long*)destinationBuffer;
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // REVIEW
+        double dither  = PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( ditherGenerator );
+        // use smaller scaler to prevent overflow when we add the dither
+        double dithered = ((double)*src * (2147483646.0)) + dither;
+        PA_CLIP_( dithered, -2147483648., 2147483647.  );
+        *dest = (signed long) dithered;
+
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+    */
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+
+    // spill storage:
+    signed long sourceByteStride;
+    signed long highpassedDither;
+
+    // dither state:
+    unsigned long ditherPrevious = ditherGenerator->previous;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed1 = ditherGenerator->randSeed1;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed2 = ditherGenerator->randSeed2;
+                    
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32 and int32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+    
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+        
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     ditheredInt32Scaler_    // stack:  int scaler
+
+    Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, int scaler
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*(int scaler), int scaler
+
+        /*
+        // call PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither with C calling convention
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     sourceEnd, ecx          // save ecx
+        push    ditherGenerator         // pass ditherGenerator parameter on stack
+	    call    PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither  // stack:  dither, value*(int scaler), int scaler
+	    pop     edx                     // clear parameter off stack
+        mov     ecx, sourceEnd          // restore ecx
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+        */
+
+    // generate dither
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed1
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     ditherRandSeed1, eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed2
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     edx, ditherRandSeed1
+        shr     edx, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        mov     ditherRandSeed2, eax
+        shr     eax, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        //add     eax, edx                // eax -> current
+        lea     eax, [eax+edx]
+        mov     edx, ditherPrevious
+        neg     edx
+        lea     edx, [eax+edx]          // highpass = current - previous
+        mov     highpassedDither, edx
+        mov     ditherPrevious, eax     // previous = current
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+        fild    highpassedDither
+        fmul    const_float_dither_scale_
+    // end generate dither, dither signal in st(0)
+    
+        faddp   st(1), st(0)            // stack: dither + value*(int scaler), int scaler
+        fistp   dword ptr [edi]         // pop st(0) into dest, stack:  int scaler
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_stored
+    
+    Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // convert to maximum range integers
+        mov     dword ptr [edi], edx
+
+    Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_stored:
+
+        //add     edi, ebx              // increment destination ptr
+        lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+
+    ditherGenerator->previous = ditherPrevious;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed1 = ditherRandSeed1;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed2 = ditherRandSeed2;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int24(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    unsigned char *dest = (unsigned char*)destinationBuffer;
+    signed long temp;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+    
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // convert to 32 bit and drop the low 8 bits
+        double scaled = *src * 0x7FFFFFFF;
+        temp = (signed long) scaled;
+
+        dest[0] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 8);
+        dest[1] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 16);
+        dest[2] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 24);
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride * 3;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+    
+    signed long tempInt32;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+                 
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 3                  // sizeof int24
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int24Scaler_             // stack:  (int)0x7FFFFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int24_loop:
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFFFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFFFF, (int)0x7FFFFF
+        fistp   tempInt32               // pop st(0) into tempInt32, stack:  (int)0x7FFFFF
+        mov     edx, tempInt32
+
+        mov     byte ptr [edi], DL
+        shr     edx, 8
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+1], DL
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+2], DH
+        mov     word ptr [edi+1], DX
+
+        //add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int24_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int24_Clip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    unsigned char *dest = (unsigned char*)destinationBuffer;
+    signed long temp;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+    
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // convert to 32 bit and drop the low 8 bits
+        double scaled = *src * 0x7FFFFFFF;
+        PA_CLIP_( scaled, -2147483648., 2147483647.  );
+        temp = (signed long) scaled;
+
+        dest[0] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 8);
+        dest[1] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 16);
+        dest[2] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 24);
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride * 3;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+    
+    signed long tempInt32;
+
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+                 
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 3                  // sizeof int24
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int24Scaler_             // stack:  (int)0x7FFFFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int24_Clip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int24_Clip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFFFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFFFF, (int)0x7FFFFF
+        fistp   tempInt32               // pop st(0) into tempInt32, stack:  (int)0x7FFFFF
+        mov     edx, tempInt32
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int24_Clip_store
+    
+    Float32_To_Int24_Clip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     edx, 0x7FFFFF           // convert to maximum range integers
+
+    Float32_To_Int24_Clip_store:
+
+        mov     byte ptr [edi], DL
+        shr     edx, 8
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+1], DL
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+2], DH
+        mov     word ptr [edi+1], DX
+
+        //add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int24_Clip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    unsigned char *dest = (unsigned char*)destinationBuffer;
+    signed long temp;
+    
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        // convert to 32 bit and drop the low 8 bits
+
+        // FIXME: the dither amplitude here appears to be too small by 8 bits
+        double dither  = PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( ditherGenerator );
+        // use smaller scaler to prevent overflow when we add the dither
+        double dithered = ((double)*src * (2147483646.0)) + dither;
+        PA_CLIP_( dithered, -2147483648., 2147483647.  );
+        
+        temp = (signed long) dithered;
+
+        dest[0] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 8);
+        dest[1] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 16);
+        dest[2] = (unsigned char)(temp >> 24);
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride * 3;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+
+    // spill storage:
+    signed long sourceByteStride;
+    signed long highpassedDither;
+
+    // dither state:
+    unsigned long ditherPrevious = ditherGenerator->previous;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed1 = ditherGenerator->randSeed1;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed2 = ditherGenerator->randSeed2;
+    
+    signed long tempInt32;
+                 
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 3                  // sizeof int24
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     ditheredInt24Scaler_    // stack:  int scaler
+
+    Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, int scaler
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*(int scaler), int scaler
+
+    /*
+        // call PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither with C calling convention
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     sourceEnd, ecx          // save ecx
+        push    ditherGenerator         // pass ditherGenerator parameter on stack
+	    call    PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither  // stack:  dither, value*(int scaler), int scaler
+	    pop     edx                     // clear parameter off stack
+        mov     ecx, sourceEnd          // restore ecx
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+    */
+    
+    // generate dither
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed1
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     ditherRandSeed1, eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed2
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     edx, ditherRandSeed1
+        shr     edx, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        mov     ditherRandSeed2, eax
+        shr     eax, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        //add     eax, edx                // eax -> current
+        lea     eax, [eax+edx]
+        mov     edx, ditherPrevious
+        neg     edx
+        lea     edx, [eax+edx]          // highpass = current - previous
+        mov     highpassedDither, edx
+        mov     ditherPrevious, eax     // previous = current
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+        fild    highpassedDither
+        fmul    const_float_dither_scale_
+    // end generate dither, dither signal in st(0)
+
+        faddp   st(1), st(0)            // stack: dither * value*(int scaler), int scaler
+        fistp   tempInt32               // pop st(0) into tempInt32, stack:  int scaler
+        mov     edx, tempInt32
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_store
+    
+    Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     edx, 0x7FFFFF           // convert to maximum range integers
+
+    Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_store:
+
+        mov     byte ptr [edi], DL
+        shr     edx, 8
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+1], DL
+        //mov     byte ptr [edi+2], DH
+        mov     word ptr [edi+1], DX
+
+        //add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+
+    ditherGenerator->previous = ditherPrevious;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed1 = ditherRandSeed1;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed2 = ditherRandSeed2;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int16(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed short *dest =  (signed short*)destinationBuffer;
+    (void)ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+
+        short samp = (short) (*src * (32767.0f));
+        *dest = samp;
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+   
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx                // source byte stride
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi                // source end ptr = count * source byte stride + source ptr
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 2                  // sizeof int16
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx                // destination byte stride
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int16Scaler_            // stack:  (int)0x7FFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int16_loop:
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFF, (int)0x7FFF
+        fistp   word ptr [edi]          // store scaled int into dest, stack:  (int)0x7FFF
+
+        add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        //lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+        
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int16_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int16_Clip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed short *dest =  (signed short*)destinationBuffer;
+    (void)ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+        long samp = (signed long) (*src * (32767.0f));
+        PA_CLIP_( samp, -0x8000, 0x7FFF );
+        *dest = (signed short) samp;
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+   
+    (void) ditherGenerator; /* unused parameter */
+
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx                // source byte stride
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi                // source end ptr = count * source byte stride + source ptr
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 2                  // sizeof int16
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx                // destination byte stride
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     int16Scaler_            // stack:  (int)0x7FFF
+
+    Float32_To_Int16_Clip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int16_Clip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, (int)0x7FFF
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*0x7FFF, (int)0x7FFF
+        fistp   word ptr [edi]          // store scaled int into dest, stack:  (int)0x7FFF
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int16_Clip_stored
+    
+    Float32_To_Int16_Clip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     dx, 0x7FFF              // convert to maximum range integers
+        mov     word ptr [edi], dx      // store clamped into into dest
+
+    Float32_To_Int16_Clip_stored:
+
+        add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        //lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+        
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int16_Clip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip(
+    void *destinationBuffer, signed int destinationStride,
+    void *sourceBuffer, signed int sourceStride,
+    unsigned int count, PaUtilTriangularDitherGenerator *ditherGenerator )
+{
+/*
+    float *src = (float*)sourceBuffer;
+    signed short *dest =  (signed short*)destinationBuffer;
+    (void)ditherGenerator; // unused parameter
+
+    while( count-- )
+    {
+
+        float dither  = PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither( ditherGenerator );
+        // use smaller scaler to prevent overflow when we add the dither 
+        float dithered = (*src * (32766.0f)) + dither;
+        signed long samp = (signed long) dithered;
+        PA_CLIP_( samp, -0x8000, 0x7FFF );
+        *dest = (signed short) samp;
+
+        src += sourceStride;
+        dest += destinationStride;
+    }
+*/
+
+    short savedFpuControlWord;
+
+    // spill storage:
+    signed long sourceByteStride;
+    signed long highpassedDither;
+
+    // dither state:
+    unsigned long ditherPrevious = ditherGenerator->previous;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed1 = ditherGenerator->randSeed1;
+    unsigned long ditherRandSeed2 = ditherGenerator->randSeed2;
+
+    __asm{
+        // esi -> source ptr
+        // eax -> source byte stride
+        // edi -> destination ptr
+        // ebx -> destination byte stride
+        // ecx -> source end ptr
+        // edx -> temp
+
+        mov     esi, sourceBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 4                  // sizeof float32
+        mov     eax, sourceStride
+        imul    eax, edx                // source byte stride
+
+        mov     ecx, count
+        imul    ecx, eax
+        add     ecx, esi                // source end ptr = count * source byte stride + source ptr
+
+        mov     edi, destinationBuffer
+
+        mov     edx, 2                  // sizeof int16
+        mov     ebx, destinationStride
+        imul    ebx, edx                // destination byte stride
+
+        fwait
+        fstcw   savedFpuControlWord
+        fldcw   fpuControlWord_
+
+        fld     ditheredInt16Scaler_    // stack:  int scaler
+
+    Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_loop:
+
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+
+        and     edx, 0x7FFFFFFF         // mask off sign
+        cmp     edx, 0x3F800000         // greater than 1.0 or less than -1.0
+
+        jg      Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_clamp
+
+        // load unscaled value into st(0)
+        fld     dword ptr [esi]         // stack:  value, int scaler
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        fmul    st(0), st(1)            // st(0) *= st(1), stack:  value*(int scaler), int scaler
+
+        /*
+        // call PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither with C calling convention
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     sourceEnd, ecx          // save ecx
+        push    ditherGenerator         // pass ditherGenerator parameter on stack
+	    call    PaUtil_GenerateFloatTriangularDither  // stack:  dither, value*(int scaler), int scaler
+	    pop     edx                     // clear parameter off stack
+        mov     ecx, sourceEnd          // restore ecx
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+        */
+
+    // generate dither
+        mov     sourceByteStride, eax   // save eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed1
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     ditherRandSeed1, eax
+        mov     edx, 196314165
+        mov     eax, ditherRandSeed2
+        mul     edx                     // eax:edx = eax * 196314165
+        //add     eax, 907633515
+        lea     eax, [eax+907633515]
+        mov     edx, ditherRandSeed1
+        shr     edx, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        mov     ditherRandSeed2, eax
+        shr     eax, PA_DITHER_SHIFT_
+        //add     eax, edx                // eax -> current
+        lea     eax, [eax+edx]            // current = randSeed1>>x + randSeed2>>x
+        mov     edx, ditherPrevious
+        neg     edx
+        lea     edx, [eax+edx]          // highpass = current - previous
+        mov     highpassedDither, edx
+        mov     ditherPrevious, eax     // previous = current
+        mov     eax, sourceByteStride   // restore eax
+        fild    highpassedDither
+        fmul    const_float_dither_scale_
+    // end generate dither, dither signal in st(0)
+        
+        faddp   st(1), st(0)            // stack: dither * value*(int scaler), int scaler
+        fistp   word ptr [edi]          // store scaled int into dest, stack:  int scaler
+        jmp     Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_stored
+    
+    Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_clamp:
+        mov     edx, dword ptr [esi]    // load floating point value into integer register
+        shr     edx, 31                 // move sign bit into bit 0
+        add     esi, eax                // increment source ptr
+        //lea     esi, [esi+eax]
+        add     dx, 0x7FFF              // convert to maximum range integers
+        mov     word ptr [edi], dx      // store clamped into into dest
+
+    Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_stored:
+
+        add     edi, ebx                // increment destination ptr
+        //lea     edi, [edi+ebx]
+        
+        cmp     esi, ecx                // has src ptr reached end?
+        jne     Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip_loop
+
+        ffree   st(0)
+        fincstp
+
+        fwait
+        fnclex
+        fldcw   savedFpuControlWord
+    }
+
+    ditherGenerator->previous = ditherPrevious;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed1 = ditherRandSeed1;
+    ditherGenerator->randSeed2 = ditherRandSeed2;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+void PaUtil_InitializeX86PlainConverters( void )
+{
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int32 = Float32_To_Int32;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int32_Clip = Float32_To_Int32_Clip;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip = Float32_To_Int32_DitherClip;
+
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int24 = Float32_To_Int24;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int24_Clip = Float32_To_Int24_Clip;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip = Float32_To_Int24_DitherClip;
+    
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int16 = Float32_To_Int16;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int16_Clip = Float32_To_Int16_Clip;
+    paConverters.Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip = Float32_To_Int16_DitherClip;
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f56c710f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win/pa_x86_plain_converters.h
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef PA_X86_PLAIN_CONVERTERS_H
+#define PA_X86_PLAIN_CONVERTERS_H
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+/**
+ @brief Install optimised converter functions suitable for all IA32 processors
+*/
+void PaUtil_InitializeX86PlainConverters( void );
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif /* PA_X86_PLAIN_CONVERTERS_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..207d2873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.c
@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: dsound_wrapper.c,v 1.1.1.1.2.11 2003/09/07 13:04:53 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Simplified DirectSound interface.
+ *
+ * Author: Phil Burk & Robert Marsanyi
+ *
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * For more information see: http://www.softsynth.com/portaudio/
+ * DirectSound Implementation
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk & Robert Marsanyi
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "dsound_wrapper.h"
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+
+/*
+    Rather than linking with dxguid.a or using "#define INITGUID" to force a
+    header file to instantiate the required GUID(s), we define them directly
+    below.
+*/
+#include <initguid.h> // needed for the DEFINE_GUID macro
+DEFINE_GUID(IID_IDirectSoundNotify, 0xb0210783, 0x89cd, 0x11d0, 0xaf, 0x8, 0x0, 0xa0, 0xc9, 0x25, 0xcd, 0x16);
+
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+DSoundEntryPoints dswDSoundEntryPoints = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+/************************************************************************************/
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundCreate(LPGUID lpcGuidDevice, LPDIRECTSOUND *ppDS, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter)
+{
+    (void)lpcGuidDevice; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)ppDS; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)pUnkOuter; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundEnumerateW(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW lpDSEnumCallback, LPVOID lpContext)
+{
+    (void)lpDSEnumCallback; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)lpContext; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundEnumerateA(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA lpDSEnumCallback, LPVOID lpContext)
+{
+    (void)lpDSEnumCallback; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)lpContext; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundCaptureCreate(LPGUID lpcGUID, LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE *lplpDSC, LPUNKNOWN pUnkOuter)
+{
+    (void)lpcGUID; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)lplpDSC; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)pUnkOuter; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW lpDSCEnumCallback, LPVOID lpContext)
+{
+    (void)lpDSCEnumCallback; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)lpContext; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+
+static HRESULT WINAPI DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA lpDSCEnumCallback, LPVOID lpContext)
+{
+    (void)lpDSCEnumCallback; /* unused parameter */
+    (void)lpContext; /* unused parameter */
+    return E_NOTIMPL;
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+void DSW_InitializeDSoundEntryPoints(void)
+{
+    dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_ = LoadLibrary("dsound.dll");
+    if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_ != NULL )
+    {
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPGUID, LPDIRECTSOUND *, LPUNKNOWN))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundCreate" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate = DummyDirectSoundCreate;
+
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateW =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundEnumerateW" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateW == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateW = DummyDirectSoundEnumerateW;
+
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateA =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA, LPVOID))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundEnumerateA" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateA == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateA = DummyDirectSoundEnumerateA;
+
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPGUID, LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE *, LPUNKNOWN))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundCaptureCreate" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate = DummyDirectSoundCaptureCreate;
+
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW = DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW;
+
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA =
+                (HRESULT (WINAPI *)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA, LPVOID))
+                GetProcAddress( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_, "DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA" );
+        if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA == NULL )
+            dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA = DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* initialize with dummy entry points to make live easy when ds isn't present */
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate = DummyDirectSoundCreate;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateW = DummyDirectSoundEnumerateW;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateA = DummyDirectSoundEnumerateA;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate = DummyDirectSoundCaptureCreate;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW = DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA = DummyDirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA;
+    }
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+void DSW_TerminateDSoundEntryPoints(void)
+{
+    if( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_ != NULL )
+    {
+        FreeLibrary( dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_ );
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.hInstance_ = NULL;
+        /* ensure that we crash reliably if the entry points arent initialised */
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate = 0;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateW = 0;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerateA = 0;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate = 0;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW = 0;
+        dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA = 0;
+    }
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+void DSW_Term( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    // Cleanup the sound buffers
+    if (dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer)
+    {
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer );
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Release( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer );
+        dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (dsw->dsw_InputBuffer)
+    {
+        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer );
+        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Release( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer );
+        dsw->dsw_InputBuffer = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture)
+    {
+        IDirectSoundCapture_Release( dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture );
+        dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (dsw->dsw_pDirectSound)
+    {
+        IDirectSound_Release( dsw->dsw_pDirectSound );
+        dsw->dsw_pDirectSound = NULL;
+    }
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_Init( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    memset( dsw, 0, sizeof(DSoundWrapper) );
+    return 0;
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_InitOutputDevice( DSoundWrapper *dsw, LPGUID lpGUID )
+{
+    // Create the DS object
+    HRESULT hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate( lpGUID, &dsw->dsw_pDirectSound, NULL );
+    if( hr != DS_OK ) return hr;
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_InitOutputBuffer( DSoundWrapper *dsw, unsigned long nFrameRate, WORD nChannels, int bytesPerBuffer )
+{
+    DWORD          dwDataLen;
+    DWORD          playCursor;
+    HRESULT        result;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER pPrimaryBuffer;
+    HWND           hWnd;
+    HRESULT        hr;
+    WAVEFORMATEX   wfFormat;
+    DSBUFFERDESC   primaryDesc;
+    DSBUFFERDESC   secondaryDesc;
+    unsigned char* pDSBuffData;
+    LARGE_INTEGER  counterFrequency;
+
+    dsw->dsw_OutputSize = bytesPerBuffer;
+    dsw->dsw_OutputRunning = FALSE;
+    dsw->dsw_OutputUnderflows = 0;
+    dsw->dsw_FramesWritten = 0;
+    dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame = nChannels * sizeof(short);
+
+    // We were using getForegroundWindow() but sometimes the ForegroundWindow may not be the
+    // applications's window. Also if that window is closed before the Buffer is closed
+    // then DirectSound can crash. (Thanks for Scott Patterson for reporting this.)
+    // So we will use GetDesktopWindow() which was suggested by Miller Puckette.
+    // hWnd = GetForegroundWindow();
+    //
+    //  FIXME: The example code I have on the net creates a hidden window that
+    //      is managed by our code - I think we should do that - one hidden
+    //      window for the whole of Pa_DS
+    //
+    hWnd = GetDesktopWindow();
+
+    // Set cooperative level to DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE so that we can get 16 bit output, 44.1 KHz.
+    // Exclusize also prevents unexpected sounds from other apps during a performance.
+    if ((hr = IDirectSound_SetCooperativeLevel( dsw->dsw_pDirectSound,
+              hWnd, DSSCL_EXCLUSIVE)) != DS_OK)
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Create primary buffer and set format just so we can specify our custom format.
+    // Otherwise we would be stuck with the default which might be 8 bit or 22050 Hz.
+    // Setup the primary buffer description
+    ZeroMemory(&primaryDesc, sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC));
+    primaryDesc.dwSize        = sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC);
+    primaryDesc.dwFlags       = DSBCAPS_PRIMARYBUFFER; // all panning, mixing, etc done by synth
+    primaryDesc.dwBufferBytes = 0;
+    primaryDesc.lpwfxFormat   = NULL;
+    // Create the buffer
+    if ((result = IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer( dsw->dsw_pDirectSound,
+                  &primaryDesc, &pPrimaryBuffer, NULL)) != DS_OK) return result;
+    // Define the buffer format
+    wfFormat.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
+    wfFormat.nChannels = nChannels;
+    wfFormat.nSamplesPerSec = nFrameRate;
+    wfFormat.wBitsPerSample = 8 * sizeof(short);
+    wfFormat.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(wfFormat.nChannels * (wfFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8));
+    wfFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = wfFormat.nSamplesPerSec * wfFormat.nBlockAlign;
+    wfFormat.cbSize = 0;  /* No extended format info. */
+    // Set the primary buffer's format
+    if((result = IDirectSoundBuffer_SetFormat( pPrimaryBuffer, &wfFormat)) != DS_OK) return result;
+
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Setup the secondary buffer description
+    ZeroMemory(&secondaryDesc, sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC));
+    secondaryDesc.dwSize = sizeof(DSBUFFERDESC);
+    secondaryDesc.dwFlags =  DSBCAPS_GLOBALFOCUS | DSBCAPS_GETCURRENTPOSITION2;
+    secondaryDesc.dwBufferBytes = bytesPerBuffer;
+    secondaryDesc.lpwfxFormat = &wfFormat;
+    // Create the secondary buffer
+    if ((result = IDirectSound_CreateSoundBuffer( dsw->dsw_pDirectSound,
+                  &secondaryDesc, &dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, NULL)) != DS_OK) return result;
+    // Lock the DS buffer
+    if ((result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, 0, dsw->dsw_OutputSize, (LPVOID*)&pDSBuffData,
+                                           &dwDataLen, NULL, 0, 0)) != DS_OK) return result;
+    // Zero the DS buffer
+    ZeroMemory(pDSBuffData, dwDataLen);
+    // Unlock the DS buffer
+    if ((result = IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, pDSBuffData, dwDataLen, NULL, 0)) != DS_OK) return result;
+    if( QueryPerformanceFrequency( &counterFrequency ) )
+    {
+        int framesInBuffer = bytesPerBuffer / (nChannels * sizeof(short));
+        dsw->dsw_CounterTicksPerBuffer.QuadPart = (counterFrequency.QuadPart * framesInBuffer) / nFrameRate;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        dsw->dsw_CounterTicksPerBuffer.QuadPart = 0;
+    }
+    // Let DSound set the starting write position because if we set it to zero, it looks like the
+    // buffer is full to begin with. This causes a long pause before sound starts when using large buffers.
