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diff --git a/doc/pddp/otherbinops-help.pd b/doc/pddp/otherbinops-help.pd new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6481cf15 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/pddp/otherbinops-help.pd @@ -0,0 +1,435 @@ +#N canvas 16 22 895 663 10; +#X floatatom 217 438 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 267 517 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 466 28 &; +#X obj 494 28 |; +#X obj 574 28 &&; +#X obj 601 28 ||; +#X obj 7 25 >; +#X obj 36 25 >=; +#X obj 67 24 ==; +#X obj 125 24 <=; +#X obj 153 24 <; +#X obj 217 417 >; +#X obj 267 496 ==; +#X obj 96 24 !=; +#X obj 521 28 <<; +#X obj 548 28 >>; +#X obj 627 28 %; +#X text 464 5 THE LOGICAL OPERATORS -- A.K.A. "Bit Twiddling"; +#X text 6 6 THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS; +#N canvas 0 22 454 304 understanding_%_modulus 0; +#X text 24 23 MODULUS - [%]; +#X floatatom 28 187 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 22 40 - this object has nothing to do with percentage!; +#X text 20 54 - a modulus is a number by which two given numbers can +be divided and produce the same remainder.; +#X text 21 81 - in the example below: 9 / 2 = 4.5 \, and 7 / 2 = 3.5. +Hence if 7 and 9 are divided by 2 \, then the remainder of both equations +is .5. Therefore \, the modulus of 7 and 9 is "2".; +#X msg 28 138 9; +#X obj 28 166 % 7; +#X floatatom 62 142 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 20 222 Note that the modulus operator is not a "bitwise" operator +\, but a math function.; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 1 0; +#X connect 7 0 6 0; +#X restore 476 418 pd understanding_%_modulus; +#X text 478 252 Below is a brief explanation of each of these logical +operators.; +#X text 473 53 These objects are adopted from the mother of all object +oriented languages: C. They are "bitwise" operators which perform logical +and shift operations on 32-bit numbers.; +#X text 467 100 WHAT DOES "BITWISE" MEAN?; +#X text 478 208 Hence \, performing "bitwise" relational tests means +that Pd can compare "1101" to "1001" instead of operating with the +integers that are represented by those binary codes.; +#N canvas 81 197 456 306 understanding_&_AND 0; +#X obj 33 216 &; +#X floatatom 87 182 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 129 183 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 33 154 13; +#X msg 62 155 9; +#X text 18 18 [&] -- This is the bitwise AND operator which returns +a "1" for each bit position where the corresponding bits of both its +operands are "1". For example:; +#X text 22 67 13 = "1101"; +#X text 28 79 9 = "1001"; +#X text 15 92 Hence:"1001"; +#X obj 33 114 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 33 132 t b b; +#X text 101 66 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can +see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are 1 Hence the +result will be "1001" -- in other words "9".; +#X floatatom 33 238 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X connect 0 0 12 0; +#X connect 1 0 0 0; +#X connect 2 0 0 1; +#X connect 3 0 0 0; +#X connect 4 0 0 1; +#X connect 9 0 10 0; +#X connect 10 0 3 0; +#X connect 10 1 4 0; +#X restore 478 286 pd understanding_&_AND; +#N canvas 190 317 454 304 understanding_|_OR 0; +#X floatatom 32 247 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 86 191 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 128 192 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 32 163 13; +#X msg 61 164 9; +#X text 21 76 13 = "1101"; +#X text 27 88 9 = "1001"; +#X obj 32 123 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 32 141 t b b; +#X text 18 18 [|] -- This is the bitwise OR operator which returns +a "1" for each bit position where one OR both of the corresponding +bits of both its operands is a "1". For example:; +#X text 14 101 Hence:"1101"; +#X text 98 76 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can +see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are both 1 and the +second position of 13 is a one. Hence the result will be "1101" -- +in other words "13".; +#X obj 32 225 |; +#X connect 1 0 12 0; +#X connect 2 0 12 1; +#X connect 3 0 12 0; +#X connect 4 0 12 1; +#X connect 7 0 8 0; +#X connect 8 0 3 0; +#X connect 8 1 4 0; +#X connect 12 0 0 0; +#X restore 478 307 pd understanding_|_OR; +#N canvas 0 22 454 304 understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT 0; +#X obj 46 142 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 46 160 t b b; +#X msg 46 181 13; +#X obj 46 222 <<; +#X floatatom 46 244 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 74 181 2; +#X floatatom 112 193 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 160 193 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 29 25 [<<] -- This is the left shift operator and it works +by shifting the digits of the binary representation of the first operand +(left inlet) to the left by the number of places specified by the second +operand (right inlet). The spaces created to the right are filled by +zeros \, and any digits falling off the left are discarded. The following +code returns 52 as the binary of 13 ("1101") is shifted two places +to the left giving "110100":; +#X connect 0 0 1 0; +#X connect 1 0 2 0; +#X connect 1 1 5 0; +#X connect 2 0 3 0; +#X connect 3 0 4 0; +#X connect 5 0 3 1; +#X connect 6 0 3 0; +#X connect 7 0 3 1; +#X restore 477 328 pd understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT; +#N canvas 0 22 456 380 understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT 0; +#X obj 41 155 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 41 173 t b b; +#X floatatom 41 257 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 107 206 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 155 206 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 41 194 13; +#X obj 41 235 >>; +#X msg 69 194 2; +#X text 33 21 [>>] -- This is the sign-propagating right shift operator +which shifts the digits of the binary representation of the first operand +(left inlet) to the right by the number of places specified by the +second operand (right inlet) \, discarding any shifted off to the right. +The copies of the leftmost bit are added on from the left \, thereby +preserving the sign of the number. This next examples returns 3 ("11") +as the two right-most bits of 13 ("1101") are shifted off to the right +and discarded.; +#X text 33 284 Note that this object preserves negative values for +negative operands. ("sign-propagating").; +#X connect 0 0 1 0; +#X connect 1 0 5 0; +#X connect 1 1 7 0; +#X connect 3 0 6 0; +#X connect 4 0 6 1; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 2 0; +#X connect 7 0 6 1; +#X restore 477 350 pd understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT; +#N canvas 56 51 528 425 understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND 0; +#X msg 56 269 5; +#X obj 25 319 &&; +#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 194 277 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 12 26 [&&] - This is the logical AND operator \, which returns +a Boolean true (a one) if both operands are true. Logically it follows +that if the first operand is false \, then the whole expression is +false \, and this is how the objects works: It first evaluates the +left hand operand (left inlet) and if this returns false (zero) then +\, without going any further \, it returns a false (a zero). Otherwise +it returns the value of the second operand (right inlet).; +#X floatatom 237 277 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares +floats.; +#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 25 245 t b b; +#X msg 25 269 17; +#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is zero \, THEN +output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND the right inlet +is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND +the right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!; +#X obj 91 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 91 245 t b b; +#X msg 91 269 17; +#X msg 122 269 0; +#X connect 0 0 1 1; +#X connect 1 0 2 0; +#X connect 3 0 1 0; +#X connect 5 0 1 1; +#X connect 7 0 8 0; +#X connect 8 0 9 0; +#X connect 8 1 0 0; +#X connect 9 0 1 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 13 0; +#X connect 12 1 14 0; +#X connect 13 0 1 0; +#X connect 14 0 1 1; +#X restore 477 373 pd understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND; +#N canvas 244 51 530 427 understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR 0; +#X msg 56 269 5; +#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 196 280 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 239 280 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares +floats.; +#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 25 245 t b b; +#X msg 25 269 17; +#X text 17 21 [||] -- This is the logical OR operator and it returns +a value of true (non-zero) if one or both of the operands is true. +It works by first evaluating the left-hand operand (left inlet) and +\, if this is true \, diregarding the right-hand operand (right inlet) +and returning a non-zero. If \, however \, the left-hand operand (left +inlet) is false \, then it returns the value of the right-hand operand +(right inlet).; +#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is non-zero \, THEN +output non-zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the right inlet +is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the +right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!; +#X obj 25 319 ||; +#X obj 96 226 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 96 244 t b b; +#X msg 96 268 0; +#X msg 127 268 0; +#X connect 0 0 10 1; +#X connect 2 0 10 0; +#X connect 3 0 10 1; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 7 0; +#X connect 6 1 0 0; +#X connect 7 0 10 0; +#X connect 10 0 1 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 13 0; +#X connect 12 1 14 0; +#X connect 13 0 10 0; +#X connect 14 0 10 1; +#X restore 477 395 pd understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR; +#X obj 432 12 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 432 607 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 54 186 == 42; +#X floatatom 54 165 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 28 212 2 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 53 211 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X msg 24 161 42; +#X text 9 143 For example: IF 42 is equal to x \, then "1" (True); +#X text 73 203 Note that the object outputs 1 or 0 with every incoming +message.; +#X text 10 233 All of these objects operate the same way. The right +inlet or creation argument sets the "condition" to which the incoming +messages are compared. The left inlet accepts numbers or a "bang" -- +a number will reset the value and output a true or false (1 or 0) depending +on whether or not the incoming value meets the necessary condition. +A "bang" will force the object to output a true or false (1 or 0) based +on the value that is already stored in the left inlet.; +#X floatatom 25 378 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 98 345 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 10 376 a; +#X text 138 344 b; +#X text 63 439 Is a greater than b?; +#X floatatom 242 478 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 17 478 Is a greater than or equal to b?; +#X obj 242 457 >=; +#X text 136 517 Is a equal to b?; +#X obj 295 534 !=; +#X floatatom 295 554 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 325 367 r a_b; +#X obj 325 386 unpack f f; +#X obj 25 395 pack f f; +#X obj 25 415 s a_b; +#X obj 98 361 bang; +#X text 142 555 Is a NOT equal to b?; +#X floatatom 321 592 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 185 592 Is a less than b?; +#X obj 321 572 <; +#X floatatom 346 631 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 346 611 <; +#X text 138 631 Is a less than or equal to b?; +#X text 464 583 This document was updated for Pd version 0.35 test +29 by Dave Sabine as part of a project called pddp proposed by Krzysztof +Czaja to build comprehensive documentation for Pd.; +#X text 461 460 RELATED OBJECTS; +#X obj 853 477 +; +#X text 460 477 Visit the Help document for MATH for more math objects: +; +#N canvas 0 22 452 302 related_objects_from_other_libraries 0; +#X obj 47 34 strcomp; +#X text 102 33 Relational tests for strings.; +#X text 29 104 These objects are offered in Pd only if you have downloaded +and properly installed the appropriate library. These objects may or +may not exist in a single library.; +#X text 28 153 The best places to find information about Pd's libraries +is:; +#X text 25 175 www.puredata.org and click on "Downloads" then "Software" +; +#X text 27 190 or; +#X text 27 205 iem.kug.ac.at/pdb/; +#X restore 482 501 pd related_objects_from_other_libraries; +#X text 478 120 Well \, these objects perform "relational" tests on +the binary forms of 32-bit numbers. For example \, the number 13 is +represented in your computer's operating system in binary code by "1101" +and the number 9 is "1001". Each of those binary digits is an 8-bit +word: 8 bits * 4 