diff options
author | Hans-Christoph Steiner <eighthave@users.sourceforge.net> | 2005-04-18 00:33:26 +0000 |
---|---|---|
committer | Hans-Christoph Steiner <eighthave@users.sourceforge.net> | 2005-04-18 00:33:26 +0000 |
commit | ecf4375873c98f4864b3d1469be19a28770656fe (patch) | |
tree | f965db6eaab5b3caa8be59774284f72df6d799e1 /doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd | |
parent | fe1b15d3d79429d168b41759b5df1485cc1e7d09 (diff) |
some updates to make things fit on the page in Mac OS X; updated some details for Pd 0.38-4
svn path=/trunk/; revision=2776
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd')
-rw-r--r-- | doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd | 870 |
1 files changed, 435 insertions, 435 deletions
diff --git a/doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd b/doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd index 3e57b6d4..e44a299e 100644 --- a/doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd +++ b/doc/pddp/help-otherbinops.pd @@ -1,435 +1,435 @@ -#N canvas 16 1 887 655 10;
-#X floatatom 217 438 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 267 517 0 0 0;
-#X obj 466 28 &;
-#X obj 494 28 |;
-#X obj 574 28 &&;
-#X obj 601 28 ||;
-#X obj 7 25 >;
-#X obj 36 25 >=;
-#X obj 67 24 ==;
-#X obj 125 24 <=;
-#X obj 153 24 <;
-#X obj 217 417 >;
-#X obj 267 496 ==;
-#X obj 96 24 !=;
-#X obj 521 28 <<;
-#X obj 548 28 >>;
-#X obj 627 28 %;
-#X text 464 5 THE LOGICAL OPERATORS -- A.K.A. "Bit Twiddling";
-#X text 6 6 THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS;
-#N canvas 0 0 454 304 understanding_%_modulus 0;
-#X text 24 23 MODULUS - [%];
-#X floatatom 28 187 0 0 0;
-#X text 22 40 - this object has nothing to do with percentage!;
-#X text 20 54 - a modulus is a number by which two given numbers can
-be divided and produce the same remainder.;
-#X text 21 81 - in the example below: 9 / 2 = 4.5 \, and 7 / 2 = 3.5.
-Hence if 7 and 9 are divided by 2 \, then the remainder of both equations
-is .5. Therefore \, the modulus of 7 and 9 is "2".;
-#X msg 28 138 9;
-#X obj 28 166 % 7;
-#X floatatom 62 142 5 0 0;
-#X text 20 222 Note that the modulus operator is not a "bitwise" operator
-\, but a math function.;
-#X connect 5 0 6 0;
-#X connect 6 0 1 0;
-#X connect 7 0 6 0;
-#X restore 476 418 pd understanding_%_modulus;
-#X text 478 252 Below is a brief explanation of each of these logical
-operators.;
-#X text 473 53 These objects are adopted from the mother of all object
-oriented languages: C. They are "bitwise" operators which perform logical
-and shift operations on 32-bit numbers.;
-#X text 467 100 WHAT DOES "BITWISE" MEAN?;
-#X text 478 208 Hence \, performing "bitwise" relational tests means
-that PD can compare "1101" to "1001" instead of operating with the
-integers that are represented by those binary codes.;
-#N canvas 81 197 456 306 understanding_&_AND 0;
-#X obj 33 216 &;
-#X floatatom 87 182 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 129 183 5 0 0;
-#X msg 33 154 13;
-#X msg 62 155 9;
-#X text 18 18 [&] -- This is the bitwise AND operator which returns
-a "1" for each bit position where the corresponding bits of both its
-operands are "1". For example:;
-#X text 22 67 13 = "1101";
-#X text 28 79 9 = "1001";
-#X text 15 92 Hence:"1001";
-#X obj 33 114 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 33 132 t b b;
-#X text 101 66 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can
-see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are 1 Hence the
-result will be "1001" -- in other words "9".;
-#X floatatom 33 238 0 0 0;
-#X connect 0 0 12 0;
-#X connect 1 0 0 0;
-#X connect 2 0 0 1;
-#X connect 3 0 0 0;
-#X connect 4 0 0 1;
-#X connect 9 0 10 0;
-#X connect 10 0 3 0;
-#X connect 10 1 4 0;
-#X restore 478 286 pd understanding_&_AND;
-#N canvas 190 317 454 304 understanding_|_OR 0;
-#X floatatom 32 247 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 86 191 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 128 192 5 0 0;
-#X msg 32 163 13;
-#X msg 61 164 9;
-#X text 21 76 13 = "1101";
-#X text 27 88 9 = "1001";
-#X obj 32 123 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 32 141 t b b;
-#X text 18 18 [|] -- This is the bitwise OR operator which returns
-a "1" for each bit position where one OR both of the corresponding
-bits of both its operands is a "1". For example:;
-#X text 14 101 Hence:"1101";
-#X text 98 76 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can
-see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are both 1 and the
-second position of 13 is a one. Hence the result will be "1101" --
-in other words "13".;
-#X obj 32 225 |;
-#X connect 1 0 12 0;