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, &playCursor, &dsw->dsw_WriteOffset );
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+    dsw->dsw_FramesWritten = dsw->dsw_WriteOffset / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+    /* printf("DSW_InitOutputBuffer: playCursor = %d, writeCursor = %d\n", playCursor, dsw->dsw_WriteOffset ); */
+    return DS_OK;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_StartOutput( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    HRESULT        hr;
+    QueryPerformanceCounter( &dsw->dsw_LastPlayTime );
+    dsw->dsw_LastPlayCursor = 0;
+    dsw->dsw_FramesPlayed = 0;
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_SetCurrentPosition( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, 0 );
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+    // Start the buffer playback in a loop.
+    if( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer != NULL )
+    {
+        hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_Play( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, 0, 0, DSBPLAY_LOOPING );
+        if( hr != DS_OK )
+        {
+            return hr;
+        }
+        dsw->dsw_OutputRunning = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_StopOutput( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    // Stop the buffer playback
+    if( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer != NULL )
+    {
+        dsw->dsw_OutputRunning = FALSE;
+        return IDirectSoundBuffer_Stop( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer );
+    }
+    else return 0;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_QueryOutputFilled( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesFilledPtr )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    DWORD   playCursor;
+    DWORD   writeCursor;
+    long    bytesFilled;
+    // Query to see where play position is.
+    // We don't need the writeCursor but sometimes DirectSound doesn't handle NULLS correctly
+    // so let's pass a pointer just to be safe.
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, &playCursor, &writeCursor );
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+    bytesFilled = dsw->dsw_WriteOffset - playCursor;
+    if( bytesFilled < 0 ) bytesFilled += dsw->dsw_OutputSize; // unwrap offset
+    *bytesFilledPtr = bytesFilled;
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************
+ * Determine how much space can be safely written to in DS buffer.
+ * Detect underflows and overflows.
+ * Does not allow writing into safety gap maintained by DirectSound.
+ */
+HRESULT DSW_QueryOutputSpace( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesEmpty )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    DWORD   playCursor;
+    DWORD   writeCursor;
+    long    numBytesEmpty;
+    long    playWriteGap;
+    // Query to see how much room is in buffer.
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_GetCurrentPosition( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, &playCursor, &writeCursor );
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+    // Determine size of gap between playIndex and WriteIndex that we cannot write into.
+    playWriteGap = writeCursor - playCursor;
+    if( playWriteGap < 0 ) playWriteGap += dsw->dsw_OutputSize; // unwrap
+    /* DirectSound doesn't have a large enough playCursor so we cannot detect wrap-around. */
+    /* Attempt to detect playCursor wrap-around and correct it. */
+    if( dsw->dsw_OutputRunning && (dsw->dsw_CounterTicksPerBuffer.QuadPart != 0) )
+    {
+        /* How much time has elapsed since last check. */
+        LARGE_INTEGER   currentTime;
+        LARGE_INTEGER   elapsedTime;
+        long            bytesPlayed;
+        long            bytesExpected;
+        long            buffersWrapped;
+        QueryPerformanceCounter( &currentTime );
+        elapsedTime.QuadPart = currentTime.QuadPart - dsw->dsw_LastPlayTime.QuadPart;
+        dsw->dsw_LastPlayTime = currentTime;
+        /* How many bytes does DirectSound say have been played. */
+        bytesPlayed = playCursor - dsw->dsw_LastPlayCursor;
+        if( bytesPlayed < 0 ) bytesPlayed += dsw->dsw_OutputSize; // unwrap
+        dsw->dsw_LastPlayCursor = playCursor;
+        /* Calculate how many bytes we would have expected to been played by now. */
+        bytesExpected = (long) ((elapsedTime.QuadPart * dsw->dsw_OutputSize) / dsw->dsw_CounterTicksPerBuffer.QuadPart);
+        buffersWrapped = (bytesExpected - bytesPlayed) / dsw->dsw_OutputSize;
+        if( buffersWrapped > 0 )
+        {
+            playCursor += (buffersWrapped * dsw->dsw_OutputSize);
+            bytesPlayed += (buffersWrapped * dsw->dsw_OutputSize);
+        }
+        /* Maintain frame output cursor. */
+        dsw->dsw_FramesPlayed += (bytesPlayed / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame);
+    }
+    numBytesEmpty = playCursor - dsw->dsw_WriteOffset;
+    if( numBytesEmpty < 0 ) numBytesEmpty += dsw->dsw_OutputSize; // unwrap offset
+    /* Have we underflowed? */
+    if( numBytesEmpty > (dsw->dsw_OutputSize - playWriteGap) )
+    {
+        if( dsw->dsw_OutputRunning )
+        {
+            dsw->dsw_OutputUnderflows += 1;
+        }
+        dsw->dsw_WriteOffset = writeCursor;
+        numBytesEmpty = dsw->dsw_OutputSize - playWriteGap;
+    }
+    *bytesEmpty = numBytesEmpty;
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_ZeroEmptySpace( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf1 = NULL;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf2 = NULL;
+    DWORD dwsize1 = 0;
+    DWORD dwsize2 = 0;
+    long  bytesEmpty;
+    hr = DSW_QueryOutputSpace( dsw, &bytesEmpty ); // updates dsw_FramesPlayed
+    if (hr != DS_OK) return hr;
+    if( bytesEmpty == 0 ) return DS_OK;
+    // Lock free space in the DS
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, dsw->dsw_WriteOffset, bytesEmpty, (void **) &lpbuf1, &dwsize1,
+                                  (void **) &lpbuf2, &dwsize2, 0);
+    if (hr == DS_OK)
+    {
+        // Copy the buffer into the DS
+        ZeroMemory(lpbuf1, dwsize1);
+        if(lpbuf2 != NULL)
+        {
+            ZeroMemory(lpbuf2, dwsize2);
+        }
+        // Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
+        dsw->dsw_WriteOffset = (dsw->dsw_WriteOffset + dwsize1 + dwsize2) % dsw->dsw_OutputSize;
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, lpbuf1, dwsize1, lpbuf2, dwsize2);
+        dsw->dsw_FramesWritten += bytesEmpty / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+    }
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_WriteBlock( DSoundWrapper *dsw, char *buf, long numBytes )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf1 = NULL;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf2 = NULL;
+    DWORD dwsize1 = 0;
+    DWORD dwsize2 = 0;
+    // Lock free space in the DS
+    hr = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, dsw->dsw_WriteOffset, numBytes, (void **) &lpbuf1, &dwsize1,
+                                  (void **) &lpbuf2, &dwsize2, 0);
+    if (hr == DS_OK)
+    {
+        // Copy the buffer into the DS
+        CopyMemory(lpbuf1, buf, dwsize1);
+        if(lpbuf2 != NULL)
+        {
+            CopyMemory(lpbuf2, buf+dwsize1, dwsize2);
+        }
+        // Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
+        dsw->dsw_WriteOffset = (dsw->dsw_WriteOffset + dwsize1 + dwsize2) % dsw->dsw_OutputSize;
+        IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, lpbuf1, dwsize1, lpbuf2, dwsize2);
+        dsw->dsw_FramesWritten += numBytes / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+    }
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+DWORD DSW_GetOutputStatus( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    DWORD status;
+    if (IDirectSoundBuffer_GetStatus( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, &status ) != DS_OK)
+        return( DSERR_INVALIDPARAM );
+    else
+        return( status );
+}
+
+/* These routines are used to support audio input.
+ * Do NOT compile these calls when using NT4 because it does
+ * not support the entry points.
+ */
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_InitInputDevice( DSoundWrapper *dsw, LPGUID lpGUID )
+{
+    HRESULT hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate(  lpGUID, &dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture,   NULL );
+    if( hr != DS_OK ) return hr;
+    return hr;
+}
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_InitInputBuffer( DSoundWrapper *dsw, unsigned long nFrameRate, WORD nChannels, int bytesPerBuffer )
+{
+    DSCBUFFERDESC  captureDesc;
+    WAVEFORMATEX   wfFormat;
+    HRESULT        result;
+    
+    dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame = nChannels * sizeof(short);
+
+    // Define the buffer format
+    wfFormat.wFormatTag      = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
+    wfFormat.nChannels       = nChannels;
+    wfFormat.nSamplesPerSec  = nFrameRate;
+    wfFormat.wBitsPerSample  = 8 * sizeof(short);
+    wfFormat.nBlockAlign     = (WORD)(wfFormat.nChannels * (wfFormat.wBitsPerSample / 8));
+    wfFormat.nAvgBytesPerSec = wfFormat.nSamplesPerSec * wfFormat.nBlockAlign;
+    wfFormat.cbSize          = 0;   /* No extended format info. */
+    dsw->dsw_InputSize = bytesPerBuffer;
+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Setup the secondary buffer description
+    ZeroMemory(&captureDesc, sizeof(DSCBUFFERDESC));
+    captureDesc.dwSize = sizeof(DSCBUFFERDESC);
+    captureDesc.dwFlags =  0;
+    captureDesc.dwBufferBytes = bytesPerBuffer;
+    captureDesc.lpwfxFormat = &wfFormat;
+    // Create the capture buffer
+    if ((result = IDirectSoundCapture_CreateCaptureBuffer( dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture,
+                  &captureDesc, &dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, NULL)) != DS_OK) return result;
+    dsw->dsw_ReadOffset = 0;  // reset last read position to start of buffer
+    return DS_OK;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_StartInput( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    // Start the buffer playback
+    if( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer != NULL )
+    {
+        return IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Start( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, DSCBSTART_LOOPING );
+    }
+    else return 0;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_StopInput( DSoundWrapper *dsw )
+{
+    // Stop the buffer playback
+    if( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer != NULL )
+    {
+        return IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Stop( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer );
+    }
+    else return 0;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_QueryInputFilled( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesFilled )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    DWORD capturePos;
+    DWORD readPos;
+    long  filled;
+    // Query to see how much data is in buffer.
+    // We don't need the capture position but sometimes DirectSound doesn't handle NULLS correctly
+    // so let's pass a pointer just to be safe.
+    hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_GetCurrentPosition( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, &capturePos, &readPos );
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        return hr;
+    }
+    filled = readPos - dsw->dsw_ReadOffset;
+    if( filled < 0 ) filled += dsw->dsw_InputSize; // unwrap offset
+    *bytesFilled = filled;
+    return hr;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+HRESULT DSW_ReadBlock( DSoundWrapper *dsw, char *buf, long numBytes )
+{
+    HRESULT hr;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf1 = NULL;
+    LPBYTE lpbuf2 = NULL;
+    DWORD dwsize1 = 0;
+    DWORD dwsize2 = 0;
+    // Lock free space in the DS
+    hr = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock ( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, dsw->dsw_ReadOffset, numBytes, (void **) &lpbuf1, &dwsize1,
+                                          (void **) &lpbuf2, &dwsize2, 0);
+    if (hr == DS_OK)
+    {
+        // Copy from DS to the buffer
+        CopyMemory( buf, lpbuf1, dwsize1);
+        if(lpbuf2 != NULL)
+        {
+            CopyMemory( buf+dwsize1, lpbuf2, dwsize2);
+        }
+        // Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer
+        dsw->dsw_ReadOffset = (dsw->dsw_ReadOffset + dwsize1 + dwsize2) % dsw->dsw_InputSize;
+        IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Unlock ( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, lpbuf1, dwsize1, lpbuf2, dwsize2);
+    }
+    return hr;
+}
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dad1592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/dsound_wrapper.h
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+#ifndef __DSOUND_WRAPPER_H
+#define __DSOUND_WRAPPER_H
+/*
+ * $Id: dsound_wrapper.h,v 1.1.1.1.2.7 2003/09/07 13:04:53 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Simplified DirectSound interface.
+ *
+ * Author: Phil Burk & Robert Marsanyi
+ *
+ * For PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * For more information see: http://www.softsynth.com/portaudio/
+ * DirectSound Implementation
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Phil Burk & Robert Marsanyi
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* on Borland compilers, WIN32 doesn't seem to be defined by default, which
+    breaks DSound.h. Adding the define here fixes the problem. - rossb. */
+#ifdef __BORLANDC__
+#if !defined(WIN32)
+#define WIN32
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#include <DSound.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    HINSTANCE hInstance_;
+    
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundCreate)(LPGUID, LPDIRECTSOUND *, LPUNKNOWN);
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundEnumerateW)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID);
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundEnumerateA)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA, LPVOID);
+
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundCaptureCreate)(LPGUID, LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE *, LPUNKNOWN);
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateW)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKW, LPVOID);
+    HRESULT (WINAPI *DirectSoundCaptureEnumerateA)(LPDSENUMCALLBACKA, LPVOID);
+}DSoundEntryPoints;
+
+extern DSoundEntryPoints dswDSoundEntryPoints;
+
+void DSW_InitializeDSoundEntryPoints(void);
+void DSW_TerminateDSoundEntryPoints(void);
+
+#define DSW_NUM_POSITIONS     (4)
+#define DSW_NUM_EVENTS        (5)
+#define DSW_TERMINATION_EVENT     (DSW_NUM_POSITIONS)
+
+typedef struct
+{
+/* Output */
+    LPDIRECTSOUND        dsw_pDirectSound;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDBUFFER  dsw_OutputBuffer;
+    DWORD                dsw_WriteOffset;     /* last write position */
+    INT                  dsw_OutputSize;
+    INT                  dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+    /* Try to detect play buffer underflows. */
+    LARGE_INTEGER        dsw_CounterTicksPerBuffer; /* counter ticks it should take to play a full buffer */
+    LARGE_INTEGER        dsw_LastPlayTime;
+    UINT                 dsw_LastPlayCursor;
+    UINT                 dsw_OutputUnderflows;
+    BOOL                 dsw_OutputRunning;
+    /* use double which lets us can play for several thousand years with enough precision */
+    double               dsw_FramesWritten;
+    double               dsw_FramesPlayed;
+/* Input */
+    INT                  dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE dsw_pDirectSoundCapture;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTUREBUFFER   dsw_InputBuffer;
+    UINT                 dsw_ReadOffset;      /* last read position */
+    UINT                 dsw_InputSize;
+} DSoundWrapper;
+
+HRESULT DSW_Init( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+void DSW_Term( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_InitOutputBuffer( DSoundWrapper *dsw, unsigned long nFrameRate,
+                              WORD nChannels, int bufSize );
+HRESULT DSW_StartOutput( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_StopOutput( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+DWORD   DSW_GetOutputStatus( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_WriteBlock( DSoundWrapper *dsw, char *buf, long numBytes );
+HRESULT DSW_ZeroEmptySpace( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_QueryOutputSpace( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesEmpty );
+HRESULT DSW_Enumerate( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+
+HRESULT DSW_InitInputBuffer( DSoundWrapper *dsw, unsigned long nFrameRate,
+                             WORD nChannels, int bufSize );
+HRESULT DSW_StartInput( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_StopInput( DSoundWrapper *dsw );
+HRESULT DSW_ReadBlock( DSoundWrapper *dsw, char *buf, long numBytes );
+HRESULT DSW_QueryInputFilled( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesFilled );
+HRESULT DSW_QueryOutputFilled( DSoundWrapper *dsw, long *bytesFilled );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+#endif  /* __DSOUND_WRAPPER_H */
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/pa_win_ds.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/pa_win_ds.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1bc698a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_ds/pa_win_ds.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1822 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_win_ds.c,v 1.1.2.49 2004/05/16 04:08:55 rossbencina Exp $
+ * Portable Audio I/O Library DirectSound implementation
+ *
+ * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/** @file
+
+    @todo implement paInputOverflow callback status flag
+    
+    @todo implement paNeverDropInput.
+
+    @todo implement host api specific extension to set i/o buffer sizes in frames
+
+    @todo implement initialisation of PaDeviceInfo default*Latency fields (currently set to 0.)
+
+    @todo implement ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable
+
+    @todo audit handling of DirectSound result codes - in many cases we could convert a HRESULT into
+        a native portaudio error code. Standard DirectSound result codes are documented at msdn.
+
+    @todo implement IsFormatSupported
+
+    @todo check that CoInitialize() CoUninitialize() are always correctly
+        paired, even in error cases.
+
+    @todo call PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo with a specific error string (currently just "DSound error").
+
+    @todo make sure all buffers have been played before stopping the stream
+        when the stream callback returns paComplete
+
+    old TODOs from phil, need to work out if these have been done:
+        O- fix "patest_stop.c"
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h> /* strlen() */
+
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+#include "dsound_wrapper.h"
+
+#if (defined(WIN32) && (defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200))) /* MSC version 6 and above */
+#pragma comment( lib, "dsound.lib" )
+#pragma comment( lib, "winmm.lib" )
+#endif
+
+
+#define PRINT(x) /* { printf x; fflush(stdout); } */
+#define ERR_RPT(x) PRINT(x)
+#define DBUG(x)  /* PRINT(x) */
+#define DBUGX(x) /* PRINT(x) */
+
+#define PA_USE_HIGH_LATENCY   (0)
+#if PA_USE_HIGH_LATENCY
+#define PA_WIN_9X_LATENCY     (500)
+#define PA_WIN_NT_LATENCY     (600)
+#else
+#define PA_WIN_9X_LATENCY     (140)
+#define PA_WIN_NT_LATENCY     (280)
+#endif
+
+#define PA_WIN_WDM_LATENCY       (120)
+
+#define SECONDS_PER_MSEC      (0.001)
+#define MSEC_PER_SECOND       (1000)
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+PaError PaWinDs_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/* FIXME: should convert hr to a string */
+#define PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr ) \
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paDirectSound, hr, "DirectSound error" )
+
+/************************************************* DX Prototypes **********/
+static BOOL CALLBACK CollectGUIDsProc(LPGUID lpGUID,
+                                     LPCTSTR lpszDesc,
+                                     LPCTSTR lpszDrvName,
+                                     LPVOID lpContext );
+
+/************************************************************************************/
+/********************** Structures **************************************************/
+/************************************************************************************/
+/* PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaWinDsDeviceInfo
+{
+    GUID                             guid;
+    GUID                            *lpGUID;
+    double                           sampleRates[3];
+} PaWinDsDeviceInfo;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface    callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface    blockingStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup   *allocations;
+
+    /* implementation specific data goes here */
+    PaWinDsDeviceInfo       *winDsDeviceInfos;
+
+} PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation;
+
+/* PaWinDsStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
+
+typedef struct PaWinDsStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+
+/* DirectSound specific data. */
+    DSoundWrapper    directSoundWrapper;
+    MMRESULT         timerID;
+    BOOL             ifInsideCallback;  /* Test for reentrancy. */
+    int              framesPerDSBuffer;
+    double           framesWritten;
+    double           secondsPerHostByte; /* Used to optimize latency calculation for outTime */
+
+    PaStreamCallbackFlags callbackFlags;
+    
+/* FIXME - move all below to PaUtilStreamRepresentation */
+    volatile int     isStarted;
+    volatile int     isActive;
+    volatile int     stopProcessing; /* stop thread once existing buffers have been returned */
+    volatile int     abortProcessing; /* stop thread immediately */
+} PaWinDsStream;
+
+
+/************************************************************************************
+** Duplicate the input string using the allocations allocator.
+** A NULL string is converted to a zero length string.
+** If memory cannot be allocated, NULL is returned.
+**/
+static char *DuplicateDeviceNameString( PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations, const char* src )
+{
+    char *result = 0;
+    
+    if( src != NULL )
+    {
+        size_t len = strlen(src);
+        result = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( allocations, (long)(len + 1) );
+        if( result )
+            memcpy( (void *) result, src, len+1 );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory( allocations, 1 );
+        if( result )
+            result[0] = '\0';
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************
+** DSDeviceNameAndGUID, DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector used for collecting preliminary
+** information during device enumeration.
+*/
+typedef struct DSDeviceNameAndGUID{
+    char *name; // allocated from parent's allocations, never deleted by this structure
+    GUID guid;
+    LPGUID lpGUID;
+} DSDeviceNameAndGUID;
+
+typedef struct DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector{
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+    PaError enumerationError;
+
+    int count;
+    int free;
+    DSDeviceNameAndGUID *items; // Allocated using LocalAlloc()
+} DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector;
+
+static PaError InitializeDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector(
+        DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector *guidVector, PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    guidVector->allocations = allocations;
+    guidVector->enumerationError = paNoError;
+
+    guidVector->count = 0;
+    guidVector->free = 8;
+    guidVector->items = (DSDeviceNameAndGUID*)LocalAlloc( LMEM_FIXED, sizeof(DSDeviceNameAndGUID) * guidVector->free );
+    if( guidVector->items == NULL )
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PaError ExpandDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector *guidVector )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    DSDeviceNameAndGUID *newItems;
+    int i;
+    
+    /* double size of vector */
+    int size = guidVector->count + guidVector->free;
+    guidVector->free += size;
+
+    newItems = (DSDeviceNameAndGUID*)LocalAlloc( LMEM_FIXED, sizeof(DSDeviceNameAndGUID) * size * 2 );
+    if( newItems == NULL )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < guidVector->count; ++i )
+        {
+            newItems[i].name = guidVector->items[i].name;
+            if( guidVector->items[i].lpGUID == NULL )
+            {
+                newItems[i].lpGUID = NULL;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newItems[i].lpGUID = &newItems[i].guid;
+                memcpy( &newItems[i].guid, guidVector->items[i].lpGUID, sizeof(GUID) );;
+            }
+        }
+
+        LocalFree( guidVector->items );
+        guidVector->items = newItems;
+    }                                
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+    it's safe to call DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector multiple times
+*/
+static PaError TerminateDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector *guidVector )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    if( guidVector->items != NULL )
+    {
+        if( LocalFree( guidVector->items ) != NULL )
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;              /** @todo this isn't the correct error to return from a deallocation failure */
+
+        guidVector->items = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/************************************************************************************
+** Collect preliminary device information during DirectSound enumeration 
+*/
+static BOOL CALLBACK CollectGUIDsProc(LPGUID lpGUID,
+                                     LPCTSTR lpszDesc,
+                                     LPCTSTR lpszDrvName,
+                                     LPVOID lpContext )
+{
+    DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector *namesAndGUIDs = (DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector*)lpContext;
+    PaError error;
+
+    (void) lpszDrvName; /* unused variable */
+
+    if( namesAndGUIDs->free == 0 )
+    {
+        error = ExpandDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( namesAndGUIDs );
+        if( error != paNoError )
+        {
+            namesAndGUIDs->enumerationError = error;
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /* Set GUID pointer, copy GUID to storage in DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector. */
+    if( lpGUID == NULL )
+    {
+        namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].lpGUID = NULL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].lpGUID =
+                &namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].guid;
+      
+        memcpy( &namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].guid, lpGUID, sizeof(GUID) );
+    }
+
+    namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].name =
+            DuplicateDeviceNameString( namesAndGUIDs->allocations, lpszDesc );
+    if( namesAndGUIDs->items[namesAndGUIDs->count].name == NULL )
+    {
+        namesAndGUIDs->enumerationError = paInsufficientMemory;
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    ++namesAndGUIDs->count;
+    --namesAndGUIDs->free;
+    
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+
+#define PA_DEFAULTSAMPLERATESEARCHORDER_COUNT_  (13) /* must match array length below */
+static double defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[] =
+    { 44100.0, 48000.0, 32000.0, 24000.0, 22050.0, 88200.0, 96000.0, 192000.0,
+        16000.0, 12000.0, 11025.0, 9600.0, 8000.0 };
+
+
+/************************************************************************************
+** Extract capabilities from an output device, and add it to the device info list
+** if successful. This function assumes that there is enough room in the
+** device info list to accomodate all entries.