digits = 32-bits!; +#X obj 179 24 mod; +#X obj 206 24 div; +#X text 8 84 Most relational operators output a boolean value: true +or false (1 or 0) depending on the relation between the input (left +inlet) and the condition (right inlet or creation argument).; +#N canvas 7 22 514 656 understanding_MOD_and_DIV 0; +#X text 24 5 [mod] and [div] are helpful objects to determine whether +or not a fraction produces a remainder \, or to determine the value +of the remainder.; +#X text 24 80 while \, 4 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of 1; +#X text 25 51 For example \, 3 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of zero (i.e. +no remainder).; +#X floatatom 26 190 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 26 232 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 138 192 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 58 191 divided by; +#X text 173 193 has a remainder of; +#X floatatom 300 193 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 26 211 mod; +#X text 22 103 [mod] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide +that number by either the creation argument or the number given at +its left inlet and will produce the value of the remainder at its outlet. +If no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1; +#X obj 78 173 loadbang; +#X msg 138 173 1; +#X text 23 255 [div] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide +that number by either the creation argument or the number given at +its left inlet and will produce the result without a remainder. If +no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1; +#X floatatom 28 341 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 28 383 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 140 343 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 60 342 divided by; +#X floatatom 256 344 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 80 324 loadbang; +#X msg 140 324 1; +#X obj 28 362 div; +#X text 176 343 is equal to; +#X text 294 343 with no remainder.; +#X obj 257 371 /; +#X floatatom 257 391 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 227 389 or; +#X text 297 392 with a remainder.; +#X text 23 408 In the following example \, I've built a metronome which +counts bar numbers and beat numbers: default time signature is 4/4 +(Common Time).; +#X obj 23 489 metro 500; +#X obj 23 470 tgl 15 0 empty empty Start-Stop 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 -1 +0 1; +#X obj 48 510 + 1; +#X floatatom 23 530 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 52 532 Total Beat Count; +#X obj 23 559 div 4; +#X obj 134 560 mod 4; +#X floatatom 219 601 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 108 600 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 23 510 f 1; +#X msg 107 468 1; +#X obj 23 579 + 1; +#X obj 134 579 + 1; +#X text 131 468 Reset; +#X text 34 599 Bar number; +#X text 147 601 Beat Count; +#X floatatom 339 511 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 176 511 How many beats per bar?; +#X connect 3 0 9 0; +#X connect 4 0 8 0; +#X connect 5 0 9 1; +#X connect 9 0 4 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 5 0; +#X connect 14 0 21 0; +#X connect 14 0 24 0; +#X connect 15 0 18 0; +#X connect 16 0 21 1; +#X connect 16 0 24 1; +#X connect 19 0 20 0; +#X connect 20 0 16 0; +#X connect 21 0 15 0; +#X connect 24 0 25 0; +#X connect 29 0 38 0; +#X connect 30 0 29 0; +#X connect 31 0 38 1; +#X connect 32 0 34 0; +#X connect 32 0 35 0; +#X connect 34 0 40 0; +#X connect 35 0 41 0; +#X connect 38 0 31 0; +#X connect 38 0 32 0; +#X connect 39 0 38 1; +#X connect 40 0 37 0; +#X connect 41 0 36 0; +#X connect 45 0 35 1; +#X connect 45 0 34 1; +#X restore 9 58 pd understanding_MOD_and_DIV; +#X connect 11 0 0 0; +#X connect 12 0 1 0; +#X connect 30 0 31 0; +#X connect 32 0 34 0; +#X connect 32 0 35 0; +#X connect 33 0 32 0; +#X connect 36 0 32 0; +#X connect 40 0 53 0; +#X connect 41 0 53 1; +#X connect 41 0 55 0; +#X connect 47 0 45 0; +#X connect 49 0 50 0; +#X connect 51 0 52 0; +#X connect 52 0 11 0; +#X connect 52 0 47 0; +#X connect 52 0 12 0; +#X connect 52 0 49 0; +#X connect 52 0 59 0; +#X connect 52 0 61 0; +#X connect 52 1 11 1; +#X connect 52 1 47 1; +#X connect 52 1 12 1; +#X connect 52 1 49 1; +#X connect 52 1 59 1; +#X connect 52 1 61 1; +#X connect 53 0 54 0; +#X connect 55 0 40 0; +#X connect 59 0 57 0; +#X connect 61 0 60 0; |