-#X connect 2 0 12 1;
-#X connect 3 0 12 0;
-#X connect 4 0 12 1;
-#X connect 7 0 8 0;
-#X connect 8 0 3 0;
-#X connect 8 1 4 0;
-#X connect 12 0 0 0;
-#X restore 478 307 pd understanding_|_OR;
-#N canvas 0 0 454 304 understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT 0;
-#X obj 46 142 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 46 160 t b b;
-#X msg 46 181 13;
-#X obj 46 222 <<;
-#X floatatom 46 244 5 0 0;
-#X msg 74 181 2;
-#X floatatom 112 193 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 160 193 5 0 0;
-#X text 29 25 [<<] -- This is the left shift operator and it works
-by shifting the digits of the binary representation of the first operand
-(left inlet) to the left by the number of places specified by the second
-operand (right inlet). The spaces created to the right are filled by
-zeros \, and any digits falling off the left are discarded. The following
-code returns 52 as the binary of 13 ("1101") is shifted two places
-to the left giving "110100":;
-#X connect 0 0 1 0;
-#X connect 1 0 2 0;
-#X connect 1 1 5 0;
-#X connect 2 0 3 0;
-#X connect 3 0 4 0;
-#X connect 5 0 3 1;
-#X connect 6 0 3 0;
-#X connect 7 0 3 1;
-#X restore 477 328 pd understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT;
-#N canvas 0 0 456 380 understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT 0;
-#X obj 41 155 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 41 173 t b b;
-#X floatatom 41 257 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 107 206 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 155 206 5 0 0;
-#X msg 41 194 13;
-#X obj 41 235 >>;
-#X msg 69 194 2;
-#X text 33 21 [>>] -- This is the sign-propagating right shift operator
-which shifts the digits of the binary representation of the first operand
-(left inlet) to the right by the number of places specified by the
-second operand (right inlet) \, discarding any shifted off to the right.
-The copies of the leftmost bit are added on from the left \, thereby
-preserving the sign of the number. This next examples returns 3 ("11")
-as the two right-most bits of 13 ("1101") are shifted off to the right
-and discarded.;
-#X text 33 284 Note that this object preserves negative values for
-negative operands. ("sign-propagating").;
-#X connect 0 0 1 0;
-#X connect 1 0 5 0;
-#X connect 1 1 7 0;
-#X connect 3 0 6 0;
-#X connect 4 0 6 1;
-#X connect 5 0 6 0;
-#X connect 6 0 2 0;
-#X connect 7 0 6 1;
-#X restore 477 350 pd understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT;
-#N canvas 56 51 528 425 understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND 0;
-#X msg 56 269 5;
-#X obj 25 319 &&;
-#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 194 277 5 0 0;
-#X text 12 26 [&&] - This is the logical AND operator \, which returns
-a Boolean true (a one) if both operands are true. Logically it follows
-that if the first operand is false \, then the whole expression is
-false \, and this is how the objects works: It first evaluates the
-left hand operand (left inlet) and if this returns false (zero) then
-\, without going any further \, it returns a false (a zero). Otherwise
-it returns the value of the second operand (right inlet).;
-#X floatatom 237 277 5 0 0;
-#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares
-floats.;
-#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 25 245 t b b;
-#X msg 25 269 17;
-#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is zero \, THEN
-output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND the right inlet
-is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND
-the right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!;
-#X obj 91 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 91 245 t b b;
-#X msg 91 269 17;
-#X msg 122 269 0;
-#X connect 0 0 1 1;
-#X connect 1 0 2 0;
-#X connect 3 0 1 0;
-#X connect 5 0 1 1;
-#X connect 7 0 8 0;
-#X connect 8 0 9 0;
-#X connect 8 1 0 0;
-#X connect 9 0 1 0;
-#X connect 11 0 12 0;
-#X connect 12 0 13 0;
-#X connect 12 1 14 0;
-#X connect 13 0 1 0;
-#X connect 14 0 1 1;
-#X restore 477 373 pd understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND;
-#N canvas 244 51 530 427 understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR 0;
-#X msg 56 269 5;
-#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 196 280 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 239 280 5 0 0;
-#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares
-floats.;
-#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 25 245 t b b;
-#X msg 25 269 17;
-#X text 17 21 [||] -- This is the logical OR operator and it returns
-a value of true (non-zero) if one or both of the operands is true.