+**
+** The device will not be added to the device list if any errors are encountered.
+*/
+static PaError AddOutputDeviceInfoFromDirectSound(
+        PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation *winDsHostApi, char *name, LPGUID lpGUID )
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation  *hostApi = &winDsHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaDeviceInfo                 *deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[hostApi->info.deviceCount];
+    PaWinDsDeviceInfo            *winDsDeviceInfo = &winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos[hostApi->info.deviceCount];
+    HRESULT                       hr;
+    LPDIRECTSOUND                 lpDirectSound;
+    DSCAPS                        caps;
+    int                           deviceOK = TRUE;
+    PaError                       result = paNoError;
+    int                           i;
+    
+    /* Copy GUID to the device info structure. Set pointer. */
+    if( lpGUID == NULL )
+    {
+        winDsDeviceInfo->lpGUID = NULL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        memcpy( &winDsDeviceInfo->guid, lpGUID, sizeof(GUID) );
+        winDsDeviceInfo->lpGUID = &winDsDeviceInfo->guid;
+    }
+
+    
+    /* Create a DirectSound object for the specified GUID
+        Note that using CoCreateInstance doesn't work on windows CE.
+    */
+    hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate( lpGUID, &lpDirectSound, NULL );
+
+    /** try using CoCreateInstance because DirectSoundCreate was hanging under
+        some circumstances - note this was probably related to the
+        #define BOOL short bug which has now been fixed
+        @todo delete this comment and the following code once we've ensured
+        there is no bug.
+    */
+    /*
+    hr = CoCreateInstance( &CLSID_DirectSound, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
+            &IID_IDirectSound, (void**)&lpDirectSound );
+
+    if( hr == S_OK )
+    {
+        hr = IDirectSound_Initialize( lpDirectSound, lpGUID );
+    }
+    */
+    
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        DBUG(("Cannot create DirectSound for %s. Result = 0x%x\n", name, hr ));
+        deviceOK = FALSE;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Query device characteristics. */
+        memset( &caps, 0, sizeof(caps) ); 
+        caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
+        hr = IDirectSound_GetCaps( lpDirectSound, &caps );
+        if( hr != DS_OK )
+        {
+            DBUG(("Cannot GetCaps() for DirectSound device %s. Result = 0x%x\n", name, hr ));
+            deviceOK = FALSE;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+
+#ifndef PA_NO_WMME
+            if( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_EMULDRIVER )
+            {
+                /* If WMME supported, then reject Emulated drivers because they are lousy. */
+                deviceOK = FALSE;
+            }
+#endif
+
+            if( deviceOK )
+            {
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = 0;
+                /* Mono or stereo device? */
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = ( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_PRIMARYSTEREO ) ? 2 : 1;
+
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = 0.;    /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = 0.;   /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = 0.;   /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.;  /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                
+                /* initialize defaultSampleRate */
+                
+                if( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_CONTINUOUSRATE )
+                {
+                    /* initialize to caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate incase none of the standard rates match */
+                    deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate;
+
+                    for( i = 0; i < PA_DEFAULTSAMPLERATESEARCHORDER_COUNT_; ++i )
+                    {
+                        if( defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[i] >= caps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate
+                                && defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[i] <= caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate ){
+
+                            deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[i];
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else if( caps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate == caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate )
+                {
+                    if( caps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate == 0 )
+                    {
+                        /*
+                        ** On my Thinkpad 380Z, DirectSoundV6 returns min-max=0 !!
+                        ** But it supports continuous sampling.
+                        ** So fake range of rates, and hope it really supports it.
+                        */
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 44100.0f;
+
+                        DBUG(("PA - Reported rates both zero. Setting to fake values for device #%d\n", sDeviceIndex ));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+	                    deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if( (caps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate < 1000.0) && (caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate > 50000.0) )
+                {
+                    /* The EWS88MT drivers lie, lie, lie. The say they only support two rates, 100 & 100000.
+                    ** But we know that they really support a range of rates!
+                    ** So when we see a ridiculous set of rates, assume it is a range.
+                    */
+                  deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 44100.0f;
+                  DBUG(("PA - Sample rate range used instead of two odd values for device #%d\n", sDeviceIndex ));
+                }
+                else deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate;
+
+
+                //printf( "min %d max %d\n", caps.dwMinSecondarySampleRate, caps.dwMaxSecondarySampleRate );
+                // dwFlags | DSCAPS_CONTINUOUSRATE 
+            }
+        }
+
+        IDirectSound_Release( lpDirectSound );
+    }
+
+    if( deviceOK )
+    {
+        deviceInfo->name = name;
+
+        if( lpGUID == NULL )
+            hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
+            
+        hostApi->info.deviceCount++;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/************************************************************************************
+** Extract capabilities from an input device, and add it to the device info list
+** if successful. This function assumes that there is enough room in the
+** device info list to accomodate all entries.
+**
+** The device will not be added to the device list if any errors are encountered.
+*/
+static PaError AddInputDeviceInfoFromDirectSoundCapture(
+        PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation *winDsHostApi, char *name, LPGUID lpGUID )
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation  *hostApi = &winDsHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaDeviceInfo                 *deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[hostApi->info.deviceCount];
+    PaWinDsDeviceInfo            *winDsDeviceInfo = &winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos[hostApi->info.deviceCount];
+    HRESULT                       hr;
+    LPDIRECTSOUNDCAPTURE          lpDirectSoundCapture;
+    DSCCAPS                       caps;
+    int                           deviceOK = TRUE;
+    PaError                       result = paNoError;
+    
+    /* Copy GUID to the device info structure. Set pointer. */
+    if( lpGUID == NULL )
+    {
+        winDsDeviceInfo->lpGUID = NULL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        winDsDeviceInfo->lpGUID = &winDsDeviceInfo->guid;
+        memcpy( &winDsDeviceInfo->guid, lpGUID, sizeof(GUID) );
+    }
+
+
+    hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate( lpGUID, &lpDirectSoundCapture, NULL );
+
+    /** try using CoCreateInstance because DirectSoundCreate was hanging under
+        some circumstances - note this was probably related to the
+        #define BOOL short bug which has now been fixed
+        @todo delete this comment and the following code once we've ensured
+        there is no bug.
+    */
+    /*
+    hr = CoCreateInstance( &CLSID_DirectSoundCapture, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
+            &IID_IDirectSoundCapture, (void**)&lpDirectSoundCapture );
+    */
+    if( hr != DS_OK )
+    {
+        DBUG(("Cannot create Capture for %s. Result = 0x%x\n", name, hr ));
+        deviceOK = FALSE;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Query device characteristics. */
+        memset( &caps, 0, sizeof(caps) );
+        caps.dwSize = sizeof(caps);
+        hr = IDirectSoundCapture_GetCaps( lpDirectSoundCapture, &caps );
+        if( hr != DS_OK )
+        {
+            DBUG(("Cannot GetCaps() for Capture device %s. Result = 0x%x\n", name, hr ));
+            deviceOK = FALSE;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+#ifndef PA_NO_WMME
+            if( caps.dwFlags & DSCAPS_EMULDRIVER )
+            {
+                /* If WMME supported, then reject Emulated drivers because they are lousy. */
+                deviceOK = FALSE;
+            }
+#endif
+
+            if( deviceOK )
+            {
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = caps.dwChannels;
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = 0.;    /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = 0.;   /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = 0.;   /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = 0.;  /** @todo IMPLEMENT ME */
+
+/*  constants from a WINE patch by Francois Gouget, see:
+    http://www.winehq.com/hypermail/wine-patches/2003/01/0290.html
+
+    ---
+    Date: Fri, 14 May 2004 10:38:12 +0200 (CEST)
+    From: Francois Gouget <fgouget@ ... .fr>
+    To: Ross Bencina <rbencina@ ... .au>
+    Subject: Re: Permission to use wine 48/96 wave patch in BSD licensed library
+
+    [snip]
+
+    I give you permission to use the patch below under the BSD license.
+    http://www.winehq.com/hypermail/wine-patches/2003/01/0290.html
+
+    [snip]
+*/
+#ifndef WAVE_FORMAT_48M08
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_48M08      0x00001000    /* 48     kHz, Mono,   8-bit  */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_48S08      0x00002000    /* 48     kHz, Stereo, 8-bit  */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_48M16      0x00004000    /* 48     kHz, Mono,   16-bit */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_48S16      0x00008000    /* 48     kHz, Stereo, 16-bit */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M08      0x00010000    /* 96     kHz, Mono,   8-bit  */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S08      0x00020000    /* 96     kHz, Stereo, 8-bit  */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_96M16      0x00040000    /* 96     kHz, Mono,   16-bit */
+#define WAVE_FORMAT_96S16      0x00080000    /* 96     kHz, Stereo, 16-bit */
+#endif
+
+                /* defaultSampleRate */
+                if( caps.dwChannels == 2 )
+                {
+                    if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 44100.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_48S16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 48000.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 22050.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 11025.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96S16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 96000.0;
+                    else
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 0.;
+                }
+                else if( caps.dwChannels == 1 )
+                {
+                    if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 44100.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_48M16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 48000.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 22050.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 11025.0;
+                    else if( caps.dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_96M16 )
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 96000.0;
+                    else
+                        deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 0.;
+                }
+                else deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 0.;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        IDirectSoundCapture_Release( lpDirectSoundCapture );
+    }
+
+    if( deviceOK )
+    {
+        deviceInfo->name = name;
+
+        if( lpGUID == NULL )
+            hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
+
+        hostApi->info.deviceCount++;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+PaError PaWinDs_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int i, deviceCount;
+    PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation *winDsHostApi;
+    DSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector inputNamesAndGUIDs, outputNamesAndGUIDs;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
+
+    HRESULT hr = CoInitialize(NULL);        /** @todo: should uninitialize too */
+    if( FAILED(hr) ){
+        return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    }            
+
+    /* initialise guid vectors so they can be safely deleted on error */
+    inputNamesAndGUIDs.items = NULL;
+    outputNamesAndGUIDs.items = NULL;
+
+    DSW_InitializeDSoundEntryPoints();
+
+    winDsHostApi = (PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !winDsHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    winDsHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !winDsHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    *hostApi = &winDsHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paDirectSound;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "Windows DirectSound";
+    
+    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 0;
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
+
+    
+/* DSound - enumerate devices to count them and to gather their GUIDs */
+
+
+    result = InitializeDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &inputNamesAndGUIDs, winDsHostApi->allocations );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    result = InitializeDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &outputNamesAndGUIDs, winDsHostApi->allocations );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK)CollectGUIDsProc, (void *)&inputNamesAndGUIDs );
+
+    dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundEnumerate( (LPDSENUMCALLBACK)CollectGUIDsProc, (void *)&outputNamesAndGUIDs );
+
+    if( inputNamesAndGUIDs.enumerationError != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = inputNamesAndGUIDs.enumerationError;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( outputNamesAndGUIDs.enumerationError != paNoError )
+    {
+        result = outputNamesAndGUIDs.enumerationError;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    deviceCount = inputNamesAndGUIDs.count + outputNamesAndGUIDs.count;
+
+    if( deviceCount > 0 )
+    {
+        /* allocate array for pointers to PaDeviceInfo structs */
+        (*hostApi)->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winDsHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * deviceCount );
+        if( !(*hostApi)->deviceInfos )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* allocate all PaDeviceInfo structs in a contiguous block */
+        deviceInfoArray = (PaDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winDsHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) * deviceCount );
+        if( !deviceInfoArray )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* allocate all DSound specific info structs in a contiguous block */
+        winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos = (PaWinDsDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winDsHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaWinDsDeviceInfo) * deviceCount );
+        if( !winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[i];
+            deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+            deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
+            deviceInfo->name = 0;
+            (*hostApi)->deviceInfos[i] = deviceInfo;
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i< inputNamesAndGUIDs.count; ++i )
+        {
+            result = AddInputDeviceInfoFromDirectSoundCapture( winDsHostApi,
+                    inputNamesAndGUIDs.items[i].name,
+                    inputNamesAndGUIDs.items[i].lpGUID );
+            if( result != paNoError )
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i< outputNamesAndGUIDs.count; ++i )
+        {
+            result = AddOutputDeviceInfoFromDirectSound( winDsHostApi,
+                    outputNamesAndGUIDs.items[i].name,
+                    outputNamesAndGUIDs.items[i].lpGUID );
+            if( result != paNoError )
+                goto error;
+        }
+    }    
+
+    result = TerminateDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &inputNamesAndGUIDs );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    result = TerminateDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &outputNamesAndGUIDs );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+    
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &winDsHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &winDsHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( winDsHostApi )
+    {
+        if( winDsHostApi->allocations )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( winDsHostApi->allocations );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( winDsHostApi->allocations );
+        }
+                
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( winDsHostApi );
+    }
+
+    TerminateDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &inputNamesAndGUIDs );
+    TerminateDSDeviceNameAndGUIDVector( &outputNamesAndGUIDs );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation *winDsHostApi = (PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - clean up any resources not handled by the allocation group
+    */
+
+    if( winDsHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( winDsHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( winDsHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( winDsHostApi );
+
+    DSW_TerminateDSoundEntryPoints();
+
+    CoUninitialize();
+}
+
+
+/* Set minimal latency based on whether NT or Win95.
+ * NT has higher latency.
+ */
+static int PaWinDS_GetMinSystemLatency( void )
+{
+    int minLatencyMsec;
+    /* Set minimal latency based on whether NT or other OS.
+     * NT has higher latency.
+     */
+    OSVERSIONINFO osvi;
+	osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof( osvi );
+	GetVersionEx( &osvi );
+    DBUG(("PA - PlatformId = 0x%x\n", osvi.dwPlatformId ));
+    DBUG(("PA - MajorVersion = 0x%x\n", osvi.dwMajorVersion ));
+    DBUG(("PA - MinorVersion = 0x%x\n", osvi.dwMinorVersion ));
+    /* Check for NT */
+	if( (osvi.dwMajorVersion == 4) && (osvi.dwPlatformId == 2) )
+	{
+		minLatencyMsec = PA_WIN_NT_LATENCY;
+	}
+	else if(osvi.dwMajorVersion >= 5)
+	{
+		minLatencyMsec = PA_WIN_WDM_LATENCY;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		minLatencyMsec = PA_WIN_9X_LATENCY;
+	}
+    return minLatencyMsec;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate inputStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate outputStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+    }
+    
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported if necessary
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+        Because the buffer adapter handles conversion between all standard
+        sample formats, the following checks are only required if paCustomFormat
+        is implemented, or under some other unusual conditions.
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+    */
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+}
+
+
+/*************************************************************************
+** Determine minimum number of buffers required for this host based
+** on minimum latency. Latency can be optionally set by user by setting
+** an environment variable. For example, to set latency to 200 msec, put:
+**
+**    set PA_MIN_LATENCY_MSEC=200
+**
+** in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file and reboot.
+** If the environment variable is not set, then the latency will be determined
+** based on the OS. Windows NT has higher latency than Win95.
+*/
+#define PA_LATENCY_ENV_NAME  ("PA_MIN_LATENCY_MSEC")
+#define PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE  (32)
+
+static int PaWinDs_GetMinLatencyFrames( double sampleRate )
+{
+    char      envbuf[PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE];
+    DWORD     hresult;
+    int       minLatencyMsec = 0;
+
+    /* Let user determine minimal latency by setting environment variable. */
+    hresult = GetEnvironmentVariable( PA_LATENCY_ENV_NAME, envbuf, PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE );
+    if( (hresult > 0) && (hresult < PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE) )
+    {
+        minLatencyMsec = atoi( envbuf );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        minLatencyMsec = PaWinDS_GetMinSystemLatency();
+#if PA_USE_HIGH_LATENCY
+        PRINT(("PA - Minimum Latency set to %d msec!\n", minLatencyMsec ));
+#endif
+
+    }
+
+    return (int) (minLatencyMsec * sampleRate * SECONDS_PER_MSEC);
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+/* see pa_hostapi.h for a list of validity guarantees made about OpenStream parameters */
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation *winDsHostApi = (PaWinDsHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = 0;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat;
+    unsigned long suggestedInputLatencyFrames, suggestedOutputLatencyFrames;
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        suggestedInputLatencyFrames = (unsigned long)(inputParameters->suggestedLatency * sampleRate);
+
+        /* IDEA: the following 3 checks could be performed by default by pa_front
+            unless some flag indicated otherwise */
+            
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( inputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+            
+        /* validate hostApiSpecificStreamInfo */
+        if( inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+        suggestedInputLatencyFrames = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        suggestedOutputLatencyFrames = (unsigned long)(outputParameters->suggestedLatency * sampleRate);
+
+        /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
+            paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+            return paInvalidDevice;
+
+        /* check that output device can support inputChannelCount */
+        if( outputChannelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+            return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+        /* validate hostApiSpecificStreamInfo */
+        if( outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo )
+            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* this implementation doesn't use custom stream info */            
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+        suggestedOutputLatencyFrames = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+
+        ( the following two checks are taken care of by PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor() )
+
+            - check that input device can support inputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - check that output device can support outputSampleFormat, or that
+                we have the capability to convert from outputSampleFormat to
+                a native format
+
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+            - alter sampleRate to a close allowable rate if possible / necessary
+
+            - validate suggestedInputLatency and suggestedOutputLatency parameters,
+                use default values where necessary
+    */
+
+
+    /* validate platform specific flags */
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag; /* unexpected platform specific flag */
+
+
+    stream = (PaWinDsStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaWinDsStream) );
+    if( !stream )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( streamCallback )
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &winDsHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                               &winDsHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, streamCallback, userData );
+    }
+    
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - establish which  host formats are available */
+        hostInputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, inputParameters->sampleFormat );
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        /* IMPLEMENT ME - establish which  host formats are available */
+        hostOutputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, outputParameters->sampleFormat );
+    }
+    
+    result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    inputChannelCount, inputSampleFormat, hostInputSampleFormat,
+                    outputChannelCount, outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+                    sampleRate, streamFlags, framesPerBuffer,
+                    framesPerBuffer, /* ignored in paUtilVariableHostBufferSizePartialUsageAllowed mode. */
+                /* This next mode is required because DS can split the host buffer when it wraps around. */
+                    paUtilVariableHostBufferSizePartialUsageAllowed,
+                    streamCallback, userData );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        goto error;
+
+
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency =
+            PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor);   /* FIXME: not initialised anywhere else */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency =
+            PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor);    /* FIXME: not initialised anywhere else */
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+
+    
+/* DirectSound specific initialization */
+    {
+        HRESULT          hr;
+        int              bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer;
+        DSoundWrapper   *dsw;
+        int              userLatencyFrames;
+        int              minLatencyFrames;
+
+        stream->timerID = 0;
+        dsw = &stream->directSoundWrapper;
+        DSW_Init( dsw );
+
+    /* Get system minimum latency. */
+        minLatencyFrames = PaWinDs_GetMinLatencyFrames( sampleRate );
+
+    /* Let user override latency by passing latency parameter. */
+        userLatencyFrames = (suggestedInputLatencyFrames > suggestedOutputLatencyFrames)
+                    ? suggestedInputLatencyFrames
+                    : suggestedOutputLatencyFrames;
+        if( userLatencyFrames > 0 ) minLatencyFrames = userLatencyFrames;
+
+    /* Calculate stream->framesPerDSBuffer depending on framesPerBuffer */
+        if( framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified )
+        {
+        /* App support variable framesPerBuffer */
+            stream->framesPerDSBuffer = minLatencyFrames;
+
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = (double)(minLatencyFrames - 1) / sampleRate;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+        /* Round up to number of buffers needed to guarantee that latency. */
+            int numUserBuffers = (minLatencyFrames + framesPerBuffer - 1) / framesPerBuffer;
+            if( numUserBuffers < 1 ) numUserBuffers = 1;
+            numUserBuffers += 1; /* So we have latency worth of buffers ahead of current buffer. */
+            stream->framesPerDSBuffer = framesPerBuffer * numUserBuffers;
+
+            stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency = (double)(framesPerBuffer * (numUserBuffers-1)) / sampleRate;
+        }
+
+        {
+            /** @todo REVIEW: this calculation seems incorrect to me - rossb. */
+            int msecLatency = (int) ((stream->framesPerDSBuffer * MSEC_PER_SECOND) / sampleRate);
+            PRINT(("PortAudio on DirectSound - Latency = %d frames, %d msec\n", stream->framesPerDSBuffer, msecLatency ));
+        }
+
+
+        /* ------------------ OUTPUT */
+        if( outputParameters )
+        {
+            /*
+            PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ];
+            DBUG(("PaHost_OpenStream: deviceID = 0x%x\n", outputParameters->device));
+            */
+            
+            bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer = stream->framesPerDSBuffer * outputParameters->channelCount * sizeof(short);
+            if( bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer < DSBSIZE_MIN )
+            {
+                result = paBufferTooSmall;
+                goto error;
+            }
+            else if( bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer > DSBSIZE_MAX )
+            {
+                result = paBufferTooBig;
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+
+            hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCreate( winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos[outputParameters->device].lpGUID,
+                &dsw->dsw_pDirectSound,   NULL );
+            if( hr != DS_OK )
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("PortAudio: DirectSoundCreate() failed!\n"));
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+                goto error;
+            }
+            hr = DSW_InitOutputBuffer( dsw,
+                                       (unsigned long) (sampleRate + 0.5),
+                                       (WORD)outputParameters->channelCount, bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer );
+            DBUG(("DSW_InitOutputBuffer() returns %x\n", hr));
+            if( hr != DS_OK )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+                goto error;
+            }
+            /* Calculate value used in latency calculation to avoid real-time divides. */
+            stream->secondsPerHostByte = 1.0 /
+                (stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample *
+                outputChannelCount * sampleRate);
+        }
+
+        /* ------------------ INPUT */
+        if( inputParameters )
+        {
+            /*
+            PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ];
+            DBUG(("PaHost_OpenStream: deviceID = 0x%x\n", inputParameters->device));
+            */
+            
+            bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer = stream->framesPerDSBuffer * inputParameters->channelCount * sizeof(short);
+            if( bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer < DSBSIZE_MIN )
+            {
+                result = paBufferTooSmall;
+                goto error;
+            }
+            else if( bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer > DSBSIZE_MAX )
+            {
+                result = paBufferTooBig;
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            hr = dswDSoundEntryPoints.DirectSoundCaptureCreate( winDsHostApi->winDsDeviceInfos[inputParameters->device].lpGUID,
+                &dsw->dsw_pDirectSoundCapture,   NULL );
+            if( hr != DS_OK )
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("PortAudio: DirectSoundCaptureCreate() failed!\n"));
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+                goto error;
+            }
+            hr = DSW_InitInputBuffer( dsw,
+                                      (unsigned long) (sampleRate + 0.5),
+                                      (WORD)inputParameters->channelCount, bytesPerDirectSoundBuffer );
+            DBUG(("DSW_InitInputBuffer() returns %x\n", hr));
+            if( hr != DS_OK )
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("PortAudio: DSW_InitInputBuffer() returns %x\n", hr));
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( stream )
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError Pa_TimeSlice( PaWinDsStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError           result = 0;   /* FIXME: this should be declared int and this function should also return that type (same as stream callback return type)*/
+    DSoundWrapper    *dsw;
+    long              numFrames = 0;
+    long              bytesEmpty = 0;
+    long              bytesFilled = 0;
+    long              bytesToXfer = 0;
+    long              framesToXfer = 0;
+    long              numInFramesReady = 0;
+    long              numOutFramesReady = 0;
+    long              bytesProcessed;
+    HRESULT           hresult;
+    double            outputLatency = 0;
+    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /** @todo implement inputBufferAdcTime */
+    
+/* Input */
+    LPBYTE            lpInBuf1 = NULL;
+    LPBYTE            lpInBuf2 = NULL;
+    DWORD             dwInSize1 = 0;
+    DWORD             dwInSize2 = 0;
+/* Output */
+    LPBYTE            lpOutBuf1 = NULL;
+    LPBYTE            lpOutBuf2 = NULL;
+    DWORD             dwOutSize1 = 0;
+    DWORD             dwOutSize2 = 0;
+
+    dsw = &stream->directSoundWrapper;
+
+    /* How much input data is available? */
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        DSW_QueryInputFilled( dsw, &bytesFilled );
+        framesToXfer = numInFramesReady = bytesFilled / dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+        outputLatency = ((double)bytesFilled) * stream->secondsPerHostByte;
+
+        /** @todo Check for overflow */
+    }
+
+    /* How much output room is available? */
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        UINT previousUnderflowCount = dsw->dsw_OutputUnderflows;
+        DSW_QueryOutputSpace( dsw, &bytesEmpty );
+        framesToXfer = numOutFramesReady = bytesEmpty / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+
+        /* Check for underflow */
+        if( dsw->dsw_OutputUnderflows != previousUnderflowCount )
+            stream->callbackFlags |= paOutputUnderflow;
+    }
+
+    if( (numInFramesReady > 0) && (numOutFramesReady > 0) )
+    {
+        framesToXfer = (numOutFramesReady < numInFramesReady) ? numOutFramesReady : numInFramesReady;
+    }
+
+    if( framesToXfer > 0 )
+    {
+
+        PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+    /* The outputBufferDacTime parameter should indicates the time at which
+        the first sample of the output buffer is heard at the DACs. */
+        timeInfo.currentTime = PaUtil_GetTime();
+        timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime = timeInfo.currentTime + outputLatency;
+
+
+        PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo, stream->callbackFlags );
+        stream->callbackFlags = 0;
+        
+    /* Input */
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+            bytesToXfer = framesToXfer * dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+            hresult = IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock ( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer,
+                dsw->dsw_ReadOffset, bytesToXfer,
+                (void **) &lpInBuf1, &dwInSize1,
+                (void **) &lpInBuf2, &dwInSize2, 0);
+            if (hresult != DS_OK)
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("DirectSound IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Lock failed, hresult = 0x%x\n",hresult));
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hresult );
+                goto error2;
+            }
+
+            numFrames = dwInSize1 / dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+            PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, numFrames );
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0, lpInBuf1, 0 );
+        /* Is input split into two regions. */
+            if( dwInSize2 > 0 )
+            {
+                numFrames = dwInSize2 / dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+                PaUtil_Set2ndInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, numFrames );
+                PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0, lpInBuf2, 0 );
+            }
+        }
+
+    /* Output */
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+            bytesToXfer = framesToXfer * dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+            hresult = IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock ( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer,
+                dsw->dsw_WriteOffset, bytesToXfer,
+                (void **) &lpOutBuf1, &dwOutSize1,
+                (void **) &lpOutBuf2, &dwOutSize2, 0);
+            if (hresult != DS_OK)
+            {
+                ERR_RPT(("DirectSound IDirectSoundBuffer_Lock failed, hresult = 0x%x\n",hresult));
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hresult );
+                goto error1;
+            }
+
+            numFrames = dwOutSize1 / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+            PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, numFrames );
+            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0, lpOutBuf1, 0 );
+
+        /* Is output split into two regions. */
+            if( dwOutSize2 > 0 )
+            {
+                numFrames = dwOutSize2 / dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+                PaUtil_Set2ndOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, numFrames );
+                PaUtil_Set2ndInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0, lpOutBuf2, 0 );
+            }
+        }
+
+        result = paContinue;
+        numFrames = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &result );
+        stream->framesWritten += numFrames;
+        
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+        /* FIXME: an underflow could happen here */
+
+        /* Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer */
+            bytesProcessed = numFrames * dsw->dsw_BytesPerOutputFrame;
+            dsw->dsw_WriteOffset = (dsw->dsw_WriteOffset + bytesProcessed) % dsw->dsw_OutputSize;
+            IDirectSoundBuffer_Unlock( dsw->dsw_OutputBuffer, lpOutBuf1, dwOutSize1, lpOutBuf2, dwOutSize2);
+            dsw->dsw_FramesWritten += numFrames;
+        }
+
+error1:
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0 )
+        {
+        /* FIXME: an overflow could happen here */
+
+        /* Update our buffer offset and unlock sound buffer */
+            bytesProcessed = numFrames * dsw->dsw_BytesPerInputFrame;
+            dsw->dsw_ReadOffset = (dsw->dsw_ReadOffset + bytesProcessed) % dsw->dsw_InputSize;
+            IDirectSoundCaptureBuffer_Unlock( dsw->dsw_InputBuffer, lpInBuf1, dwInSize1, lpInBuf2, dwInSize2);
+        }
+error2:
+
+        PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, numFrames );
+
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+/*******************************************************************/
+static void CALLBACK Pa_TimerCallback(UINT uID, UINT uMsg, DWORD dwUser, DWORD dw1, DWORD dw2)
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) uID;
+    (void) uMsg;
+    (void) dw1;
+    (void) dw2;
+    
+    stream = (PaWinDsStream *) dwUser;
+    if( stream == NULL ) return;
+
+    if( stream->isActive )
+    {
+        if( stream->abortProcessing )
+        {
+            stream->isActive = 0;
+        }
+        else if( stream->stopProcessing )
+        {
+            DSoundWrapper   *dsw = &stream->directSoundWrapper;
+            if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+            {
+                DSW_ZeroEmptySpace( dsw );
+                /* clear isActive when all sound played */
+                if( dsw->dsw_FramesPlayed >= stream->framesWritten )
+                {
+                    stream->isActive = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                stream->isActive = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( Pa_TimeSlice( stream ) != 0)  /* Call time slice independant of timing method. */
+            {
+                /* FIXME implement handling of paComplete and paAbort if possible */
+                stream->stopProcessing = 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( !stream->isActive ){
+            if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+                stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    DSW_Term( &stream->directSoundWrapper );
+
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError          result = paNoError;
+    PaWinDsStream   *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+    HRESULT          hr;
+
+    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        hr = DSW_StartInput( &stream->directSoundWrapper );
+        DBUG(("StartStream: DSW_StartInput returned = 0x%X.\n", hr));
+        if( hr != DS_OK )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    stream->framesWritten = 0;
+    stream->callbackFlags = 0;
+
+    stream->abortProcessing = 0;
+    stream->stopProcessing = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 1;
+
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        /* Give user callback a chance to pre-fill buffer. REVIEW - i thought we weren't pre-filling, rb. */
+        result = Pa_TimeSlice( stream );
+        if( result != paNoError ) return result; // FIXME - what if finished?
+
+        hr = DSW_StartOutput( &stream->directSoundWrapper );
+        DBUG(("PaHost_StartOutput: DSW_StartOutput returned = 0x%X.\n", hr));
+        if( hr != DS_OK )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /* Create timer that will wake us up so we can fill the DSound buffer. */
+    {
+        int resolution;
+        int framesPerWakeup = stream->framesPerDSBuffer / 4;
+        int msecPerWakeup = MSEC_PER_SECOND * framesPerWakeup / (int) stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate;
+        if( msecPerWakeup < 10 ) msecPerWakeup = 10;
+        else if( msecPerWakeup > 100 ) msecPerWakeup = 100;
+        resolution = msecPerWakeup/4;
+        stream->timerID = timeSetEvent( msecPerWakeup, resolution, (LPTIMECALLBACK) Pa_TimerCallback,
+                                             (DWORD) stream, TIME_PERIODIC );
+    }
+    if( stream->timerID == 0 )
+    {
+        stream->isActive = 0;
+        result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+        PA_DS_SET_LAST_DIRECTSOUND_ERROR( hr );
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    stream->isStarted = TRUE;
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+    HRESULT          hr;
+    int timeoutMsec;
+
+    stream->stopProcessing = 1;
+    /* Set timeout at 20% beyond maximum time we might wait. */
+    timeoutMsec = (int) (1200.0 * stream->framesPerDSBuffer / stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate);
+    while( stream->isActive && (timeoutMsec > 0)  )
+    {
+        Sleep(10);
+        timeoutMsec -= 10;
+    }
+    if( stream->timerID != 0 )
+    {
+        timeKillEvent(stream->timerID);  /* Stop callback timer. */
+        stream->timerID = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        hr = DSW_StopOutput( &stream->directSoundWrapper );
+    }
+
+    if( stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        hr = DSW_StopInput( &stream->directSoundWrapper );
+    }
+
+    stream->isStarted = FALSE;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    stream->abortProcessing = 1;
+    return StopStream( s );
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    return !stream->isStarted;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->isActive;
+}
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) s;
+
+    
+/*
+    new behavior for GetStreamTime is to return a stream based seconds clock
+    used for the outTime parameter to the callback.
+    FIXME: delete this comment when the other unnecessary related code has
+    been cleaned from this file.
+
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+    DSoundWrapper   *dsw;
+    dsw = &stream->directSoundWrapper;
+    return dsw->dsw_FramesPlayed;
+*/
+    return PaUtil_GetTime();
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************
+    As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback
+    streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called
+    for blocking streams.
+*/
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) buffer;
+    (void) frames;
+    (void) stream;
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) buffer;
+    (void) frames;
+    (void) stream;
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************************************/
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinDsStream *stream = (PaWinDsStream*)s;
+
+    /* suppress unused variable warnings */
+    (void) stream;
+    
+    /* IMPLEMENT ME, see portaudio.h for required behavior*/
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.c b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3d7fe6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3623 @@
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_win_wmme.c,v 1.6.2.86 2004/02/21 11:38:28 rossbencina Exp $
+ * pa_win_wmme.c
+ * Implementation of PortAudio for Windows MultiMedia Extensions (WMME)       
+ *                                                                                         
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * Latest Version at: http://www.portaudio.com
+ *
+ * Authors: Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* Modification History:
+ PLB = Phil Burk
+ JM = Julien Maillard
+ RDB = Ross Bencina
+ PLB20010402 - sDevicePtrs now allocates based on sizeof(pointer)
+ PLB20010413 - check for excessive numbers of channels
+ PLB20010422 - apply Mike Berry's changes for CodeWarrior on PC
+               including conditional inclusion of memory.h,
+               and explicit typecasting on memory allocation
+ PLB20010802 - use GlobalAlloc for sDevicesPtr instead of PaHost_AllocFastMemory
+ PLB20010816 - pass process instead of thread to SetPriorityClass()
+ PLB20010927 - use number of frames instead of real-time for CPULoad calculation.
+ JM20020118 - prevent hung thread when buffers underflow.
+ PLB20020321 - detect Win XP versus NT, 9x; fix DBUG typo; removed init of CurrentCount
+ RDB20020411 - various renaming cleanups, factored streamData alloc and cpu usage init
+ RDB20020417 - stopped counting WAVE_MAPPER when there were no real devices
+               refactoring, renaming and fixed a few edge case bugs
+ RDB20020531 - converted to V19 framework
+ ** NOTE  maintanance history is now stored in CVS **
+*/
+
+/** @file
+	
+	@todo Fix buffer catch up code, can sometimes get stuck (perhaps fixed now,
+            needs to be reviewed and tested.)
+
+    @todo implement paInputUnderflow, paOutputOverflow streamCallback statusFlags, paNeverDropInput.
+
+    @todo BUG: PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN/OUT_ERROR is used in functions which may
+                be called asynchronously from the callback thread. this is bad.
+
+    @todo implement inputBufferAdcTime in callback thread
+
+    @todo review/fix error recovery and cleanup in marked functions
+
+    @todo implement timeInfo for stream priming
+
+    @todo handle the case where the callback returns paAbort or paComplete during stream priming.
+
+    @todo review input overflow and output underflow handling in ReadStream and WriteStream
+
+Non-critical stuff for the future:
+
+    @todo Investigate supporting host buffer formats > 16 bits
+    
+    @todo define UNICODE and _UNICODE in the project settings and see what breaks
+
+*/
+
+/*
+    How it works:
+
+    For both callback and blocking read/write streams we open the MME devices
+    in CALLBACK_EVENT mode. In this mode, MME signals an Event object whenever
+    it has finished with a buffer (either filled it for input, or played it
+    for output). Where necessary we block waiting for Event objects using
+    WaitMultipleObjects().
+
+    When implementing a PA callback stream, we set up a high priority thread
+    which waits on the MME buffer Events and drains/fills the buffers when
+    they are ready.
+
+    When implementing a PA blocking read/write stream, we simply wait on these
+    Events (when necessary) inside the ReadStream() and WriteStream() functions.
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <mmsystem.h>
+#include <process.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+/* PLB20010422 - "memory.h" doesn't work on CodeWarrior for PC. Thanks Mike Berry for the mod. */
+#ifndef __MWERKS__
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <memory.h>
+#endif /* __MWERKS__ */
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+#include "pa_trace.h"
+#include "pa_util.h"
+#include "pa_allocation.h"
+#include "pa_hostapi.h"
+#include "pa_stream.h"
+#include "pa_cpuload.h"
+#include "pa_process.h"
+
+#include "pa_win_wmme.h"
+
+#if (defined(WIN32) && (defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200))) /* MSC version 6 and above */
+#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
+#endif
+
+/************************************************* Constants ********/
+
+#define PA_MME_USE_HIGH_DEFAULT_LATENCY_    (0)  /* For debugging glitches. */
+
+#if PA_MME_USE_HIGH_DEFAULT_LATENCY_
+ #define PA_MME_WIN_9X_DEFAULT_LATENCY_                     (0.4)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_OUTPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_               (4)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_	(4)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_HALF_DUPLEX_	(4)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_BUFFER_FRAMES_WHEN_UNSPECIFIED_	(16)
+ #define PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_				        (0.3)       /* Do not exceed unless user buffer exceeds */
+ #define PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_				        (32 * 1024) /* Has precedence over PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_, some drivers are known to crash with buffer sizes > 32k */
+#else
+ #define PA_MME_WIN_9X_DEFAULT_LATENCY_                     (0.2)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_OUTPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_               (2)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_	(3)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_HALF_DUPLEX_	(2)
+ #define PA_MME_MIN_HOST_BUFFER_FRAMES_WHEN_UNSPECIFIED_	(16)
+ #define PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_				        (0.1)       /* Do not exceed unless user buffer exceeds */
+ #define PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_				        (32 * 1024) /* Has precedence over PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_, some drivers are known to crash with buffer sizes > 32k */
+#endif
+
+/* Use higher latency for NT because it is even worse at real-time
+   operation than Win9x.
+*/
+#define PA_MME_WIN_NT_DEFAULT_LATENCY_      (PA_MME_WIN_9X_DEFAULT_LATENCY_ * 2)
+#define PA_MME_WIN_WDM_DEFAULT_LATENCY_     (PA_MME_WIN_9X_DEFAULT_LATENCY_)
+
+
+#define PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_        (1000)
+
+static const char constInputMapperSuffix_[] = " - Input";
+static const char constOutputMapperSuffix_[] = " - Output";
+
+/********************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct PaWinMmeStream PaWinMmeStream;     /* forward declaration */
+
+/* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+PaError PaWinMme_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** stream,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData );
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate );
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/* macros for setting last host error information */
+
+#ifdef UNICODE
+
+#define PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult ) \
+    {                                                                   \
+        wchar_t mmeErrorTextWide[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                     \
+        char mmeErrorText[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                            \
+        waveInGetErrorText( mmresult, mmeErrorTextWide, MAXERRORLENGTH );   \
+        WideCharToMultiByte( CP_ACP, WC_COMPOSITECHECK | WC_DEFAULTCHAR,\
+            mmeErrorTextWide, -1, mmeErrorText, MAXERRORLENGTH, NULL, NULL );  \
+        PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paMME, mmresult, mmeErrorText );   \
+    }
+
+#define PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult ) \
+    {                                                                   \
+        wchar_t mmeErrorTextWide[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                     \
+        char mmeErrorText[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                            \
+        waveOutGetErrorText( mmresult, mmeErrorTextWide, MAXERRORLENGTH );  \
+        WideCharToMultiByte( CP_ACP, WC_COMPOSITECHECK | WC_DEFAULTCHAR,\
+            mmeErrorTextWide, -1, mmeErrorText, MAXERRORLENGTH, NULL, NULL );  \
+        PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paMME, mmresult, mmeErrorText );   \
+    }
+    
+#else /* !UNICODE */
+
+#define PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult ) \
+    {                                                                   \
+        char mmeErrorText[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                            \
+        waveInGetErrorText( mmresult, mmeErrorText, MAXERRORLENGTH );   \
+        PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paMME, mmresult, mmeErrorText );   \
+    }
+
+#define PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult ) \
+    {                                                                   \
+        char mmeErrorText[ MAXERRORLENGTH ];                            \
+        waveOutGetErrorText( mmresult, mmeErrorText, MAXERRORLENGTH );  \
+        PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paMME, mmresult, mmeErrorText );   \
+    }
+
+#endif /* UNICODE */
+
+
+static void PaMme_SetLastSystemError( DWORD errorCode )
+{
+    char *lpMsgBuf;
+    FormatMessage(
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM,
+        NULL,
+        errorCode,
+        MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+        (LPTSTR) &lpMsgBuf,
+        0,
+        NULL
+    );
+    PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paMME, errorCode, lpMsgBuf );
+    LocalFree( lpMsgBuf );
+}
+
+#define PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( errorCode ) \
+    PaMme_SetLastSystemError( errorCode )
+
+
+/* PaError returning wrappers for some commonly used win32 functions
+    note that we allow passing a null ptr to have no effect.
+*/
+
+static PaError CreateEventWithPaError( HANDLE *handle,
+        LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpEventAttributes,
+        BOOL bManualReset,
+        BOOL bInitialState,
+        LPCTSTR lpName )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    *handle = NULL;
+    
+    *handle = CreateEvent( lpEventAttributes, bManualReset, bInitialState, lpName );
+    if( *handle == NULL )
+    {
+        result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+        PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( GetLastError() );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError ResetEventWithPaError( HANDLE handle )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+
+    if( handle )
+    {
+        if( ResetEvent( handle ) == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( GetLastError() );
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError CloseHandleWithPaError( HANDLE handle )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    
+    if( handle )
+    {
+        if( CloseHandle( handle ) == 0 )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( GetLastError() );
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface callbackStreamInterface;
+    PaUtilStreamInterface blockingStreamInterface;
+
+    PaUtilAllocationGroup *allocations;
+    
+    int inputDeviceCount, outputDeviceCount;
+
+    /** winMmeDeviceIds is an array of WinMme device ids.
+        fields in the range [0, inputDeviceCount) are input device ids,
+        and [inputDeviceCount, inputDeviceCount + outputDeviceCount) are output
+        device ids.
+     */ 
+    UINT *winMmeDeviceIds;
+}
+PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation;
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    PaDeviceInfo inheritedDeviceInfo;
+    DWORD dwFormats; /**<< standard formats bitmask from the WAVEINCAPS and WAVEOUTCAPS structures */
+}
+PaWinMmeDeviceInfo;
+
+
+/*************************************************************************
+ * Returns recommended device ID.
+ * On the PC, the recommended device can be specified by the user by
+ * setting an environment variable. For example, to use device #1.
+ *
+ *    set PA_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_DEVICE=1
+ *
+ * The user should first determine the available device ID by using
+ * the supplied application "pa_devs".