-It works by first evaluating the left-hand operand (left inlet) and
-\, if this is true \, diregarding the right-hand operand (right inlet)
-and returning a non-zero. If \, however \, the left-hand operand (left
-inlet) is false \, then it returns the value of the right-hand operand
-(right inlet).;
-#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is non-zero \, THEN
-output non-zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the right inlet
-is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the
-right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!;
-#X obj 25 319 ||;
-#X obj 96 226 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 96 244 t b b;
-#X msg 96 268 0;
-#X msg 127 268 0;
-#X connect 0 0 10 1;
-#X connect 2 0 10 0;
-#X connect 3 0 10 1;
-#X connect 5 0 6 0;
-#X connect 6 0 7 0;
-#X connect 6 1 0 0;
-#X connect 7 0 10 0;
-#X connect 10 0 1 0;
-#X connect 11 0 12 0;
-#X connect 12 0 13 0;
-#X connect 12 1 14 0;
-#X connect 13 0 10 0;
-#X connect 14 0 10 1;
-#X restore 477 395 pd understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR;
-#X obj 432 12 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 432 607 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X obj 54 186 == 42;
-#X floatatom 54 165 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 54 212 2 0 0;
-#X obj 79 211 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
--1;
-#X msg 24 161 42;
-#X text 9 143 For example: IF 42 is equal to x \, then "1" (True);
-#X text 99 203 Note that the object outputs 1 or 0 with every incoming
-message.;
-#X text 10 233 All of these objects operate the same way. The right
-inlet or creation argument sets the "condition" to which the incoming
-messages are compared. The left inlet accepts numbers or a "bang" --
-a number will reset the value and output a true or false (1 or 0) depending
-on whether or not the incoming value meets the necessary condition.
-A "bang" will force the object to output a true or false (1 or 0) based
-on the value that is already stored in the left inlet.;
-#X floatatom 25 378 5 0 0;
-#X floatatom 98 345 5 0 0;
-#X text 10 376 a;
-#X text 138 344 b;
-#X text 93 439 Is a greater than b?;
-#X floatatom 242 478 0 0 0;
-#X text 47 478 Is a greater than or equal to b?;
-#X obj 242 457 >=;
-#X text 166 517 Is a equal to b?;
-#X obj 295 534 !=;
-#X floatatom 295 554 0 0 0;
-#X obj 325 367 r a_b;
-#X obj 325 386 unpack f f;
-#X obj 25 395 pack f f;
-#X obj 25 415 s a_b;
-#X obj 98 361 bang;
-#X text 172 555 Is a NOT equal to b?;
-#X floatatom 321 592 0 0 0;
-#X text 215 592 Is a less than b?;
-#X obj 321 572 <;
-#X floatatom 346 631 0 0 0;
-#X obj 346 611 <;
-#X text 168 631 Is a less than or equal to b?;
-#X text 474 583 This document was updated for PD version 0.35 test
-29 by Dave Sabine as part of a project called pddp proposed by Krzysztof
-Czaja to build comprehensive documentation for PD.;
-#X text 461 460 RELATED OBJECTS;
-#X obj 813 477 +;
-#X text 480 477 Visit the Help document for MATH for more math objects:
-;
-#N canvas 0 0 452 302 related_objects_from_other_libraries 0;
-#X obj 47 34 strcomp;
-#X text 102 33 Relational tests for strings.;
-#X text 29 104 These objects are offered in PD only if you have downloaded
-and properly installed the appropriate library. These objects may or
-may not exist in a single library.;
-#X text 28 153 The best places to find information about PD's libraries
-is:;
-#X text 25 175 www.puredata.org and click on "Downloads" then "Software"
-;
-#X text 27 190 or;
-#X text 27 205 iem.kug.ac.at/pdb/;
-#X restore 482 501 pd related_objects_from_other_libraries;
-#X text 478 120 Well \, these objects perform "relational" tests on
-the binary forms of 32-bit numbers. For example \, the number 13 is
-represented in your computer's operating system in binary code by "1101"
-and the number 9 is "1001". Each of those binary digits is an 8-bit
-word: 8 bits * 4 digits = 32-bits!;
-#X obj 179 24 mod;
-#X obj 206 24 div;
-#X text 8 84 Most relational operators output a boolean value: true
-or false (1 or 0) depending on the relation between the input (left
-inlet) and the condition (right inlet or creation argument).;
-#N canvas 7 1 506 648 understanding_MOD_and_DIV 0;
-#X text 24 5 [mod] and [div] are helpful objects to determine whether
-or not a fraction produces a remainder \, or to determine the value
-of the remainder.;
-#X text 24 80 while \, 4 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of 1;
-#X text 25 51 For example \, 3 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of zero (i.e.