+ */
+#define PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE_  (32)
+#define PA_REC_IN_DEV_ENV_NAME_  ("PA_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_DEVICE")
+#define PA_REC_OUT_DEV_ENV_NAME_  ("PA_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_DEVICE")
+static PaDeviceIndex GetEnvDefaultDeviceID( char *envName )
+{
+    PaDeviceIndex recommendedIndex = paNoDevice;
+    DWORD   hresult;
+    char    envbuf[PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE_];
+
+#ifndef WIN32_PLATFORM_PSPC /* no GetEnvironmentVariable on PocketPC */
+
+    /* Let user determine default device by setting environment variable. */
+    hresult = GetEnvironmentVariable( envName, envbuf, PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE_ );
+    if( (hresult > 0) && (hresult < PA_ENV_BUF_SIZE_) )
+    {
+        recommendedIndex = atoi( envbuf );
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return recommendedIndex;
+}
+
+
+static void InitializeDefaultDeviceIdsFromEnv( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaDeviceIndex device;
+
+    /* input */
+    device = GetEnvDefaultDeviceID( PA_REC_IN_DEV_ENV_NAME_ );
+    if( device != paNoDevice &&
+            ( device >= 0 && device < hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.info.deviceCount ) &&
+            hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.deviceInfos[ device ]->maxInputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.info.defaultInputDevice = device;
+    }
+
+    /* output */
+    device = GetEnvDefaultDeviceID( PA_REC_OUT_DEV_ENV_NAME_ );
+    if( device != paNoDevice &&
+            ( device >= 0 && device < hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.info.deviceCount ) &&
+            hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.deviceInfos[ device ]->maxOutputChannels > 0 )
+    {
+        hostApi->inheritedHostApiRep.info.defaultOutputDevice = device;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/** Convert external PA ID to a windows multimedia device ID
+*/
+static UINT LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *hostApi, PaDeviceIndex device )
+{
+    assert( device >= 0 && device < hostApi->inputDeviceCount + hostApi->outputDeviceCount );
+
+	return hostApi->winMmeDeviceIds[ device ];
+}
+
+
+static PaError QueryInputWaveFormatEx( int deviceId, WAVEFORMATEX *waveFormatEx )
+{
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    
+    switch( mmresult = waveInOpen( NULL, deviceId, waveFormatEx, 0, 0, WAVE_FORMAT_QUERY ) )
+    {
+        case MMSYSERR_NOERROR:
+            return paNoError;
+        case MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED:    /* Specified resource is already allocated. */
+            return paDeviceUnavailable;
+        case MMSYSERR_NODRIVER:	    /* No device driver is present. */
+            return paDeviceUnavailable;
+        case MMSYSERR_NOMEM:	    /* Unable to allocate or lock memory. */
+            return paInsufficientMemory;
+        case WAVERR_BADFORMAT:      /* Attempted to open with an unsupported waveform-audio format. */
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+                    
+        case MMSYSERR_BADDEVICEID:	/* Specified device identifier is out of range. */
+            /* falls through */
+        default:
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static PaError QueryOutputWaveFormatEx( int deviceId, WAVEFORMATEX *waveFormatEx )
+{
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    
+    switch( mmresult = waveOutOpen( NULL, deviceId, waveFormatEx, 0, 0, WAVE_FORMAT_QUERY ) )
+    {
+        case MMSYSERR_NOERROR:
+            return paNoError;
+        case MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED:    /* Specified resource is already allocated. */
+            return paDeviceUnavailable;
+        case MMSYSERR_NODRIVER:	    /* No device driver is present. */
+            return paDeviceUnavailable;
+        case MMSYSERR_NOMEM:	    /* Unable to allocate or lock memory. */
+            return paInsufficientMemory;
+        case WAVERR_BADFORMAT:      /* Attempted to open with an unsupported waveform-audio format. */
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+                    
+        case MMSYSERR_BADDEVICEID:	/* Specified device identifier is out of range. */
+            /* falls through */
+        default:
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+            return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static PaError QueryFormatSupported( PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo,
+        PaError (*waveFormatExQueryFunction)(int, WAVEFORMATEX*),
+        int winMmeDeviceId, int channels, double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *winMmeDeviceInfo = (PaWinMmeDeviceInfo*)deviceInfo;
+    WAVEFORMATEX waveFormatEx;
+    
+    if( sampleRate == 11025.0
+        && ( (channels == 1 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1M16))
+            || (channels == 2 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_1S16)) ) ){
+
+        return paNoError;
+    }
+
+    if( sampleRate == 22050.0
+        && ( (channels == 1 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2M16))
+            || (channels == 2 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_2S16)) ) ){
+
+        return paNoError;
+    }
+
+    if( sampleRate == 44100.0
+        && ( (channels == 1 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4M16))
+            || (channels == 2 && (winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats & WAVE_FORMAT_4S16)) ) ){
+
+        return paNoError;
+    }
+
+    waveFormatEx.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
+    waveFormatEx.nChannels = (WORD)channels;
+    waveFormatEx.nSamplesPerSec = (DWORD)sampleRate;
+    waveFormatEx.nAvgBytesPerSec = waveFormatEx.nSamplesPerSec * channels * sizeof(short);
+    waveFormatEx.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(channels * sizeof(short));
+    waveFormatEx.wBitsPerSample = 16;
+    waveFormatEx.cbSize = 0;
+
+    return waveFormatExQueryFunction( winMmeDeviceId, &waveFormatEx );
+}
+
+
+#define PA_DEFAULTSAMPLERATESEARCHORDER_COUNT_  (13) /* must match array length below */
+static double defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[] =
+    { 44100.0, 48000.0, 32000.0, 24000.0, 22050.0, 88200.0, 96000.0, 192000.0,
+        16000.0, 12000.0, 11025.0, 9600.0, 8000.0 };
+
+static void DetectDefaultSampleRate( PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *winMmeDeviceInfo, int winMmeDeviceId,
+        PaError (*waveFormatExQueryFunction)(int, WAVEFORMATEX*), int maxChannels )
+{
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &winMmeDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+    int i;
+    
+    deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = 0.;
+
+    for( i=0; i < PA_DEFAULTSAMPLERATESEARCHORDER_COUNT_; ++i )
+    {
+        double sampleRate = defaultSampleRateSearchOrder_[ i ]; 
+        PaError paerror = QueryFormatSupported( deviceInfo, waveFormatExQueryFunction, winMmeDeviceId, maxChannels, sampleRate );
+        if( paerror == paNoError )
+        {
+            deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = sampleRate;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+static PaError InitializeInputDeviceInfo( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *winMmeDeviceInfo, UINT winMmeInputDeviceId, int *success )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    char *deviceName; /* non-const ptr */
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    WAVEINCAPS wic;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &winMmeDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+    
+    *success = 0;
+
+    mmresult = waveInGetDevCaps( winMmeInputDeviceId, &wic, sizeof( WAVEINCAPS ) );
+    if( mmresult == MMSYSERR_NOMEM )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    else if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+    {
+        /* instead of returning paUnanticipatedHostError we return
+            paNoError, but leave success set as 0. This allows
+            Pa_Initialize to just ignore this device, without failing
+            the entire initialisation process.
+        */
+        return paNoError;
+    }           
+
+    if( winMmeInputDeviceId == WAVE_MAPPER )
+    {
+        /* Append I/O suffix to WAVE_MAPPER device. */
+        deviceName = (char *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                    winMmeHostApi->allocations, strlen( wic.szPname ) + 1 + sizeof(constInputMapperSuffix_) );
+        if( !deviceName )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+        strcpy( deviceName, wic.szPname );
+        strcat( deviceName, constInputMapperSuffix_ );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        deviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                    winMmeHostApi->allocations, strlen( wic.szPname ) + 1 );
+        if( !deviceName )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+        strcpy( deviceName, wic.szPname  );
+    }
+    deviceInfo->name = deviceName;
+
+    deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = wic.wChannels;
+    /* Sometimes a device can return a rediculously large number of channels.
+     * This happened with an SBLive card on a Windows ME box.
+     * If that happens, then force it to 2 channels.  PLB20010413
+     */
+    if( (deviceInfo->maxInputChannels < 1) || (deviceInfo->maxInputChannels > 256) )
+    {
+        PA_DEBUG(("Pa_GetDeviceInfo: Num input channels reported as %d! Changed to 2.\n", deviceInfo->maxInputChannels ));
+        deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = 2;
+    }
+
+    winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats = wic.dwFormats;
+
+    DetectDefaultSampleRate( winMmeDeviceInfo, winMmeInputDeviceId,
+            QueryInputWaveFormatEx, deviceInfo->maxInputChannels );
+
+    *success = 1;
+    
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError InitializeOutputDeviceInfo( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *winMmeDeviceInfo, UINT winMmeOutputDeviceId, int *success )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    char *deviceName; /* non-const ptr */
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    WAVEOUTCAPS woc;
+    PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &winMmeDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+    
+    *success = 0;
+
+    mmresult = waveOutGetDevCaps( winMmeOutputDeviceId, &woc, sizeof( WAVEOUTCAPS ) );
+    if( mmresult == MMSYSERR_NOMEM )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    else if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+    {
+        /* instead of returning paUnanticipatedHostError we return
+            paNoError, but leave success set as 0. This allows
+            Pa_Initialize to just ignore this device, without failing
+            the entire initialisation process.
+        */
+        return paNoError;
+    }
+
+    if( winMmeOutputDeviceId == WAVE_MAPPER )
+    {
+        /* Append I/O suffix to WAVE_MAPPER device. */
+        deviceName = (char *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                    winMmeHostApi->allocations, strlen( woc.szPname ) + 1 + sizeof(constOutputMapperSuffix_) );
+        if( !deviceName )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+        strcpy( deviceName, woc.szPname );
+        strcat( deviceName, constOutputMapperSuffix_ );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        deviceName = (char*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                    winMmeHostApi->allocations, strlen( woc.szPname ) + 1 );
+        if( !deviceName )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+        strcpy( deviceName, woc.szPname  );
+    }
+    deviceInfo->name = deviceName;
+
+    deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = woc.wChannels;
+    /* Sometimes a device can return a rediculously large number of channels.
+     * This happened with an SBLive card on a Windows ME box.
+     * It also happens on Win XP!
+     */
+    if( (deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels < 1) || (deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels > 256) )
+    {
+        PA_DEBUG(("Pa_GetDeviceInfo: Num output channels reported as %d! Changed to 2.\n", deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels ));
+        deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 2;
+    }
+
+    winMmeDeviceInfo->dwFormats = woc.dwFormats;
+
+    DetectDefaultSampleRate( winMmeDeviceInfo, winMmeOutputDeviceId,
+            QueryOutputWaveFormatEx, deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels );
+
+    *success = 1;
+    
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void GetDefaultLatencies( PaTime *defaultLowLatency, PaTime *defaultHighLatency )
+{
+    OSVERSIONINFO osvi;
+    osvi.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof( osvi );
+	GetVersionEx( &osvi );
+
+    /* Check for NT */
+    if( (osvi.dwMajorVersion == 4) && (osvi.dwPlatformId == 2) )
+    {
+        *defaultLowLatency = PA_MME_WIN_NT_DEFAULT_LATENCY_;
+    }
+    else if(osvi.dwMajorVersion >= 5)
+    {
+        *defaultLowLatency  = PA_MME_WIN_WDM_DEFAULT_LATENCY_;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *defaultLowLatency  = PA_MME_WIN_9X_DEFAULT_LATENCY_;
+    }     
+
+    *defaultHighLatency = *defaultLowLatency * 2;
+}
+
+
+PaError PaWinMme_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int i;
+    PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi;
+    int inputDeviceCount, outputDeviceCount, maximumPossibleDeviceCount;
+    PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
+    int deviceInfoInitializationSucceeded;
+    PaTime defaultLowLatency, defaultHighLatency;
+
+    winMmeHostApi = (PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation) );
+    if( !winMmeHostApi )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    winMmeHostApi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
+    if( !winMmeHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    *hostApi = &winMmeHostApi->inheritedHostApiRep;
+    (*hostApi)->info.structVersion = 1;
+    (*hostApi)->info.type = paMME;
+    (*hostApi)->info.name = "MME";
+
+    
+    /* initialise device counts and default devices under the assumption that
+        there are no devices. These values are incremented below if and when
+        devices are successfully initialized.
+    */
+    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount = 0;
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
+    winMmeHostApi->inputDeviceCount = 0;
+    winMmeHostApi->outputDeviceCount = 0;
+
+
+    maximumPossibleDeviceCount = 0;
+
+    inputDeviceCount = waveInGetNumDevs();
+    if( inputDeviceCount > 0 )
+    	maximumPossibleDeviceCount += inputDeviceCount + 1;	/* assume there is a WAVE_MAPPER */
+
+    outputDeviceCount = waveOutGetNumDevs();
+    if( outputDeviceCount > 0 )
+	    maximumPossibleDeviceCount += outputDeviceCount + 1;	/* assume there is a WAVE_MAPPER */
+
+
+    if( maximumPossibleDeviceCount > 0 ){
+
+        (*hostApi)->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo**)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winMmeHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo*) * maximumPossibleDeviceCount );
+        if( !(*hostApi)->deviceInfos )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block */
+        deviceInfoArray = (PaWinMmeDeviceInfo*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winMmeHostApi->allocations, sizeof(PaWinMmeDeviceInfo) * maximumPossibleDeviceCount );
+        if( !deviceInfoArray )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        winMmeHostApi->winMmeDeviceIds = (UINT*)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
+                winMmeHostApi->allocations, sizeof(int) * maximumPossibleDeviceCount );
+        if( !winMmeHostApi->winMmeDeviceIds )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        GetDefaultLatencies( &defaultLowLatency, &defaultHighLatency );
+
+        if( inputDeviceCount > 0 ){
+            /* -1 is the WAVE_MAPPER */
+            for( i = -1; i < inputDeviceCount; ++i ){
+                UINT winMmeDeviceId = (UINT)((i==-1) ? WAVE_MAPPER : i);
+                PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *wmmeDeviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ];
+                PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &wmmeDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+                deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+                deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
+
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = 0;
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = defaultLowLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = defaultLowLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = defaultHighLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = defaultHighLatency;
+
+                result = InitializeInputDeviceInfo( winMmeHostApi, wmmeDeviceInfo,
+                        winMmeDeviceId, &deviceInfoInitializationSucceeded );
+                if( result != paNoError )
+                    goto error;
+
+                if( deviceInfoInitializationSucceeded ){
+                    if( (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice == paNoDevice )
+                        (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice = (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount;
+
+                    winMmeHostApi->winMmeDeviceIds[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ] = winMmeDeviceId;
+                    (*hostApi)->deviceInfos[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ] = deviceInfo;
+
+                    winMmeHostApi->inputDeviceCount++;
+                    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if( outputDeviceCount > 0 ){
+            /* -1 is the WAVE_MAPPER */
+            for( i = -1; i < outputDeviceCount; ++i ){
+                UINT winMmeDeviceId = (UINT)((i==-1) ? WAVE_MAPPER : i);
+                PaWinMmeDeviceInfo *wmmeDeviceInfo = &deviceInfoArray[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ];
+                PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo = &wmmeDeviceInfo->inheritedDeviceInfo;
+                deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
+                deviceInfo->hostApi = hostApiIndex;
+
+                deviceInfo->maxInputChannels = 0;
+                deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
+
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency = defaultLowLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency = defaultLowLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = defaultHighLatency;
+                deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = defaultHighLatency; 
+
+                result = InitializeOutputDeviceInfo( winMmeHostApi, wmmeDeviceInfo,
+                        winMmeDeviceId, &deviceInfoInitializationSucceeded );
+                if( result != paNoError )
+                    goto error;
+
+                if( deviceInfoInitializationSucceeded ){
+                    if( (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice == paNoDevice )
+                        (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount;
+
+                    winMmeHostApi->winMmeDeviceIds[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ] = winMmeDeviceId;
+                    (*hostApi)->deviceInfos[ (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount ] = deviceInfo;
+
+                    winMmeHostApi->outputDeviceCount++;
+                    (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+
+    InitializeDefaultDeviceIdsFromEnv( winMmeHostApi );
+
+    (*hostApi)->Terminate = Terminate;
+    (*hostApi)->OpenStream = OpenStream;
+    (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported = IsFormatSupported;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &winMmeHostApi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
+                                      PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &winMmeHostApi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
+                                      StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
+                                      GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
+                                      ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    if( winMmeHostApi )
+    {
+        if( winMmeHostApi->allocations )
+        {
+            PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( winMmeHostApi->allocations );
+            PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( winMmeHostApi->allocations );
+        }
+        
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( winMmeHostApi );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
+{
+    PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi = (PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+
+    if( winMmeHostApi->allocations )
+    {
+        PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations( winMmeHostApi->allocations );
+        PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup( winMmeHostApi->allocations );
+    }
+
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( winMmeHostApi );
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                                  const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                                  double sampleRate )
+{
+    PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi = (PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaDeviceInfo *inputDeviceInfo, *outputDeviceInfo;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    int inputMultipleDeviceChannelCount, outputMultipleDeviceChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    PaWinMmeStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo, *outputStreamInfo;
+    UINT winMmeInputDeviceId, winMmeOutputDeviceId;
+    unsigned int i;
+    PaError paerror;
+
+    /* The calls to QueryFormatSupported below are intended to detect invalid
+        sample rates. If we assume that the channel count and format are OK,
+        then the only thing that could fail is the sample rate. This isn't
+        strictly true, but I can't think of a better way to test that the
+        sample rate is valid.
+    */  
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        inputStreamInfo = inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+        
+        /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
+             this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
+        if( inputSampleFormat & paCustomFormat )
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+
+        if( inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification
+                && inputStreamInfo && (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices) )
+        {
+            inputMultipleDeviceChannelCount = 0;
+            for( i=0; i< inputStreamInfo->deviceCount; ++i )
+            {
+                inputMultipleDeviceChannelCount += inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount;
+                    
+                inputDeviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputStreamInfo->devices[i].device ];
+
+                /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+                if( inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount <= 0
+                        || inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount > inputDeviceInfo->maxInputChannels )
+                    return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+                /* test for valid sample rate, see comment above */
+                winMmeInputDeviceId = LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( winMmeHostApi, inputStreamInfo->devices[i].device );
+                paerror = QueryFormatSupported( inputDeviceInfo, QueryInputWaveFormatEx, winMmeInputDeviceId, inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount, sampleRate );
+                if( paerror != paNoError )
+                    return paInvalidSampleRate;
+            }
+                
+            if( inputMultipleDeviceChannelCount != inputChannelCount )
+                return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;                  
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( inputStreamInfo && (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices) )
+                return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification was not supplied as the input device */
+
+            inputDeviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ];
+
+            /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
+            if( inputChannelCount > inputDeviceInfo->maxInputChannels )
+                return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+            /* test for valid sample rate, see comment above */
+            winMmeInputDeviceId = LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( winMmeHostApi, inputParameters->device );
+            paerror = QueryFormatSupported( inputDeviceInfo, QueryInputWaveFormatEx, winMmeInputDeviceId, inputChannelCount, sampleRate );
+            if( paerror != paNoError )
+                return paInvalidSampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        outputStreamInfo = outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+
+        /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
+            this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
+        if( outputSampleFormat & paCustomFormat )
+            return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
+
+        if( outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification
+                && outputStreamInfo && (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices) )
+        {
+            outputMultipleDeviceChannelCount = 0;
+            for( i=0; i< outputStreamInfo->deviceCount; ++i )
+            {
+                outputMultipleDeviceChannelCount += outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount;
+                    
+                outputDeviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputStreamInfo->devices[i].device ];
+
+                /* check that output device can support outputChannelCount */
+                if( outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount <= 0
+                        || outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount > outputDeviceInfo->maxOutputChannels )
+                    return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+                /* test for valid sample rate, see comment above */
+                winMmeOutputDeviceId = LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( winMmeHostApi, outputStreamInfo->devices[i].device );
+                paerror = QueryFormatSupported( outputDeviceInfo, QueryOutputWaveFormatEx, winMmeOutputDeviceId, outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount, sampleRate );
+                if( paerror != paNoError )
+                    return paInvalidSampleRate;
+            }
+                
+            if( outputMultipleDeviceChannelCount != outputChannelCount )
+                return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;            
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if( outputStreamInfo && (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices) )
+                return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo; /* paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification was not supplied as the output device */
+
+            outputDeviceInfo = hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ];
+
+            /* check that output device can support outputChannelCount */
+            if( outputChannelCount > outputDeviceInfo->maxOutputChannels )
+                return paInvalidChannelCount;
+
+            /* test for valid sample rate, see comment above */
+            winMmeOutputDeviceId = LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( winMmeHostApi, outputParameters->device );
+            paerror = QueryFormatSupported( outputDeviceInfo, QueryOutputWaveFormatEx, winMmeOutputDeviceId, outputChannelCount, sampleRate );
+            if( paerror != paNoError )
+                return paInvalidSampleRate;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /*
+            - if a full duplex stream is requested, check that the combination
+                of input and output parameters is supported
+
+            - check that the device supports sampleRate
+
+            for mme all we can do is test that the input and output devices
+            support the requested sample rate and number of channels. we
+            cannot test for full duplex compatibility.
+    */                                             
+
+    return paFormatIsSupported;
+}
+
+
+
+static void SelectBufferSizeAndCount( unsigned long baseBufferSize,
+    unsigned long requestedLatency,
+    unsigned long baseBufferCount, unsigned long minimumBufferCount,
+    unsigned long maximumBufferSize, unsigned long *hostBufferSize,
+    unsigned long *hostBufferCount )
+{
+    unsigned long sizeMultiplier, bufferCount, latency;
+    unsigned long nextLatency, nextBufferSize;
+    int baseBufferSizeIsPowerOfTwo;
+    
+    sizeMultiplier = 1;
+    bufferCount = baseBufferCount;
+
+    /* count-1 below because latency is always determined by one less
+        than the total number of buffers.
+    */
+    latency = (baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier) * (bufferCount-1);
+
+    if( latency > requestedLatency )
+    {
+
+        /* reduce number of buffers without falling below suggested latency */
+
+        nextLatency = (baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier) * (bufferCount-2);
+        while( bufferCount > minimumBufferCount && nextLatency >= requestedLatency )
+        {
+            --bufferCount;
+            nextLatency = (baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier) * (bufferCount-2);
+        }
+
+    }else if( latency < requestedLatency ){
+
+        baseBufferSizeIsPowerOfTwo = (! (baseBufferSize & (baseBufferSize - 1)));
+        if( baseBufferSizeIsPowerOfTwo ){
+
+            /* double size of buffers without exceeding requestedLatency */
+
+            nextBufferSize = (baseBufferSize * (sizeMultiplier*2));
+            nextLatency = nextBufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+            while( nextBufferSize <= maximumBufferSize
+                    && nextLatency < requestedLatency )
+            {
+                sizeMultiplier *= 2;
+                nextBufferSize = (baseBufferSize * (sizeMultiplier*2));
+                nextLatency = nextBufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+            }   
+
+        }else{
+
+            /* increase size of buffers upto first excess of requestedLatency */
+
+            nextBufferSize = (baseBufferSize * (sizeMultiplier+1));
+            nextLatency = nextBufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+            while( nextBufferSize <= maximumBufferSize
+                    && nextLatency < requestedLatency )
+            {
+                ++sizeMultiplier;
+                nextBufferSize = (baseBufferSize * (sizeMultiplier+1));
+                nextLatency = nextBufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+            }
+
+            if( nextLatency < requestedLatency )
+                ++sizeMultiplier;            
+        }
+
+        /* increase number of buffers until requestedLatency is reached */
+
+        latency = (baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier) * (bufferCount-1);
+        while( latency < requestedLatency )
+        {
+            ++bufferCount;
+            latency = (baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier) * (bufferCount-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *hostBufferSize = baseBufferSize * sizeMultiplier;
+    *hostBufferCount = bufferCount;
+}
+
+
+static void ReselectBufferCount( unsigned long bufferSize,
+    unsigned long requestedLatency,
+    unsigned long baseBufferCount, unsigned long minimumBufferCount,
+    unsigned long *hostBufferCount )
+{
+    unsigned long bufferCount, latency;
+    unsigned long nextLatency;
+
+    bufferCount = baseBufferCount;
+
+    /* count-1 below because latency is always determined by one less
+        than the total number of buffers.
+    */
+    latency = bufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+
+    if( latency > requestedLatency )
+    {
+        /* reduce number of buffers without falling below suggested latency */
+
+        nextLatency = bufferSize * (bufferCount-2);
+        while( bufferCount > minimumBufferCount && nextLatency >= requestedLatency )
+        {
+            --bufferCount;
+            nextLatency = bufferSize * (bufferCount-2);
+        }
+
+    }else if( latency < requestedLatency ){
+
+        /* increase number of buffers until requestedLatency is reached */
+
+        latency = bufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+        while( latency < requestedLatency )
+        {
+            ++bufferCount;
+            latency = bufferSize * (bufferCount-1);
+        }                                                         
+    }
+
+    *hostBufferCount = bufferCount;
+}
+
+
+/* CalculateBufferSettings() fills the framesPerHostInputBuffer, hostInputBufferCount,
+   framesPerHostOutputBuffer and hostOutputBufferCount parameters based on the values
+   of the other parameters.