-no remainder).;
-#X floatatom 26 190 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 26 232 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 138 192 0 0 0;
-#X text 68 191 divided by;
-#X text 184 192 has a remainder of;
-#X floatatom 300 193 0 0 0;
-#X obj 26 211 mod;
-#X text 22 103 [mod] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide
-that number by either the creation argument or the number given at
-its left inlet and will produce the value of the remainder at its outlet.
-If no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1;
-#X obj 88 173 loadbang;
-#X msg 138 173 1;
-#X text 23 255 [div] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide
-that number by either the creation argument or the number given at
-its left inlet and will produce the result without a remainder. If
-no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1;
-#X floatatom 28 341 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 28 383 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 140 343 0 0 0;
-#X text 70 342 divided by;
-#X floatatom 256 344 0 0 0;
-#X obj 90 324 loadbang;
-#X msg 140 324 1;
-#X obj 28 362 div;
-#X text 186 343 is equal to;
-#X text 294 343 with no remainder.;
-#X obj 257 371 /;
-#X floatatom 257 391 0 0 0;
-#X text 237 389 or;
-#X text 310 392 with a remainder.;
-#X text 23 408 In the following example \, I've built a metronome which
-counts bar numbers and beat numbers: default time signature is 4/4
-(Common Time).;
-#X obj 23 489 metro 500;
-#X obj 23 470 tgl 15 0 empty empty Start-Stop 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 -1
-0 1;
-#X obj 48 510 + 1;
-#X floatatom 23 530 0 0 0;
-#X text 52 532 Total Beat Count;
-#X obj 23 559 div 4;
-#X obj 134 560 mod 4;
-#X floatatom 219 601 0 0 0;
-#X floatatom 108 600 0 0 0;
-#X obj 23 510 f 1;
-#X msg 107 468 1;
-#X obj 23 579 + 1;
-#X obj 134 579 + 1;
-#X text 131 468 Reset;
-#X text 44 599 Bar number;
-#X text 157 601 Beat Count;
-#X floatatom 339 511 0 0 0;
-#X text 196 511 How many beats per bar?;
-#X connect 3 0 9 0;
-#X connect 4 0 8 0;
-#X connect 5 0 9 1;
-#X connect 9 0 4 0;
-#X connect 11 0 12 0;
-#X connect 12 0 5 0;
-#X connect 14 0 21 0;
-#X connect 14 0 24 0;
-#X connect 15 0 18 0;
-#X connect 16 0 21 1;
-#X connect 16 0 24 1;
-#X connect 19 0 20 0;
-#X connect 20 0 16 0;
-#X connect 21 0 15 0;
-#X connect 24 0 25 0;
-#X connect 29 0 38 0;
-#X connect 30 0 29 0;
-#X connect 31 0 38 1;
-#X connect 32 0 34 0;
-#X connect 32 0 35 0;
-#X connect 34 0 40 0;
-#X connect 35 0 41 0;
-#X connect 38 0 31 0;
-#X connect 38 0 32 0;
-#X connect 39 0 38 1;
-#X connect 40 0 37 0;
-#X connect 41 0 36 0;
-#X connect 45 0 35 1;
-#X connect 45 0 34 1;
-#X restore 9 58 pd understanding_MOD_and_DIV;
-#X connect 11 0 0 0;
-#X connect 12 0 1 0;
-#X connect 30 0 31 0;
-#X connect 32 0 34 0;
-#X connect 32 0 35 0;
-#X connect 33 0 32 0;
-#X connect 36 0 32 0;
-#X connect 40 0 53 0;
-#X connect 41 0 53 1;
-#X connect 41 0 55 0;
-#X connect 47 0 45 0;
-#X connect 49 0 50 0;
-#X connect 51 0 52 0;
-#X connect 52 0 11 0;
-#X connect 52 0 47 0;
-#X connect 52 0 12 0;
-#X connect 52 0 49 0;
-#X connect 52 0 59 0;
-#X connect 52 0 61 0;
-#X connect 52 1 11 1;
-#X connect 52 1 47 1;
-#X connect 52 1 12 1;
-#X connect 52 1 49 1;
-#X connect 52 1 59 1;
-#X connect 52 1 61 1;
-#X connect 53 0 54 0;
-#X connect 55 0 40 0;
-#X connect 59 0 57 0;
-#X connect 61 0 60 0;
+#N canvas 16 22 895 663 10; +#X floatatom 217 438 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 267 517 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 466 28 &; +#X obj 494 28 |; +#X obj 574 28 &&; +#X obj 601 28 ||; +#X obj 7 25 >; +#X obj 36 25 >=; +#X obj 67 24 ==; +#X obj 125 24 <=; +#X obj 153 24 <; +#X obj 217 417 >; +#X obj 267 496 ==; +#X obj 96 24 !=; +#X obj 521 28 <<; +#X obj 548 28 >>; +#X obj 627 28 %; +#X text 464 5 THE LOGICAL OPERATORS -- A.K.A. "Bit Twiddling"; +#X text 6 6 THE RELATIONAL OPERATORS; +#N canvas 0 22 454 304 understanding_%_modulus 0; +#X text 24 23 MODULUS - [%]; +#X floatatom 28 187 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 22 40 - this object has nothing to do with percentage!; +#X text 20 54 - a modulus is a number by which two given numbers can +be divided and produce the same remainder.; +#X text 21 81 - in the example below: 9 / 2 = 4.5 \, and 7 / 2 = 3.5. +Hence if 7 and 9 are divided by 2 \, then the remainder of both equations +is .5. Therefore \, the modulus of 7 and 9 is "2".; +#X msg 28 138 9; +#X obj 28 166 % 7; +#X floatatom 62 142 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 20 222 Note that the modulus operator is not a "bitwise" operator +\, but a math function.; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 1 0; +#X connect 7 0 6 0; +#X restore 476 418 pd understanding_%_modulus; +#X text 478 252 Below is a brief explanation of each of these logical +operators.; +#X text 473 53 These objects are adopted from the mother of all object +oriented languages: C. They are "bitwise" operators which perform logical +and shift operations on 32-bit numbers.; +#X text 467 100 WHAT DOES "BITWISE" MEAN?; +#X text 478 208 Hence \, performing "bitwise" relational tests means +that PD can compare "1101" to "1001" instead of operating with the +integers that are represented by those binary codes.; +#N canvas 81 197 456 306 understanding_&_AND 0; +#X obj 33 216 &; +#X floatatom 87 182 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 129 183 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 33 154 13; +#X msg 62 155 9; +#X text 18 18 [&] -- This is the bitwise AND operator which returns +a "1" for each bit position where the corresponding bits of both its +operands are "1". For example:; +#X text 22 67 13 = "1101"; +#X text 28 79 9 = "1001"; +#X text 15 92 Hence:"1001"; +#X obj 33 114 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 33 132 t b b; +#X text 101 66 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can +see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are 1 Hence the +result will be "1001" -- in other words "9".; +#X floatatom 33 238 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X connect 0 0 12 0; +#X connect 1 0 0 0; +#X connect 2 0 0 1; +#X connect 3 0 0 0; +#X connect 4 0 0 1; +#X connect 9 0 10 0; +#X connect 10 0 3 0; +#X connect 10 1 4 0; +#X restore 478 286 pd understanding_&_AND; +#N canvas 190 317 454 304 understanding_|_OR 0; +#X floatatom 32 247 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 86 191 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 128 192 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 32 163 13; +#X msg 61 164 9; +#X text 21 76 13 = "1101"; +#X text 27 88 9 = "1001"; +#X obj 32 123 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 32 141 t b b; +#X text 18 18 [|] -- This is the bitwise OR operator which returns +a "1" for each bit position where one OR both of the corresponding +bits of both its operands is a "1". For example:; +#X text 14 101 Hence:"1101"; +#X text 98 76 When comparing the binary codes for 13 and 9 \, we can +see that the first and fourth digits of both codes are both 1 and the +second position of 13 is a one. Hence the result will be "1101" -- +in other words "13".; +#X obj 32 225 |; +#X connect 1 0 12 0; +#X connect 2 0 12 1; +#X connect 3 0 12 0; +#X connect 4 0 12 1; +#X connect 7 0 8 0; +#X connect 8 0 3 0; +#X connect 8 1 4 0; +#X connect 12 0 0 0; +#X restore 478 307 pd understanding_|_OR; +#N canvas 0 22 454 304 understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT 0; +#X obj 46 142 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 46 160 t b b; +#X msg 46 181 13; +#X obj 46 222 <<; +#X floatatom 46 244 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 74 181 2; +#X floatatom 112 193 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 160 193 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 29 25 [<<] -- This is the left shift operator and it works +by shifting the digits of the binary representation of the first operand +(left inlet) to the left by the number of places specified by the second +operand (right inlet). The spaces created to the right are filled by +zeros \, and any digits falling off the left are discarded. The following +code returns 