+*/
+
+static PaError CalculateBufferSettings(
+        unsigned long *framesPerHostInputBuffer, unsigned long *hostInputBufferCount,
+        unsigned long *framesPerHostOutputBuffer, unsigned long *hostOutputBufferCount,
+        int inputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat,
+        PaTime suggestedInputLatency, PaWinMmeStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo,
+        int outputChannelCount, PaSampleFormat hostOutputSampleFormat,
+        PaTime suggestedOutputLatency, PaWinMmeStreamInfo *outputStreamInfo,
+        double sampleRate, unsigned long framesPerBuffer )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    int effectiveInputChannelCount, effectiveOutputChannelCount;
+    int hostInputFrameSize = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    
+    if( inputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        int hostInputSampleSize = Pa_GetSampleSize( hostInputSampleFormat );
+        if( hostInputSampleSize < 0 )
+        {
+            result = hostInputSampleSize;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        if( inputStreamInfo
+                && ( inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices ) )
+        {
+            /* set effectiveInputChannelCount to the largest number of
+                channels on any one device.
+            */
+            effectiveInputChannelCount = 0;
+            for( i=0; i< inputStreamInfo->deviceCount; ++i )
+            {
+                if( inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount > effectiveInputChannelCount )
+                    effectiveInputChannelCount = inputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            effectiveInputChannelCount = inputChannelCount;
+        }
+
+        hostInputFrameSize = hostInputSampleSize * effectiveInputChannelCount;
+
+        if( inputStreamInfo
+                && ( inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters ) )
+        {
+            if( inputStreamInfo->bufferCount <= 0
+                    || inputStreamInfo->framesPerBuffer <= 0 )
+            {
+                result = paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            *framesPerHostInputBuffer = inputStreamInfo->framesPerBuffer;
+            *hostInputBufferCount = inputStreamInfo->bufferCount;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            unsigned long hostBufferSizeBytes, hostBufferCount;
+            unsigned long minimumBufferCount = (outputChannelCount > 0)
+                    ? PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_
+                    : PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_HALF_DUPLEX_;
+
+            unsigned long maximumBufferSize = (long) ((PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_ * sampleRate) * hostInputFrameSize);
+            if( maximumBufferSize > PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_ )
+                maximumBufferSize = PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_;
+
+            /* compute the following in bytes, then convert back to frames */
+
+            SelectBufferSizeAndCount(
+                ((framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
+                    ? PA_MME_MIN_HOST_BUFFER_FRAMES_WHEN_UNSPECIFIED_
+                    : framesPerBuffer ) * hostInputFrameSize, /* baseBufferSize */
+                ((unsigned long)(suggestedInputLatency * sampleRate)) * hostInputFrameSize, /* suggestedLatency */
+                4, /* baseBufferCount */
+                minimumBufferCount, maximumBufferSize,
+                &hostBufferSizeBytes, &hostBufferCount );
+
+            *framesPerHostInputBuffer = hostBufferSizeBytes / hostInputFrameSize;
+            *hostInputBufferCount = hostBufferCount;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *framesPerHostInputBuffer = 0;
+        *hostInputBufferCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( outputChannelCount > 0 )
+    {
+        if( outputStreamInfo
+                && ( outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters ) )
+        {
+            if( outputStreamInfo->bufferCount <= 0
+                    || outputStreamInfo->framesPerBuffer <= 0 )
+            {
+                result = paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            *framesPerHostOutputBuffer = outputStreamInfo->framesPerBuffer;
+            *hostOutputBufferCount = outputStreamInfo->bufferCount;
+
+            
+            if( inputChannelCount > 0 ) /* full duplex */
+            {
+                if( *framesPerHostInputBuffer != *framesPerHostOutputBuffer )
+                {
+                    if( inputStreamInfo
+                            && ( inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters ) )
+                    { 
+                        /* a custom StreamInfo was used for specifying both input
+                            and output buffer sizes, the larger buffer size
+                            must be a multiple of the smaller buffer size */
+
+                        if( *framesPerHostInputBuffer < *framesPerHostOutputBuffer )
+                        {
+                            if( *framesPerHostOutputBuffer % *framesPerHostInputBuffer != 0 )
+                            {
+                                result = paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+                                goto error;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            assert( *framesPerHostInputBuffer > *framesPerHostOutputBuffer );
+                            if( *framesPerHostInputBuffer % *framesPerHostOutputBuffer != 0 )
+                            {
+                                result = paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+                                goto error;
+                            }
+                        }                        
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        /* a custom StreamInfo was not used for specifying the input buffer size,
+                            so use the output buffer size, and approximately the same latency. */
+
+                        *framesPerHostInputBuffer = *framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+                        *hostInputBufferCount = (((unsigned long)(suggestedInputLatency * sampleRate)) / *framesPerHostInputBuffer) + 1;
+
+                        if( *hostInputBufferCount < PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_ )
+                            *hostInputBufferCount = PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            unsigned long hostBufferSizeBytes, hostBufferCount;
+            unsigned long minimumBufferCount = PA_MME_MIN_HOST_OUTPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_;
+            unsigned long maximumBufferSize;
+            int hostOutputFrameSize;
+            int hostOutputSampleSize;
+
+            hostOutputSampleSize = Pa_GetSampleSize( hostOutputSampleFormat );
+            if( hostOutputSampleSize < 0 )
+            {
+                result = hostOutputSampleSize;
+                goto error;
+            }
+
+            if( outputStreamInfo
+                && ( outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices ) )
+            {
+                /* set effectiveOutputChannelCount to the largest number of
+                    channels on any one device.
+                */
+                effectiveOutputChannelCount = 0;
+                for( i=0; i< outputStreamInfo->deviceCount; ++i )
+                {
+                    if( outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount > effectiveOutputChannelCount )
+                        effectiveOutputChannelCount = outputStreamInfo->devices[i].channelCount;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                effectiveOutputChannelCount = outputChannelCount;
+            }
+
+            hostOutputFrameSize = hostOutputSampleSize * effectiveOutputChannelCount;
+            
+            maximumBufferSize = (long) ((PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_SECS_ * sampleRate) * hostOutputFrameSize);
+            if( maximumBufferSize > PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_ )
+                maximumBufferSize = PA_MME_MAX_HOST_BUFFER_BYTES_;
+
+
+            /* compute the following in bytes, then convert back to frames */
+
+            SelectBufferSizeAndCount(
+                ((framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
+                    ? PA_MME_MIN_HOST_BUFFER_FRAMES_WHEN_UNSPECIFIED_
+                    : framesPerBuffer ) * hostOutputFrameSize, /* baseBufferSize */
+                ((unsigned long)(suggestedOutputLatency * sampleRate)) * hostOutputFrameSize, /* suggestedLatency */
+                4, /* baseBufferCount */
+                minimumBufferCount,
+                maximumBufferSize,
+                &hostBufferSizeBytes, &hostBufferCount );
+
+            *framesPerHostOutputBuffer = hostBufferSizeBytes / hostOutputFrameSize;
+            *hostOutputBufferCount = hostBufferCount;
+
+
+            if( inputChannelCount > 0 )
+            {
+                /* ensure that both input and output buffer sizes are the same.
+                    if they don't match at this stage, choose the smallest one
+                    and use that for input and output
+                */
+
+                if( *framesPerHostOutputBuffer != *framesPerHostInputBuffer )
+                {
+                    if( framesPerHostInputBuffer < framesPerHostOutputBuffer )
+                    {
+                        unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer = *framesPerHostInputBuffer;
+                        
+                        minimumBufferCount = PA_MME_MIN_HOST_OUTPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_;
+                        ReselectBufferCount(
+                            framesPerHostBuffer * hostOutputFrameSize, /* bufferSize */
+                            ((unsigned long)(suggestedOutputLatency * sampleRate)) * hostOutputFrameSize, /* suggestedLatency */
+                            4, /* baseBufferCount */
+                            minimumBufferCount,
+                            &hostBufferCount );
+
+                        *framesPerHostOutputBuffer = framesPerHostBuffer;
+                        *hostOutputBufferCount = hostBufferCount;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer = *framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+                        
+                        minimumBufferCount = PA_MME_MIN_HOST_INPUT_BUFFER_COUNT_FULL_DUPLEX_;
+                        ReselectBufferCount(
+                            framesPerHostBuffer * hostInputFrameSize, /* bufferSize */
+                            ((unsigned long)(suggestedInputLatency * sampleRate)) * hostInputFrameSize, /* suggestedLatency */
+                            4, /* baseBufferCount */
+                            minimumBufferCount,
+                            &hostBufferCount );
+
+                        *framesPerHostInputBuffer = framesPerHostBuffer;
+                        *hostInputBufferCount = hostBufferCount;
+                    }
+                }   
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        *framesPerHostOutputBuffer = 0;
+        *hostOutputBufferCount = 0;
+    }
+
+error:
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    HANDLE bufferEvent;
+    void *waveHandles;
+    unsigned int deviceCount;
+    /* unsigned int channelCount; */
+    WAVEHDR **waveHeaders;                  /* waveHeaders[device][buffer] */
+    unsigned int bufferCount;
+    unsigned int currentBufferIndex;
+    unsigned int framesPerBuffer;
+    unsigned int framesUsedInCurrentBuffer;
+}PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers;
+
+/* prototypes for functions operating on PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers */
+
+static void InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers );
+static PaError InitializeWaveHandles( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi,
+        PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers,
+        unsigned long bytesPerHostSample,
+        double sampleRate, PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        unsigned int deviceCount, int isInput );
+static PaError TerminateWaveHandles( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers, int isInput, int currentlyProcessingAnError );
+static PaError InitializeWaveHeaders( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers,
+        unsigned long hostBufferCount,
+        PaSampleFormat hostSampleFormat,
+        unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        int isInput );
+static void TerminateWaveHeaders( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers, int isInput );
+
+
+static void InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers )
+{
+    handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent = 0;
+    handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles = 0;
+    handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount = 0;
+    handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders = 0;
+    handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount = 0;
+}    
+
+static PaError InitializeWaveHandles( PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi,
+        PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers,
+        unsigned long bytesPerHostSample,
+        double sampleRate, PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        unsigned int deviceCount, int isInput )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    unsigned long bytesPerFrame;
+    WAVEFORMATEX wfx;
+    signed int i;
+
+    /* for error cleanup we expect that InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers()
+        has already been called to zero some fields */       
+
+    result = CreateEventWithPaError( &handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent, NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+
+    if( isInput )
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles = (void*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(HWAVEIN) * deviceCount );
+    else
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles = (void*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(HWAVEOUT) * deviceCount );
+    if( !handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount = deviceCount;
+
+    for( i = 0; i < (signed int)deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        if( isInput )
+            ((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] = 0;
+        else
+            ((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    wfx.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
+    wfx.nSamplesPerSec = (DWORD) sampleRate;
+    wfx.cbSize = 0;
+    
+    for( i = 0; i < (signed int)deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        UINT winMmeDeviceId;
+
+        winMmeDeviceId = LocalDeviceIndexToWinMmeDeviceId( winMmeHostApi, devices[i].device );
+        wfx.nChannels = (WORD)devices[i].channelCount;
+
+        bytesPerFrame = wfx.nChannels * bytesPerHostSample;
+
+        wfx.nAvgBytesPerSec = (DWORD)(bytesPerFrame * sampleRate);
+        wfx.nBlockAlign = (WORD)bytesPerFrame;
+        wfx.wBitsPerSample = (WORD)((bytesPerFrame/wfx.nChannels) * 8);
+
+        /* REVIEW: consider not firing an event for input when a full duplex
+            stream is being used. this would probably depend on the
+            neverDropInput flag. */
+
+        if( isInput )
+            mmresult = waveInOpen( &((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], winMmeDeviceId, &wfx,
+                               (DWORD)handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent, (DWORD)0, CALLBACK_EVENT );
+        else
+            mmresult = waveOutOpen( &((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], winMmeDeviceId, &wfx,
+                                (DWORD)handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent, (DWORD)0, CALLBACK_EVENT );
+
+        if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+        {
+            switch( mmresult )
+            {
+                case MMSYSERR_ALLOCATED:    /* Specified resource is already allocated. */
+                    result = paDeviceUnavailable;
+                    break;
+                case MMSYSERR_NODRIVER:	    /* No device driver is present. */
+                    result = paDeviceUnavailable;
+                    break;
+                case MMSYSERR_NOMEM:	    /* Unable to allocate or lock memory. */
+                    result = paInsufficientMemory;
+                    break;
+
+                case MMSYSERR_BADDEVICEID:	/* Specified device identifier is out of range. */
+                    /* falls through */
+                case WAVERR_BADFORMAT:      /* Attempted to open with an unsupported waveform-audio format. */
+                    /* falls through */
+                default:
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    if( isInput )
+                    {
+                        PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    }
+            }
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    TerminateWaveHandles( handlesAndBuffers, isInput, 1 /* currentlyProcessingAnError */ );
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError TerminateWaveHandles( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers, int isInput, int currentlyProcessingAnError )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    signed int i;
+    
+    if( handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles )
+    {
+        for( i = handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount-1; i >= 0; --i )
+        {
+            if( isInput )
+            {
+                if( ((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] )
+                    mmresult = waveInClose( ((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if( ((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] )
+                    mmresult = waveOutClose( ((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i] );
+            }
+
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR &&
+                !currentlyProcessingAnError ) /* don't update the error state if we're already processing an error */
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                if( isInput )
+                {
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                }
+                /* note that we don't break here, we try to continue closing devices */
+            }
+        }
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles );
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent )
+    {
+        result = CloseHandleWithPaError( handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent );
+        handlesAndBuffers->bufferEvent = 0;
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError InitializeWaveHeaders( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers,
+        unsigned long hostBufferCount,
+        PaSampleFormat hostSampleFormat,
+        unsigned long framesPerHostBuffer,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        int isInput )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    WAVEHDR *deviceWaveHeaders;
+    signed int i, j;
+
+    /* for error cleanup we expect that InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers()
+        has already been called to zero some fields */
+        
+
+    /* allocate an array of pointers to arrays of wave headers, one array of
+        wave headers per device */
+    handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders = (WAVEHDR**)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(WAVEHDR*) * handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount );
+    if( !handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+    
+    for( i = 0; i < (signed int)handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount; ++i )
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders[i] = 0;
+
+    handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount = hostBufferCount;
+
+    for( i = 0; i < (signed int)handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        int bufferBytes = Pa_GetSampleSize( hostSampleFormat ) *
+                framesPerHostBuffer * devices[i].channelCount;
+        if( bufferBytes < 0 )
+        {
+            result = paInternalError;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /* Allocate an array of wave headers for device i */
+        deviceWaveHeaders = (WAVEHDR *) PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(WAVEHDR)*hostBufferCount );
+        if( !deviceWaveHeaders )
+        {
+            result = paInsufficientMemory;
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        for( j=0; j < (signed int)hostBufferCount; ++j )
+            deviceWaveHeaders[j].lpData = 0;
+
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders[i] = deviceWaveHeaders;
+
+        /* Allocate a buffer for each wave header */
+        for( j=0; j < (signed int)hostBufferCount; ++j )
+        {
+            deviceWaveHeaders[j].lpData = (char *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( bufferBytes );
+            if( !deviceWaveHeaders[j].lpData )
+            {
+                result = paInsufficientMemory;
+                goto error;
+            }
+            deviceWaveHeaders[j].dwBufferLength = bufferBytes;
+            deviceWaveHeaders[j].dwUser = 0xFFFFFFFF; /* indicates that *PrepareHeader() has not yet been called, for error clean up code */
+
+            if( isInput )
+            {
+                mmresult = waveInPrepareHeader( ((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], &deviceWaveHeaders[j], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+            else /* output */
+            {
+                mmresult = waveOutPrepareHeader( ((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], &deviceWaveHeaders[j], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+            deviceWaveHeaders[j].dwUser = devices[i].channelCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    TerminateWaveHeaders( handlesAndBuffers, isInput );
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static void TerminateWaveHeaders( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers, int isInput )
+{
+    signed int i, j;
+    WAVEHDR *deviceWaveHeaders;
+    
+    if( handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders )
+    {
+        for( i = handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount-1; i >= 0 ; --i )
+        {
+            deviceWaveHeaders = handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders[i];  /* wave headers for device i */
+            if( deviceWaveHeaders )
+            {
+                for( j = handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount-1; j >= 0; --j )
+                {
+                    if( deviceWaveHeaders[j].lpData )
+                    {
+                        if( deviceWaveHeaders[j].dwUser != 0xFFFFFFFF )
+                        {
+                            if( isInput )
+                                waveInUnprepareHeader( ((HWAVEIN*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], &deviceWaveHeaders[j], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                            else
+                                waveOutUnprepareHeader( ((HWAVEOUT*)handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles)[i], &deviceWaveHeaders[j], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                        }
+
+                        PaUtil_FreeMemory( deviceWaveHeaders[j].lpData );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                PaUtil_FreeMemory( deviceWaveHeaders );
+            }
+        }
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders );
+        handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+/* PaWinMmeStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
+/* note that struct PaWinMmeStream is typedeffed to PaWinMmeStream above. */
+struct PaWinMmeStream
+{
+    PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
+    PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer cpuLoadMeasurer;
+    PaUtilBufferProcessor bufferProcessor;
+
+    int primeStreamUsingCallback;
+
+    PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers input;
+    PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers output;
+
+    /* Processing thread management -------------- */
+    HANDLE abortEvent;
+    HANDLE processingThread;
+    DWORD processingThreadId;
+
+    char throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload; /* 0 -> don't throtte, non-0 -> throttle */
+    int processingThreadPriority;
+    int highThreadPriority;
+    int throttledThreadPriority;
+    unsigned long throttledSleepMsecs;
+
+    int isStopped;
+    volatile int isActive;
+    volatile int stopProcessing; /* stop thread once existing buffers have been returned */
+    volatile int abortProcessing; /* stop thread immediately */
+
+    DWORD allBuffersDurationMs; /* used to calculate timeouts */
+};
+
+/* updates deviceCount if PaWinMmeUseMultipleDevices is used */
+
+static PaError ValidateWinMmeSpecificStreamInfo(
+        const PaStreamParameters *streamParameters,
+        const PaWinMmeStreamInfo *streamInfo,
+        char *throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload,
+        unsigned long *deviceCount )
+{
+	if( streamInfo )
+	{
+	    if( streamInfo->size != sizeof( PaWinMmeStreamInfo )
+	            || streamInfo->version != 1 )
+	    {
+	        return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+	    }
+
+	    if( streamInfo->flags & paWinMmeDontThrottleOverloadedProcessingThread )
+	        *throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload = 0;
+            
+	    if( streamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices )
+	    {
+	        if( streamParameters->device != paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification )
+	            return paInvalidDevice;
+	
+			*deviceCount = streamInfo->deviceCount;
+		}	
+	}
+
+	return paNoError;
+}
+
+static PaError RetrieveDevicesFromStreamParameters(
+        struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+        const PaStreamParameters *streamParameters,
+        const PaWinMmeStreamInfo *streamInfo,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        unsigned long deviceCount )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    unsigned int i;
+    int totalChannelCount;
+    PaDeviceIndex hostApiDevice;
+    
+	if( streamInfo && streamInfo->flags & paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices )
+	{
+		totalChannelCount = 0;
+	    for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+	    {
+	        /* validate that the device number is within range */
+	        result = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex( &hostApiDevice,
+	                        streamInfo->devices[i].device, hostApi );
+	        if( result != paNoError )
+	            return result;
+	        
+	        devices[i].device = hostApiDevice;
+	        devices[i].channelCount = streamInfo->devices[i].channelCount;
+	
+	        totalChannelCount += devices[i].channelCount;
+	    }
+	
+	    if( totalChannelCount != streamParameters->channelCount )
+	    {
+	        /* channelCount must match total channels specified by multiple devices */
+	        return paInvalidChannelCount; /* REVIEW use of this error code */
+	    }
+	}	
+	else
+	{		
+	    devices[0].device = streamParameters->device;
+	    devices[0].channelCount = streamParameters->channelCount;
+	}
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PaError ValidateInputChannelCounts(
+        struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        unsigned long deviceCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+
+	for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+	{
+		if( devices[i].channelCount < 1 || devices[i].channelCount
+					> hostApi->deviceInfos[ devices[i].device ]->maxInputChannels )
+        	return paInvalidChannelCount;
+	}
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+static PaError ValidateOutputChannelCounts(
+        struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+        PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices,
+        unsigned long deviceCount )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+
+	for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+	{
+		if( devices[i].channelCount < 1 || devices[i].channelCount
+					> hostApi->deviceInfos[ devices[i].device ]->maxOutputChannels )
+        	return paInvalidChannelCount;
+	}
+
+    return paNoError;
+}
+
+
+/* the following macros are intended to improve the readability of the following code */
+#define PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_( stream ) ( stream ->input.waveHandles )
+#define PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_( stream ) ( stream ->output.waveHandles )
+#define PA_IS_FULL_DUPLEX_STREAM_( stream ) ( stream ->input.waveHandles && stream ->output.waveHandles )
+#define PA_IS_HALF_DUPLEX_STREAM_( stream ) ( !(stream ->input.waveHandles && stream ->output.waveHandles) )
+
+static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
+                           PaStream** s,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
+                           const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
+                           double sampleRate,
+                           unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
+                           PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
+                           PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
+                           void *userData )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi = (PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = 0;
+    int bufferProcessorIsInitialized = 0;
+    int streamRepresentationIsInitialized = 0;
+    PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat;
+    int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
+    PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
+    double suggestedInputLatency, suggestedOutputLatency;
+    PaWinMmeStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo, *outputStreamInfo;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostInputBuffer;
+    unsigned long hostInputBufferCount;
+    unsigned long framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+    unsigned long hostOutputBufferCount;
+    unsigned long framesPerBufferProcessorCall;
+    PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *inputDevices = 0;  /* contains all devices and channel counts as local host api ids, even when PaWinMmeUseMultipleDevices is not used */
+    unsigned long inputDeviceCount = 0;            
+    PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *outputDevices = 0;
+    unsigned long outputDeviceCount = 0;                /* contains all devices and channel counts as local host api ids, even when PaWinMmeUseMultipleDevices is not used */
+    char throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload = 1;
+
+    
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+		inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
+        inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        suggestedInputLatency = inputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+
+      	inputDeviceCount = 1;
+
+		/* validate input hostApiSpecificStreamInfo */
+        inputStreamInfo = (PaWinMmeStreamInfo*)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+		result = ValidateWinMmeSpecificStreamInfo( inputParameters, inputStreamInfo,
+				&throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload,
+				&inputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+		inputDevices = (PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount*)alloca( sizeof(PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount) * inputDeviceCount );
+        if( !inputDevices ) return paInsufficientMemory;
+
+		result = RetrieveDevicesFromStreamParameters( hostApi, inputParameters, inputStreamInfo, inputDevices, inputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+		result = ValidateInputChannelCounts( hostApi, inputDevices, inputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+        hostInputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, inputSampleFormat );
+	}
+    else
+    {
+        inputChannelCount = 0;
+        inputSampleFormat = 0;
+        suggestedInputLatency = 0.;
+        inputStreamInfo = 0;
+        hostInputSampleFormat = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
+        outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
+        suggestedOutputLatency = outputParameters->suggestedLatency;
+
+        outputDeviceCount = 1;
+
+		/* validate output hostApiSpecificStreamInfo */
+        outputStreamInfo = (PaWinMmeStreamInfo*)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
+		result = ValidateWinMmeSpecificStreamInfo( outputParameters, outputStreamInfo,
+				&throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload,
+				&outputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+		outputDevices = (PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount*)alloca( sizeof(PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount) * outputDeviceCount );
+        if( !outputDevices ) return paInsufficientMemory;
+
+		result = RetrieveDevicesFromStreamParameters( hostApi, outputParameters, outputStreamInfo, outputDevices, outputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+		result = ValidateOutputChannelCounts( hostApi, outputDevices, outputDeviceCount );
+		if( result != paNoError ) return result;
+
+        hostOutputSampleFormat =
+            PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( paInt16 /* native formats */, outputSampleFormat );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        outputChannelCount = 0;
+        outputSampleFormat = 0;
+        outputStreamInfo = 0;
+        hostOutputSampleFormat = 0;
+        suggestedOutputLatency = 0.;
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+        IMPLEMENT ME:
+            - alter sampleRate to a close allowable rate if possible / necessary
+    */
+
+
+    /* validate platform specific flags */
+    if( (streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0 )
+        return paInvalidFlag; /* unexpected platform specific flag */
+
+
+    result = CalculateBufferSettings( &framesPerHostInputBuffer, &hostInputBufferCount,
+                &framesPerHostOutputBuffer, &hostOutputBufferCount,
+                inputChannelCount, hostInputSampleFormat, suggestedInputLatency, inputStreamInfo,
+                outputChannelCount, hostOutputSampleFormat, suggestedOutputLatency, outputStreamInfo,
+                sampleRate, framesPerBuffer );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+
+
+    stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)PaUtil_AllocateMemory( sizeof(PaWinMmeStream) );
+    if( !stream )
+    {
+        result = paInsufficientMemory;
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers( &stream->input );
+    InitializeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers( &stream->output );
+
+    stream->abortEvent = 0;
+    stream->processingThread = 0;
+
+    stream->throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload = throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation,
+                                           ( (streamCallback)
+                                            ? &winMmeHostApi->callbackStreamInterface
+                                            : &winMmeHostApi->blockingStreamInterface ),
+                                           streamCallback, userData );
+    streamRepresentationIsInitialized = 1;
+
+    PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate );
+
+
+    if( inputParameters && outputParameters ) /* full duplex */
+    {
+        if( framesPerHostInputBuffer < framesPerHostOutputBuffer )
+        {
+            assert( (framesPerHostOutputBuffer % framesPerHostInputBuffer) == 0 ); /* CalculateBufferSettings() should guarantee this condition */
+
+            framesPerBufferProcessorCall = framesPerHostInputBuffer;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            assert( (framesPerHostInputBuffer % framesPerHostOutputBuffer) == 0 ); /* CalculateBufferSettings() should guarantee this condition */
+            
+            framesPerBufferProcessorCall = framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+        }
+    }
+    else if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        framesPerBufferProcessorCall = framesPerHostInputBuffer;
+    }
+    else if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        framesPerBufferProcessorCall = framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+    }
+
+    stream->input.framesPerBuffer = framesPerHostInputBuffer;
+    stream->output.framesPerBuffer = framesPerHostOutputBuffer;
+
+    result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                    inputChannelCount, inputSampleFormat, hostInputSampleFormat,
+                    outputChannelCount, outputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat,
+                    sampleRate, streamFlags, framesPerBuffer,
+                    framesPerBufferProcessorCall, paUtilFixedHostBufferSize,
+                    streamCallback, userData );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    
+    bufferProcessorIsInitialized = 1;
+
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency =
+            (double)(PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor)
+                +(framesPerHostInputBuffer * (hostInputBufferCount-1))) / sampleRate;
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency =
+            (double)(PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatency(&stream->bufferProcessor)
+                +(framesPerHostOutputBuffer * (hostOutputBufferCount-1))) / sampleRate;
+    stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
+
+    stream->primeStreamUsingCallback = ( (streamFlags&paPrimeOutputBuffersUsingStreamCallback) && streamCallback ) ? 1 : 0;
+
+    /* time to sleep when throttling due to >100% cpu usage.