52 as the binary of 13 ("1101") is shifted two places +to the left giving "110100":; +#X connect 0 0 1 0; +#X connect 1 0 2 0; +#X connect 1 1 5 0; +#X connect 2 0 3 0; +#X connect 3 0 4 0; +#X connect 5 0 3 1; +#X connect 6 0 3 0; +#X connect 7 0 3 1; +#X restore 477 328 pd understanding_<<_LEFT-SHIFT; +#N canvas 0 22 456 380 understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT 0; +#X obj 41 155 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 41 173 t b b; +#X floatatom 41 257 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 107 206 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 155 206 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X msg 41 194 13; +#X obj 41 235 >>; +#X msg 69 194 2; +#X text 33 21 [>>] -- This is the sign-propagating right shift operator +which shifts the digits of the binary representation of the first operand +(left inlet) to the right by the number of places specified by the +second operand (right inlet) \, discarding any shifted off to the right. +The copies of the leftmost bit are added on from the left \, thereby +preserving the sign of the number. This next examples returns 3 ("11") +as the two right-most bits of 13 ("1101") are shifted off to the right +and discarded.; +#X text 33 284 Note that this object preserves negative values for +negative operands. ("sign-propagating").; +#X connect 0 0 1 0; +#X connect 1 0 5 0; +#X connect 1 1 7 0; +#X connect 3 0 6 0; +#X connect 4 0 6 1; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 2 0; +#X connect 7 0 6 1; +#X restore 477 350 pd understanding_>>_RIGHT-SHIFT; +#N canvas 56 51 528 425 understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND 0; +#X msg 56 269 5; +#X obj 25 319 &&; +#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 194 277 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 12 26 [&&] - This is the logical AND operator \, which returns +a Boolean true (a one) if both operands are true. Logically it follows +that if the first operand is false \, then the whole expression is +false \, and this is how the objects works: It first evaluates the +left hand operand (left inlet) and if this returns false (zero) then +\, without going any further \, it returns a false (a zero). Otherwise +it returns the value of the second operand (right inlet).; +#X floatatom 237 277 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares +floats.; +#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 25 245 t b b; +#X msg 25 269 17; +#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is zero \, THEN +output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND the right inlet +is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is non-zero AND +the right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!; +#X obj 91 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 91 245 t b b; +#X msg 91 269 17; +#X msg 122 269 0; +#X connect 0 0 1 1; +#X connect 1 0 2 0; +#X connect 3 0 1 0; +#X connect 5 0 1 1; +#X connect 7 0 8 0; +#X connect 8 0 9 0; +#X connect 8 1 0 0; +#X connect 9 0 1 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 13 0; +#X connect 12 1 14 0; +#X connect 13 0 1 0; +#X connect 14 0 1 1; +#X restore 477 373 pd understanding_&&_LOGICAL-AND; +#N canvas 244 51 530 427 understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR 0; +#X msg 56 269 5; +#X floatatom 25 339 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 196 280 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 239 280 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 25 364 Note that this is not a bitwise operator. It compares +floats.; +#X obj 25 227 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 25 245 t b b; +#X msg 25 269 17; +#X text 17 21 [||] -- This is the logical OR operator and it returns +a value of true (non-zero) if one or both of the operands is true. +It works by first evaluating the left-hand operand (left inlet) and +\, if this is true \, diregarding the right-hand operand (right inlet) +and returning a non-zero. If \, however \, the left-hand operand (left +inlet) is false \, then it returns the value of the