+        -a quater of a buffer's duration */
+    stream->throttledSleepMsecs =
+            (unsigned long)(stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerHostBuffer *
+             stream->bufferProcessor.samplePeriod * .25 * 1000);
+
+    stream->isStopped = 1;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+
+    /* for maximum compatibility with multi-device multichannel drivers,
+        we first open all devices, then we prepare all buffers, finally
+        we start all devices ( in StartStream() ). teardown in reverse order.
+    */
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        result = InitializeWaveHandles( winMmeHostApi, &stream->input,
+                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostInputSample, sampleRate,
+                inputDevices, inputDeviceCount, 1 /* isInput */ );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    }
+    
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        result = InitializeWaveHandles( winMmeHostApi, &stream->output,
+                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample, sampleRate,
+                outputDevices, outputDeviceCount, 0 /* isInput */ );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( inputParameters )
+    {
+        result = InitializeWaveHeaders( &stream->input, hostInputBufferCount,
+                hostInputSampleFormat, framesPerHostInputBuffer, inputDevices, 1 /* isInput */ );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    }
+
+    if( outputParameters )
+    {
+        result = InitializeWaveHeaders( &stream->output, hostOutputBufferCount,
+                hostOutputSampleFormat, framesPerHostOutputBuffer, outputDevices, 0 /* not isInput */ );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+
+        stream->allBuffersDurationMs = (DWORD) (1000.0 * (framesPerHostOutputBuffer * stream->output.bufferCount) / sampleRate);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        stream->allBuffersDurationMs = (DWORD) (1000.0 * (framesPerHostInputBuffer * stream->input.bufferCount) / sampleRate);
+    }
+
+    
+    if( streamCallback )
+    {
+        /* abort event is only needed for callback streams */
+        result = CreateEventWithPaError( &stream->abortEvent, NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    }
+
+    *s = (PaStream*)stream;
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+
+    if( stream )
+    {
+        if( stream->abortEvent )
+            CloseHandle( stream->abortEvent );
+            
+        TerminateWaveHeaders( &stream->output, 0 /* not isInput */ );
+        TerminateWaveHeaders( &stream->input, 1 /* isInput */ );
+
+        TerminateWaveHandles( &stream->output, 0 /* not isInput */, 1 /* currentlyProcessingAnError */ );
+        TerminateWaveHandles( &stream->input, 1 /* isInput */, 1 /* currentlyProcessingAnError */ );
+
+        if( bufferProcessorIsInitialized )
+            PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+
+        if( streamRepresentationIsInitialized )
+            PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+
+        PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* return non-zero if all current buffers are done */
+static int BuffersAreDone( WAVEHDR **waveHeaders, unsigned int deviceCount, int bufferIndex )
+{
+    unsigned int i;
+    
+    for( i=0; i < deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        if( !(waveHeaders[i][ bufferIndex ].dwFlags & WHDR_DONE) )
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }         
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int CurrentInputBuffersAreDone( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    return BuffersAreDone( stream->input.waveHeaders, stream->input.deviceCount, stream->input.currentBufferIndex );
+}
+
+static int CurrentOutputBuffersAreDone( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    return BuffersAreDone( stream->output.waveHeaders, stream->output.deviceCount, stream->output.currentBufferIndex );
+}
+
+
+/* return non-zero if any buffers are queued */
+static int NoBuffersAreQueued( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers )
+{
+    unsigned int i, j;
+
+    if( handlesAndBuffers->waveHandles )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount; ++i )
+        {
+            for( j=0; j < handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount; ++j )
+            {
+                if( !( handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders[ j ][ i ].dwFlags & WHDR_DONE) )
+                {
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+#define PA_CIRCULAR_INCREMENT_( current, max )\
+    ( (((current) + 1) >= (max)) ? (0) : (current+1) )
+
+#define PA_CIRCULAR_DECREMENT_( current, max )\
+    ( ((current) == 0) ? ((max)-1) : (current-1) )
+    
+
+static signed long GetAvailableFrames( PaWinMmeSingleDirectionHandlesAndBuffers *handlesAndBuffers )
+{
+    signed long result = 0;
+    unsigned int i;
+    
+    if( BuffersAreDone( handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders, handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount, handlesAndBuffers->currentBufferIndex ) )
+    {
+        /* we could calculate the following in O(1) if we kept track of the
+            last done buffer */
+        result = handlesAndBuffers->framesPerBuffer - handlesAndBuffers->framesUsedInCurrentBuffer;
+
+        i = PA_CIRCULAR_INCREMENT_( handlesAndBuffers->currentBufferIndex, handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount );
+        while( i != handlesAndBuffers->currentBufferIndex )
+        {
+            if( BuffersAreDone( handlesAndBuffers->waveHeaders, handlesAndBuffers->deviceCount, i ) )
+            {
+                result += handlesAndBuffers->framesPerBuffer;
+                i = PA_CIRCULAR_INCREMENT_( i, handlesAndBuffers->bufferCount );
+            }
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AdvanceToNextInputBuffer( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    for( i=0; i < stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        mmresult = waveInAddBuffer( ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[i],
+                                    &stream->input.waveHeaders[i][ stream->input.currentBufferIndex ],
+                                    sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+        if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+        }
+    }
+
+    stream->input.currentBufferIndex =
+            PA_CIRCULAR_INCREMENT_( stream->input.currentBufferIndex, stream->input.bufferCount );
+
+    stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer = 0;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AdvanceToNextOutputBuffer( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    unsigned int i;
+
+    for( i=0; i < stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+    {
+        mmresult = waveOutWrite( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[i],
+                                 &stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ stream->output.currentBufferIndex ],
+                                 sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+        if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+        }
+    }
+
+    stream->output.currentBufferIndex =
+            PA_CIRCULAR_INCREMENT_( stream->output.currentBufferIndex, stream->output.bufferCount );
+
+    stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer = 0;
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* requeue all but the most recent input with the driver. Used for catching
+    up after a total input buffer underrun */
+static PaError CatchUpInputBuffers( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    unsigned int i;
+    
+    for( i=0; i < stream->input.bufferCount - 1; ++i )
+    {
+        result = AdvanceToNextInputBuffer( stream );
+        if( result != paNoError )
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/* take the most recent output and duplicate it to all other output buffers
+    and requeue them. Used for catching up after a total output buffer underrun.
+*/
+static PaError CatchUpOutputBuffers( PaWinMmeStream *stream )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    unsigned int i, j;
+    unsigned int previousBufferIndex =
+            PA_CIRCULAR_DECREMENT_( stream->output.currentBufferIndex, stream->output.bufferCount );
+
+    for( i=0; i < stream->output.bufferCount - 1; ++i )
+    {
+        for( j=0; j < stream->output.deviceCount; ++j )
+        {
+            if( stream->output.waveHeaders[j][ stream->output.currentBufferIndex ].lpData
+                    != stream->output.waveHeaders[j][ previousBufferIndex ].lpData )
+            {
+                CopyMemory( stream->output.waveHeaders[j][ stream->output.currentBufferIndex ].lpData,
+                            stream->output.waveHeaders[j][ previousBufferIndex ].lpData,
+                            stream->output.waveHeaders[j][ stream->output.currentBufferIndex ].dwBufferLength );
+            }
+        }
+
+        result = AdvanceToNextOutputBuffer( stream );
+        if( result != paNoError )
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static DWORD WINAPI ProcessingThreadProc( void *pArg )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream *)pArg;
+    HANDLE events[3];
+    int eventCount = 0;
+    DWORD result = paNoError;
+    DWORD waitResult;
+    DWORD timeout = (unsigned long)(stream->allBuffersDurationMs * 0.5);
+    int hostBuffersAvailable;
+    signed int hostInputBufferIndex, hostOutputBufferIndex;
+    PaStreamCallbackFlags statusFlags;
+    int callbackResult;
+    int done = 0;
+    unsigned int channel, i;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed;
+    
+    /* prepare event array for call to WaitForMultipleObjects() */
+    if( stream->input.bufferEvent )
+        events[eventCount++] = stream->input.bufferEvent;
+    if( stream->output.bufferEvent )
+        events[eventCount++] = stream->output.bufferEvent;
+    events[eventCount++] = stream->abortEvent;
+
+    statusFlags = 0; /** @todo support paInputUnderflow, paOutputOverflow and paNeverDropInput */
+    
+    /* loop until something causes us to stop */
+    do{
+        /* wait for MME to signal that a buffer is available, or for
+            the PA abort event to be signaled.
+
+          When this indicates that one or more buffers are available
+          NoBuffersAreQueued() and Current*BuffersAreDone are used below to
+          poll for additional done buffers. NoBuffersAreQueued() will fail
+          to identify an underrun/overflow if the driver doesn't mark all done
+          buffers prior to signalling the event. Some drivers do this
+          (eg RME Digi96, and others don't eg VIA PC 97 input). This isn't a
+          huge problem, it just means that we won't always be able to detect
+          underflow/overflow.
+        */
+        waitResult = WaitForMultipleObjects( eventCount, events, FALSE /* wait all = FALSE */, timeout );
+        if( waitResult == WAIT_FAILED )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            /** @todo FIXME/REVIEW: can't return host error info from an asyncronous thread */
+            done = 1;
+        }
+        else if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+        {
+            /* if a timeout is encountered, continue */
+        }
+
+        if( stream->abortProcessing )
+        {
+            /* Pa_AbortStream() has been called, stop processing immediately */
+            done = 1;
+        }
+        else if( stream->stopProcessing )
+        {
+            /* Pa_StopStream() has been called or the user callback returned
+                non-zero, processing will continue until all output buffers
+                are marked as done. The stream will stop immediately if it
+                is input-only.
+            */
+
+            if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+            {
+                if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->output ) )
+                    done = 1; /* Will cause thread to return. */
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* input only stream */
+                done = 1; /* Will cause thread to return. */
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            hostBuffersAvailable = 1;
+
+            /* process all available host buffers */
+            do
+            {
+                hostInputBufferIndex = -1;
+                hostOutputBufferIndex = -1;
+                
+                if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+                {
+                    if( CurrentInputBuffersAreDone( stream ) )
+                    {
+                        if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->input ) )
+                        {
+                            /** @todo
+                               if all of the other buffers are also ready then
+                               we discard all but the most recent. This is an
+                               input buffer overflow. FIXME: these buffers should
+                               be passed to the callback in a paNeverDropInput
+                               stream.
+
+                               note that it is also possible for an input overflow
+                               to happen while the callback is processing a buffer.
+                               that is handled further down.
+                            */
+                            result = CatchUpInputBuffers( stream );
+                            if( result != paNoError )
+                                done = 1;
+
+                            statusFlags |= paInputOverflow;
+                        }
+
+                        hostInputBufferIndex = stream->input.currentBufferIndex;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+                {
+                    if( CurrentOutputBuffersAreDone( stream ) )
+                    {
+                        /* ok, we have an output buffer */
+                        
+                        if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->output ) )
+                        {
+                            /*
+                            if all of the other buffers are also ready, catch up by copying
+                            the most recently generated buffer into all but one of the output
+                            buffers.
+
+                            note that this catch up code only handles the case where all
+                            buffers have been played out due to this thread not having
+                            woken up at all. a more common case occurs when this thread
+                            is woken up, processes one buffer, but takes too long, and as
+                            a result all the other buffers have become un-queued. that
+                            case is handled further down.
+                            */
+
+                            result = CatchUpOutputBuffers( stream );
+                            if( result != paNoError )
+                                done = 1;
+
+                            statusFlags |= paOutputUnderflow;
+                        }
+
+                        hostOutputBufferIndex = stream->output.currentBufferIndex;
+                    }
+                }
+
+               
+                if( (PA_IS_FULL_DUPLEX_STREAM_(stream) && hostInputBufferIndex != -1 && hostOutputBufferIndex != -1) ||
+                        (PA_IS_HALF_DUPLEX_STREAM_(stream) && ( hostInputBufferIndex != -1 || hostOutputBufferIndex != -1 ) ) )
+                {
+                    PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /** @todo implement inputBufferAdcTime */
+
+
+                    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+                    {
+                        /* set timeInfo.currentTime and calculate timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime
+                            from the current wave out position */
+                        MMTIME mmtime;
+                        double timeBeforeGetPosition, timeAfterGetPosition;
+                        double time;
+                        long framesInBufferRing; 		
+                        long writePosition;
+                        long playbackPosition;
+                        HWAVEOUT firstWaveOutDevice = ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[0];
+                        
+                        mmtime.wType = TIME_SAMPLES;
+                        timeBeforeGetPosition = PaUtil_GetTime();
+                        waveOutGetPosition( firstWaveOutDevice, &mmtime, sizeof(MMTIME) );
+                        timeAfterGetPosition = PaUtil_GetTime();
+
+                        timeInfo.currentTime = timeAfterGetPosition;
+
+                        /* approximate time at which wave out position was measured
+                            as half way between timeBeforeGetPosition and timeAfterGetPosition */
+                        time = timeBeforeGetPosition + (timeAfterGetPosition - timeBeforeGetPosition) * .5;
+                        
+                        framesInBufferRing = stream->output.bufferCount * stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerHostBuffer;
+                        playbackPosition = mmtime.u.sample % framesInBufferRing;
+
+                        writePosition = stream->output.currentBufferIndex * stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerHostBuffer
+                                + stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer;
+                       
+                        if( playbackPosition >= writePosition ){
+                            timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime =
+                                    time + ((double)( writePosition + (framesInBufferRing - playbackPosition) ) * stream->bufferProcessor.samplePeriod );
+                        }else{
+                            timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime =
+                                    time + ((double)( writePosition - playbackPosition ) * stream->bufferProcessor.samplePeriod );
+                        }
+                    }
+
+
+                    PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+
+                    PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo, statusFlags  );
+
+                    /* reset status flags once they have been passed to the buffer processor */
+                    statusFlags = 0;
+
+                    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+                    {
+                        PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+
+                        channel = 0;
+                        for( i=0; i<stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+                        {
+                             /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                            int channelCount = stream->input.waveHeaders[i][ hostInputBufferIndex ].dwUser;
+                            
+                            PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                                    stream->input.waveHeaders[i][ hostInputBufferIndex ].lpData +
+                                        stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                        stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostInputSample,
+                                    channelCount );
+                                    
+
+                            channel += channelCount;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+                    {
+                        PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+                        
+                        channel = 0;
+                        for( i=0; i<stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+                        {
+                            /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                            int channelCount = stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].dwUser;
+
+                            PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                                    stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].lpData +
+                                        stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                        stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample,
+                                    channelCount );
+
+                            channel += channelCount;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    callbackResult = paContinue;
+                    framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult );
+
+                    stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += framesProcessed;
+                    stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += framesProcessed;
+
+                    PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
+
+                    if( callbackResult == paContinue )
+                    {
+                        /* nothing special to do */
+                    }
+                    else if( callbackResult == paAbort )
+                    {
+                        stream->abortProcessing = 1;
+                        done = 1;
+                        /** @todo FIXME: should probably reset the output device immediately once the callback returns paAbort */
+                        result = paNoError;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        /* User callback has asked us to stop with paComplete or other non-zero value */
+                        stream->stopProcessing = 1; /* stop once currently queued audio has finished */
+                        result = paNoError;
+                    }
+
+
+                    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream)
+                            && stream->stopProcessing == 0 && stream->abortProcessing == 0
+                            && stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer == stream->input.framesPerBuffer )
+                    {
+                        if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->input ) )
+                        {
+                            /** @todo need to handle PaNeverDropInput here where necessary */
+                            result = CatchUpInputBuffers( stream );
+                            if( result != paNoError )
+                                done = 1;
+
+                            statusFlags |= paInputOverflow;
+                        }
+
+                        result = AdvanceToNextInputBuffer( stream );
+                        if( result != paNoError )
+                            done = 1;
+                    }
+
+                    
+                    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) && !stream->abortProcessing )
+                    {
+                        if( stream->stopProcessing &&
+                                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer < stream->output.framesPerBuffer )
+                        {
+                            /* zero remaining samples in output output buffer and flush */
+
+                            stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += PaUtil_ZeroOutput( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                                    stream->output.framesPerBuffer - stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer );
+
+                            /* we send the entire buffer to the output devices, but we could
+                                just send a partial buffer, rather than zeroing the unused
+                                samples.
+                            */
+                        }
+
+                        if( stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer == stream->output.framesPerBuffer )
+                        {
+                            /* check for underflow before enquing the just-generated buffer,
+                                but recover from underflow after enquing it. This ensures
+                                that the most recent audio segment is repeated */
+                            int outputUnderflow = NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->output );
+
+                            result = AdvanceToNextOutputBuffer( stream );
+                            if( result != paNoError )
+                                done = 1;
+
+                            if( outputUnderflow && !done && !stream->stopProcessing )
+                            {
+                                /* Recover from underflow in the case where the
+                                    underflow occured while processing the buffer
+                                    we just finished */
+
+                                result = CatchUpOutputBuffers( stream );
+                                if( result != paNoError )
+                                    done = 1;
+
+                                statusFlags |= paOutputUnderflow;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    
+                    if( stream->throttleProcessingThreadOnOverload != 0 )
+                    {
+                        if( stream->stopProcessing || stream->abortProcessing )
+                        {
+                            if( stream->processingThreadPriority != stream->highThreadPriority )
+                            {
+                                SetThreadPriority( stream->processingThread, stream->highThreadPriority );
+                                stream->processingThreadPriority = stream->highThreadPriority;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if( PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer ) > 1. )
+                        {
+                            if( stream->processingThreadPriority != stream->throttledThreadPriority )
+                            {
+                                SetThreadPriority( stream->processingThread, stream->throttledThreadPriority );
+                                stream->processingThreadPriority = stream->throttledThreadPriority;
+                            }
+
+                            /* sleep to give other processes a go */
+                            Sleep( stream->throttledSleepMsecs );
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            if( stream->processingThreadPriority != stream->highThreadPriority )
+                            {
+                                SetThreadPriority( stream->processingThread, stream->highThreadPriority );
+                                stream->processingThreadPriority = stream->highThreadPriority;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    hostBuffersAvailable = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            while( hostBuffersAvailable &&
+                    stream->stopProcessing == 0 &&
+                    stream->abortProcessing == 0 &&
+                    !done );
+        }
+    }
+    while( !done );
+
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+    if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != 0 )
+        stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback( stream->streamRepresentation.userData );
+
+    PaUtil_ResetCpuLoadMeasurer( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+/*
+    When CloseStream() is called, the multi-api layer ensures that
+    the stream has already been stopped or aborted.