right-hand operand +(right inlet).; +#X text 12 145 In other words \, IF the left inlet is non-zero \, THEN +output non-zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the right inlet +is zero \, then output zero. ELSEIF the left inlet is zero AND the +right inlet is non-zero \, THEN output non-zero!; +#X obj 25 319 ||; +#X obj 96 226 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 96 244 t b b; +#X msg 96 268 0; +#X msg 127 268 0; +#X connect 0 0 10 1; +#X connect 2 0 10 0; +#X connect 3 0 10 1; +#X connect 5 0 6 0; +#X connect 6 0 7 0; +#X connect 6 1 0 0; +#X connect 7 0 10 0; +#X connect 10 0 1 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 13 0; +#X connect 12 1 14 0; +#X connect 13 0 10 0; +#X connect 14 0 10 1; +#X restore 477 395 pd understanding_||_LOGICAL-OR; +#X obj 432 12 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 432 607 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X obj 54 186 == 42; +#X floatatom 54 165 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 28 212 2 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 53 211 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 +-1; +#X msg 24 161 42; +#X text 9 143 For example: IF 42 is equal to x \, then "1" (True); +#X text 73 203 Note that the object outputs 1 or 0 with every incoming +message.; +#X text 10 233 All of these objects operate the same way. The right +inlet or creation argument sets the "condition" to which the incoming +messages are compared. The left inlet accepts numbers or a "bang" -- +a number will reset the value and output a true or false (1 or 0) depending +on whether or not the incoming value meets the necessary condition. +A "bang" will force the object to output a true or false (1 or 0) based +on the value that is already stored in the left inlet.; +#X floatatom 25 378 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 98 345 5 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 10 376 a; +#X text 138 344 b; +#X text 63 439 Is a greater than b?; +#X floatatom 242 478 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 17 478 Is a greater than or equal to b?; +#X obj 242 457 >=; +#X text 136 517 Is a equal to b?; +#X obj 295 534 !=; +#X floatatom 295 554 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 325 367 r a_b; +#X obj 325 386 unpack f f; +#X obj 25 395 pack f f; +#X obj 25 415 s a_b; +#X obj 98 361 bang; +#X text 142 555 Is a NOT equal to b?; +#X floatatom 321 592 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 185 592 Is a less than b?; +#X obj 321 572 <; +#X floatatom 346 631 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 346 611 <; +#X text 138 631 Is a less than or equal to b?; +#X text 464 583 This document was updated for PD version 0.35 test +29 by Dave Sabine as part of a project called pddp proposed by Krzysztof +Czaja to build comprehensive documentation for PD.; +#X text 461 460 RELATED OBJECTS; +#X obj 853 477 +; +#X text 460 477 Visit the Help document for MATH for more math objects: +; +#N canvas 0 22 452 302 related_objects_from_other_libraries 0; +#X obj 47 34 strcomp; +#X text 102 33 Relational tests for strings.; +#X text 29 104 These objects are offered in PD only if you have downloaded +and properly installed the appropriate library. These objects may or +may not exist in a single library.; +#X text 28 153 The best places to find information about PD's libraries +is:; +#X text 25 175 www.puredata.org and click on "Downloads" then "Software" +; +#X text 27 190 or; +#X text 27 205 iem.kug.ac.at/pdb/; +#X restore 482 501 pd related_objects_from_other_libraries; +#X text 478 120 Well \, these objects perform "relational" tests on +the binary forms of 32-bit numbers. For example \, the number 13 is +represented in your computer's operating system in binary code by "1101" +and the number 9 is "1001". Each of those binary digits is an 8-bit +word: 8 bits * 4 digits = 32-bits!; +#X obj 179 24 mod; +#X obj 206 24 div; +#X text 8 84 Most relational operators output a boolean value: true +or false (1 or 0) depending on the relation between the input (left +inlet) and the condition (right inlet or creation argument).; +#N canvas 7 22 514 656 understanding_MOD_and_DIV 0; +#X text 24 5 [mod] and [div] are helpful objects to determine whether +or not a fraction produces a remainder \, or to determine the value +of the remainder.; +#X text 24 80 while \, 4 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of 1; +#X text 25 51 For example \, 3 / 3 = 1 with a remainder of zero (i.e. +no remainder).; +#X floatatom 26 190 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 26 232 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 138 192 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 58 191 divided by; +#X text 173 193 has a remainder of; +#X floatatom 300 193 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 26 211 mod; +#X text 22 103 [mod] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide +that number by either the creation argument or the number given at +its left inlet and will produce the value of the remainder at its outlet. +If no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1; +#X obj 78 173 loadbang; +#X msg 138 173 1; +#X text 23 255 [div] takes a number in its left inlet and will divide +that number by either the creation argument or the number given at +its left inlet and will produce the result without a remainder. If +no creation argument is given \, then the default value is 1; +#X floatatom 28 341 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 28 383 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 140 343 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 60 342 divided by; +#X floatatom 256 344 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 80 324 loadbang; +#X msg 140 324 1; +#X obj 28 362 div; +#X text 176 343 is equal to; +#X text 294 343 with no remainder.; +#X obj 257 371 /; +#X floatatom 257 391 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 227 389 or; +#X text 297 392 with a remainder.; +#X text 23 408 In the following example \, I've built a metronome which +counts bar numbers and beat numbers: default time signature is 4/4 +(Common Time).; +#X obj 23 489 metro 500; +#X obj 23 470 tgl 15 0 empty empty Start-Stop 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1 -1 +0 1; +#X obj 48 510 + 1; +#X floatatom 23 530 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 52 532 Total Beat Count; +#X obj 23 559 div 4; +#X obj 134 560 mod 4; +#X floatatom 219 601 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X floatatom 108 600 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X obj 23 510 f 1; +#X msg 107 468 1; +#X obj 23 579 + 1; +#X obj 134 579 + 1; +#X text 131 468 Reset; +#X text 34 599 Bar number; +#X text 147 601 Beat Count; +#X floatatom 339 511 0 0 0 0 - - -; +#X text 176 511 How many beats per bar?; +#X connect 3 0 9 0; +#X connect 4 0 8 0; +#X connect 5 0 9 1; +#X connect 9 0 4 0; +#X connect 11 0 12 0; +#X connect 12 0 5 0; +#X connect 14 0 21 0; +#X connect 14 0 24 0; +#X connect 15 0 18 0; +#X connect 16 0 21 1; +#X connect 16 0 24 1; +#X connect 19 0 20 0; +#X connect 20 0 16 0; +#X connect 21 0 15 0; +#X connect 24 0 25 0; +#X connect 29 0 38 0; +#X connect 30 0 29 0; +#X connect 31 0 38 1; +#X connect 32 0 34 0; +#X connect 32 0 35 0; +#X connect 34 0 40 0; +#X connect 35 0 41 0; +#X connect 38 0 31 0; +#X connect 38 0 32 0; +#X connect 39 0 38 1; +#X connect 40 0 37 0; +#X connect 41 0 36 0; +#X connect 45 0 35 1; +#X connect 45 0 34 1; +#X restore 9 58 pd understanding_MOD_and_DIV; +#X connect 11 0 0 0; +#X connect 12 0 1 0; +#X connect 30 0 31 0; +#X connect 32 0 34 0; +#X connect 32 0 35 0; +#X connect 33 0 32 0; +#X connect 36 0 32 0; +#X connect 40 0 53 0; +#X connect 41 0 53 1; +#X connect 41 0 55 0; +#X connect 47 0 45 0; +#X connect 49 0 50 0; +#X connect 51 0 52 0; +#X connect 52 0 11 0; +#X connect 52 0 47 0; +#X connect 52 0 12 0; +#X connect 52 0 49 0; +#X connect 52 0 59 0; +#X connect 52 0 61 0; +#X connect 52 1 11 1; +#X connect 52 1 47 1; +#X connect 52 1 12 1; +#X connect 52 1 49 1; +#X connect 52 1 59 1; +#X connect 52 1 61 1; +#X connect 53 0 54 0; +#X connect 55 0 40 0; +#X connect 59 0 57 0; +#X connect 61 0 60 0; |