+*/
+static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+
+    result = CloseHandleWithPaError( stream->abortEvent );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    
+    TerminateWaveHeaders( &stream->output, 0 /* not isInput */ );
+    TerminateWaveHeaders( &stream->input, 1 /* isInput */ );
+
+    TerminateWaveHandles( &stream->output, 0 /* not isInput */, 0 /* not currentlyProcessingAnError */ );
+    TerminateWaveHandles( &stream->input, 1 /* isInput */, 0 /* not currentlyProcessingAnError */ );
+    
+    PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation( &stream->streamRepresentation );
+    PaUtil_FreeMemory( stream );
+
+error:
+    /** @todo REVIEW: what is the best way to clean up a stream if an error is detected? */
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    unsigned int i, j;
+    int callbackResult;
+	unsigned int channel;
+ 	unsigned long framesProcessed;
+	PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0}; /** @todo implement this for stream priming */
+    
+    PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+    
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i<stream->input.bufferCount; ++i )
+        {
+            for( j=0; j<stream->input.deviceCount; ++j )
+            {
+                mmresult = waveInAddBuffer( ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[j], &stream->input.waveHeaders[j][i], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        stream->input.currentBufferIndex = 0;
+        stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i<stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            if( (mmresult = waveOutPause( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[i] )) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for( i=0; i<stream->output.bufferCount; ++i )
+        {
+            if( stream->primeStreamUsingCallback )
+            {
+
+                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer = 0;
+                do{
+
+                    PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                            &timeInfo,
+                            paPrimingOutput | ((stream->input.bufferCount > 0 ) ? paInputUnderflow : 0));
+
+                    if( stream->input.bufferCount > 0 )
+                        PaUtil_SetNoInput( &stream->bufferProcessor );
+
+                    PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, 0 /* default to host buffer size */ );
+
+                    channel = 0;
+                    for( j=0; j<stream->output.deviceCount; ++j )
+                    {
+                        /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                        int channelCount = stream->output.waveHeaders[j][i].dwUser;
+
+                        PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                                stream->output.waveHeaders[j][i].lpData +
+                                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample,
+                                channelCount );
+
+                        /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                        channel += channelCount;
+                    }
+
+                    callbackResult = paContinue;
+                    framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult );
+                    stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += framesProcessed;
+
+                    if( callbackResult != paContinue )
+                    {
+                        /** @todo fix this, what do we do if callback result is non-zero during stream
+                            priming?
+
+                            for complete: play out primed waveHeaders as usual
+                            for abort: clean up immediately.
+                       */
+                    }
+
+                }while( stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer != stream->output.framesPerBuffer );
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for( j=0; j<stream->output.deviceCount; ++j )
+                {
+                    ZeroMemory( stream->output.waveHeaders[j][i].lpData, stream->output.waveHeaders[j][i].dwBufferLength );
+                }
+            }   
+
+            /* we queue all channels of a single buffer frame (accross all
+                devices, because some multidevice multichannel drivers work
+                better this way */
+            for( j=0; j<stream->output.deviceCount; ++j )
+            {
+                mmresult = waveOutWrite( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[j], &stream->output.waveHeaders[j][i], sizeof(WAVEHDR) );
+                if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                    goto error;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        stream->output.currentBufferIndex = 0;
+        stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer = 0;
+    }
+
+
+    stream->isStopped = 0;
+    stream->isActive = 1;
+    stream->stopProcessing = 0;
+    stream->abortProcessing = 0;
+
+    result = ResetEventWithPaError( stream->input.bufferEvent );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+
+    result = ResetEventWithPaError( stream->output.bufferEvent );
+    if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+    
+    
+    if( stream->streamRepresentation.streamCallback )
+    {
+        /* callback stream */
+
+        result = ResetEventWithPaError( stream->abortEvent );
+        if( result != paNoError ) goto error;
+
+        /* Create thread that waits for audio buffers to be ready for processing. */
+        stream->processingThread = CreateThread( 0, 0, ProcessingThreadProc, stream, 0, &stream->processingThreadId );
+        if( !stream->processingThread )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( GetLastError() );
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        /** @todo could have mme specific stream parameters to allow the user
+            to set the callback thread priorities */
+        stream->highThreadPriority = THREAD_PRIORITY_TIME_CRITICAL;
+        stream->throttledThreadPriority = THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL;
+
+        if( !SetThreadPriority( stream->processingThread, stream->highThreadPriority ) )
+        {
+            result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            PA_MME_SET_LAST_SYSTEM_ERROR( GetLastError() );
+            goto error;
+        }
+        stream->processingThreadPriority = stream->highThreadPriority;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* blocking read/write stream */
+
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            mmresult = waveInStart( ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[i] );
+            PA_DEBUG(("Pa_StartStream: waveInStart returned = 0x%X.\n", mmresult));
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            if( (mmresult = waveOutRestart( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[i] )) != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                goto error;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+
+error:
+    /** @todo FIXME: implement recovery as best we can
+    This should involve rolling back to a state as-if this function had never been called
+    */
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    int timeout;
+    DWORD waitResult;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    signed int hostOutputBufferIndex;
+    unsigned int channel, waitCount, i;                  
+    
+    /** @todo
+        REVIEW: the error checking in this function needs review. the basic
+        idea is to return from this function in a known state - for example
+        there is no point avoiding calling waveInReset just because
+        the thread times out.
+    */
+
+    if( stream->processingThread )
+    {
+        /* callback stream */
+
+        /* Tell processing thread to stop generating more data and to let current data play out. */
+        stream->stopProcessing = 1;
+
+        /* Calculate timeOut longer than longest time it could take to return all buffers. */
+        timeout = (int)(stream->allBuffersDurationMs * 1.5);
+        if( timeout < PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_ )
+            timeout = PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_;
+
+        PA_DEBUG(("WinMME StopStream: waiting for background thread.\n"));
+
+        waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->processingThread, timeout );
+        if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+        {
+            /* try to abort */
+            stream->abortProcessing = 1;
+            SetEvent( stream->abortEvent );
+            waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->processingThread, timeout );
+            if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+            {
+                PA_DEBUG(("WinMME StopStream: timed out while waiting for background thread to finish.\n"));
+                result = paTimedOut;
+            }
+        }
+
+        CloseHandle( stream->processingThread );
+        stream->processingThread = NULL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* blocking read / write stream */
+
+        if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+        {
+            if( stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer > 0 )
+            {
+                /* there are still unqueued frames in the current buffer, so flush them */
+
+                hostOutputBufferIndex = stream->output.currentBufferIndex;
+
+                PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                        stream->output.framesPerBuffer - stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer );
+                
+                channel = 0;
+                for( i=0; i<stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+                {
+                    /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                    int channelCount = stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].dwUser;
+
+                    PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                            stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].lpData +
+                                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample,
+                            channelCount );
+
+                    channel += channelCount;
+                }
+
+                PaUtil_ZeroOutput( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                        stream->output.framesPerBuffer - stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer );
+
+                /* we send the entire buffer to the output devices, but we could
+                    just send a partial buffer, rather than zeroing the unused
+                    samples.
+                */
+                AdvanceToNextOutputBuffer( stream );
+            }
+            
+
+            timeout = (stream->allBuffersDurationMs / stream->output.bufferCount) + 1;
+            if( timeout < PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_ )
+                timeout = PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_;
+
+            waitCount = 0;
+            while( !NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->output ) && waitCount <= stream->output.bufferCount )
+            {
+                /* wait for MME to signal that a buffer is available */
+                waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->output.bufferEvent, timeout );
+                if( waitResult == WAIT_FAILED )
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+                {
+                    /* keep waiting */
+                }
+
+                ++waitCount;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i =0; i < stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            mmresult = waveOutReset( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[i] );
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            mmresult = waveInReset( ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[i] );
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    stream->isStopped = 1;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    int timeout;
+    DWORD waitResult;
+    MMRESULT mmresult;
+    unsigned int i;
+    
+    /** @todo
+        REVIEW: the error checking in this function needs review. the basic
+        idea is to return from this function in a known state - for example
+        there is no point avoiding calling waveInReset just because
+        the thread times out.
+    */
+
+    if( stream->processingThread )
+    {
+        /* callback stream */
+        
+        /* Tell processing thread to abort immediately */
+        stream->abortProcessing = 1;
+        SetEvent( stream->abortEvent );
+    }
+
+
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i =0; i < stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            mmresult = waveOutReset( ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[i] );
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEOUT_ERROR( mmresult );
+                return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        for( i=0; i < stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+        {
+            mmresult = waveInReset( ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[i] );
+            if( mmresult != MMSYSERR_NOERROR )
+            {
+                PA_MME_SET_LAST_WAVEIN_ERROR( mmresult );
+                return paUnanticipatedHostError;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    if( stream->processingThread )
+    {
+        /* callback stream */
+        
+        PA_DEBUG(("WinMME AbortStream: waiting for background thread.\n"));
+
+        /* Calculate timeOut longer than longest time it could take to return all buffers. */
+        timeout = (int)(stream->allBuffersDurationMs * 1.5);
+        if( timeout < PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_ )
+            timeout = PA_MME_MIN_TIMEOUT_MSEC_;
+            
+        waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->processingThread, timeout );
+        if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+        {
+            PA_DEBUG(("WinMME AbortStream: timed out while waiting for background thread to finish.\n"));
+            return paTimedOut;
+        }
+
+        CloseHandle( stream->processingThread );
+        stream->processingThread = NULL;
+    }
+
+    stream->isStopped = 1;
+    stream->isActive = 0;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->isStopped;
+}
+
+
+static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+
+    return stream->isActive;
+}
+
+
+static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
+{
+    (void) s; /* unused parameter */
+    
+    return PaUtil_GetTime();
+}
+
+
+static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+
+    return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
+}
+
+
+/*
+    As separate stream interfaces are used for blocking and callback
+    streams, the following functions can be guaranteed to only be called
+    for blocking streams.
+*/
+
+static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s,
+                           void *buffer,
+                           unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    void *userBuffer;
+    unsigned long framesRead = 0;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed;
+    signed int hostInputBufferIndex;
+    DWORD waitResult;
+    DWORD timeout = (unsigned long)(stream->allBuffersDurationMs * 0.5);
+    unsigned int channel, i;
+    
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        /* make a local copy of the user buffer pointer(s). this is necessary
+            because PaUtil_CopyInput() advances these pointers every time
+            it is called.
+        */
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.userInputIsInterleaved )
+        {
+            userBuffer = buffer;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            userBuffer = alloca( sizeof(void*) * stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount );
+            if( !userBuffer )
+                return paInsufficientMemory;
+            for( i = 0; i<stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount; ++i )
+                ((void**)userBuffer)[i] = ((void**)buffer)[i];
+        }
+        
+        do{
+            if( CurrentInputBuffersAreDone( stream ) )
+            {
+                if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->input ) )
+                {
+                    /** @todo REVIEW: consider what to do if the input overflows.
+                        do we requeue all of the buffers? should we be running
+                        a thread to make sure they are always queued? */
+
+                    result = paInputOverflowed;
+                }
+
+                hostInputBufferIndex = stream->input.currentBufferIndex;
+
+                PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                        stream->input.framesPerBuffer - stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer );
+                
+                channel = 0;
+                for( i=0; i<stream->input.deviceCount; ++i )
+                {
+                    /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                    int channelCount = stream->input.waveHeaders[i][ hostInputBufferIndex ].dwUser;
+
+                    PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                            stream->input.waveHeaders[i][ hostInputBufferIndex ].lpData +
+                                stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostInputSample,
+                            channelCount );
+
+                    channel += channelCount;
+                }
+                
+                framesProcessed = PaUtil_CopyInput( &stream->bufferProcessor, &userBuffer, frames - framesRead );
+
+                stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += framesProcessed;
+                if( stream->input.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer == stream->input.framesPerBuffer )
+                {
+                    result = AdvanceToNextInputBuffer( stream );
+                    if( result != paNoError )
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                framesRead += framesProcessed;      
+
+            }else{
+                /* wait for MME to signal that a buffer is available */
+                waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->input.bufferEvent, timeout );
+                if( waitResult == WAIT_FAILED )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+                {
+                    /* if a timeout is encountered, continue,
+                        perhaps we should give up eventually
+                    */
+                }         
+            }
+        }while( framesRead < frames );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s,
+                            const void *buffer,
+                            unsigned long frames )
+{
+    PaError result = paNoError;
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    const void *userBuffer;
+    unsigned long framesWritten = 0;
+    unsigned long framesProcessed;
+    signed int hostOutputBufferIndex;
+    DWORD waitResult;
+    DWORD timeout = (unsigned long)(stream->allBuffersDurationMs * 0.5);
+    unsigned int channel, i;
+
+        
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+    {
+        /* make a local copy of the user buffer pointer(s). this is necessary
+            because PaUtil_CopyOutput() advances these pointers every time
+            it is called.
+        */
+        if( stream->bufferProcessor.userOutputIsInterleaved )
+        {
+            userBuffer = buffer;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            userBuffer = alloca( sizeof(void*) * stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount );
+            if( !userBuffer )
+                return paInsufficientMemory;
+            for( i = 0; i<stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount; ++i )
+                ((const void**)userBuffer)[i] = ((const void**)buffer)[i];
+        }
+
+        do{
+            if( CurrentOutputBuffersAreDone( stream ) )
+            {
+                if( NoBuffersAreQueued( &stream->output ) )
+                {
+                    /** @todo REVIEW: consider what to do if the output
+                    underflows. do we requeue all the existing buffers with
+                    zeros? should we run a separate thread to keep the buffers
+                    enqueued at all times? */
+
+                    result = paOutputUnderflowed;
+                }
+
+                hostOutputBufferIndex = stream->output.currentBufferIndex;
+
+                PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor,
+                        stream->output.framesPerBuffer - stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer );
+                
+                channel = 0;
+                for( i=0; i<stream->output.deviceCount; ++i )
+                {
+                    /* we have stored the number of channels in the buffer in dwUser */
+                    int channelCount = stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].dwUser;
+
+                    PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor, channel,
+                            stream->output.waveHeaders[i][ hostOutputBufferIndex ].lpData +
+                                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer * channelCount *
+                                stream->bufferProcessor.bytesPerHostOutputSample,
+                            channelCount );
+
+                    channel += channelCount;
+                }
+                
+                framesProcessed = PaUtil_CopyOutput( &stream->bufferProcessor, &userBuffer, frames - framesWritten );
+
+                stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer += framesProcessed;
+                if( stream->output.framesUsedInCurrentBuffer == stream->output.framesPerBuffer )
+                {
+                    result = AdvanceToNextOutputBuffer( stream );
+                    if( result != paNoError )
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                framesWritten += framesProcessed;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                /* wait for MME to signal that a buffer is available */
+                waitResult = WaitForSingleObject( stream->output.bufferEvent, timeout );
+                if( waitResult == WAIT_FAILED )
+                {
+                    result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
+                    break;
+                }
+                else if( waitResult == WAIT_TIMEOUT )
+                {
+                    /* if a timeout is encountered, continue,
+                        perhaps we should give up eventually
+                    */
+                }             
+            }        
+        }while( framesWritten < frames );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        result = paCanNotWriteToAnInputOnlyStream;
+    }
+    
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    
+    if( PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+        return GetAvailableFrames( &stream->input );
+    else
+        return paCanNotReadFromAnOutputOnlyStream;
+}
+
+
+static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream = (PaWinMmeStream*)s;
+    
+    if( PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream) )
+        return GetAvailableFrames( &stream->output );
+    else
+        return paCanNotWriteToAnInputOnlyStream;
+}
+
+
+/* NOTE: the following functions are MME-stream specific, and are called directly
+    by client code. We need to check for many more error conditions here because
+    we don't have the benefit of pa_front.c's parameter checking.
+*/
+
+static PaError GetWinMMEStreamPointer( PaWinMmeStream **stream, PaStream *s )
+{
+    PaError result;
+    PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi;
+    PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation *winMmeHostApi;
+    
+    result = PaUtil_ValidateStreamPointer( s );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        return result;
+
+    result = PaUtil_GetHostApiRepresentation( &hostApi, paMME );
+    if( result != paNoError )
+        return result;
+
+    winMmeHostApi = (PaWinMmeHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
+    
+    /* note, the following would be easier if there was a generic way of testing
+        that a stream belongs to a specific host API */
+    
+    if( PA_STREAM_REP( s )->streamInterface == &winMmeHostApi->callbackStreamInterface
+            || PA_STREAM_REP( s )->streamInterface == &winMmeHostApi->blockingStreamInterface )
+    {
+        /* s is a WinMME stream */
+        *stream = (PaWinMmeStream *)s;
+        return paNoError;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        return paIncompatibleStreamHostApi;
+    }
+}
+
+
+int PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandleCount( PaStream* s )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream;
+    PaError result = GetWinMMEStreamPointer( &stream, s );
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+        return (PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream)) ? stream->input.deviceCount : 0;
+    else
+        return result;
+}
+
+
+HWAVEIN PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandle( PaStream* s, int handleIndex )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream;
+    PaError result = GetWinMMEStreamPointer( &stream, s );
+
+    if( result == paNoError
+            && PA_IS_INPUT_STREAM_(stream)
+            && handleIndex >= 0
+            && (unsigned int)handleIndex < stream->input.deviceCount )
+        return ((HWAVEIN*)stream->input.waveHandles)[handleIndex];
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+int PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandleCount( PaStream* s)
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream;
+    PaError result = GetWinMMEStreamPointer( &stream, s );
+
+    if( result == paNoError )
+        return (PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream)) ? stream->output.deviceCount : 0;
+    else
+        return result;
+}
+
+
+HWAVEOUT PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandle( PaStream* s, int handleIndex )
+{
+    PaWinMmeStream *stream;
+    PaError result = GetWinMMEStreamPointer( &stream, s );
+
+    if( result == paNoError
+            && PA_IS_OUTPUT_STREAM_(stream)
+            && handleIndex >= 0
+            && (unsigned int)handleIndex < stream->output.deviceCount )
+        return ((HWAVEOUT*)stream->output.waveHandles)[handleIndex];
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.h b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a71633a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pd/portaudio/pa_win_wmme/pa_win_wmme.h
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#ifndef PA_WIN_WMME_H
+#define PA_WIN_WMME_H
+/*
+ * $Id: pa_win_wmme.h,v 1.1.2.14 2004/02/20 14:16:53 rossbencina Exp $
+ * PortAudio Portable Real-Time Audio Library
+ * MME specific extensions
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1999-2000 Ross Bencina and Phil Burk
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+ * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+ * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+ * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+ * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+ * subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
+ * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
+ * they can be incorporated into the canonical version.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+ * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+
+/** @file
+ @brief WMME-specific PortAudio API extension header file.
+*/
+
+
+#include "portaudio.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C"
+{
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+
+#define paWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters            (0x01)
+#define paWinMmeUseMultipleDevices                      (0x02)  /* use mme specific multiple device feature */
+
+
+/* By default, the mme implementation drops the processing thread's priority
+    to THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL and sleeps the thread if the CPU load exceeds 100%
+    This flag disables any priority throttling. The processing thread will always
+    run at THREAD_PRIORITY_TIME_CRITICAL.
+*/
+#define paWinMmeDontThrottleOverloadedProcessingThread  (0x08)
+
+
+typedef struct PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount{
+    PaDeviceIndex device;
+    int channelCount;
+}PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount;
+
+
+typedef struct PaWinMmeStreamInfo{
+    unsigned long size;             /**< sizeof(PaWinMmeStreamInfo) */
+    PaHostApiTypeId hostApiType;    /**< paMME */
+    unsigned long version;          /**< 1 */
+
+    unsigned long flags;
+
+    /* low-level latency setting support
+        These settings control the number and size of host buffers in order
+        to set latency. They will be used instead of the generic parameters
+        to Pa_OpenStream() if flags contains the PaWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters
+        flag.
+
+        If PaWinMmeStreamInfo structures with PaWinMmeUseLowLevelLatencyParameters
+        are supplied for both input and output in a full duplex stream, then the
+        input and output framesPerBuffer must be the same, or the larger of the
+        two must be a multiple of the smaller, otherwise a
+        paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo error will be returned from
+        Pa_OpenStream().
+    */
+    unsigned long framesPerBuffer;
+    unsigned long bufferCount;  /* formerly numBuffers */ 
+
+    /* multiple devices per direction support
+        If flags contains the PaWinMmeUseMultipleDevices flag,
+        this functionality will be used, otherwise the device parameter to
+        Pa_OpenStream() will be used instead.
+        If devices are specified here, the corresponding device parameter
+        to Pa_OpenStream() should be set to paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification,
+        otherwise an paInvalidDevice error will result.
+        The total number of channels accross all specified devices
+        must agree with the corresponding channelCount parameter to
+        Pa_OpenStream() otherwise a paInvalidChannelCount error will result.
+    */
+    PaWinMmeDeviceAndChannelCount *devices;
+    unsigned long deviceCount;
+
+}PaWinMmeStreamInfo;
+
+
+/** Retrieve the number of wave in handles used by a PortAudio WinMME stream.
+ Returns zero if the stream is output only.
+
+ @return A non-negative value indicating the number of wave in handles
+ or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+
+ @see PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandle
+*/
+int PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandleCount( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Retrieve a wave in handle used by a PortAudio WinMME stream.
+
+ @param stream The stream to query.
+ @param handleIndex The zero based index of the wave in handle to retrieve. This
+    should be in the range [0, PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandle(stream)-1].
+
+ @return A valid wave in handle, or NULL if an error occurred.
+
+ @see PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandle
+*/
+HWAVEIN PaWinMME_GetStreamInputHandle( PaStream* stream, int handleIndex );
+
+
+/** Retrieve the number of wave out handles used by a PortAudio WinMME stream.
+ Returns zero if the stream is input only.
+ 
+ @return A non-negative value indicating the number of wave out handles
+ or, a PaErrorCode (which are always negative) if PortAudio is not initialized
+ or an error is encountered.
+
+ @see PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandle
+*/
+int PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandleCount( PaStream* stream );
+
+
+/** Retrieve a wave out handle used by a PortAudio WinMME stream.
+
+ @param stream The stream to query.
+ @param handleIndex The zero based index of the wave out handle to retrieve.
+    This should be in the range [0, PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandleCount(stream)-1].
+
+ @return A valid wave out handle, or NULL if an error occurred.
+
+ @see PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandleCount
+*/
+HWAVEOUT PaWinMME_GetStreamOutputHandle( PaStream* stream, int handleIndex );
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif /* __cplusplus */
+
+#endif /* PA_WIN_WMME_H */                                  
diff --git a/pd/src/s_main.c b/pd/src/s_main.c
index 2af36f0d..e049a5d1 100644
--- a/pd/src/s_main.c
+++ b/pd/src/s_main.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  * 1311:forum::für::umläute:2001
  */
 
-char pd_version[] = "Pd version 0.38 TEST 4\n";
+char pd_version[] = "Pd version 0.38 TEST 5\n";
 char pd_compiletime[] = __TIME__;
 char pd_compiledate[] = __DATE__;