added discussion about array start point and cleaned things up a little

svn path=/trunk/; revision=2868

1 files changed, 726 insertions, 677 deletions

diff --git a/doc/pddp/all_about_arrays.pd b/doc/pddp/all_about_arrays.pd
index 57c87ca8..f1e4c9e8 100644
--- a/doc/pddp/all_about_arrays.pd
+++ b/doc/pddp/all_about_arrays.pd
@@ -1,677 +1,726 @@
-#N canvas 0 0 653 613 12;

-#N canvas 132 0 591 609 What_is_an_array_in_PD 0;

-#X text 27 17 WHAT IS AN ARRAY IN PURE DATA?;

-#X text 45 42 Arrays \, in most programming environments \, are considered

-to be "a sequence of objects all of which have the same variable type"

-wherein each object is called an element and the elements are numbered

-in a row 0 \, 1 \, 2 \, 3 \, etc. These numbers are called indices.

-Each index holds a corresponding value.;

-#X text 46 222 Arrays in Pd look like this:;

-#N canvas 0 0 450 300 graph18 0;

-#X array example_array 100 float 0;

-#X coords 0 1 99 -1 200 140 1;

-#X restore 277 225 graph;

-#X text 63 486 1 Right-click on the array and select "Properties" from

-the menu. Two dialogue boxes will open - one called "graph" and one

-called "array".;

-#X text 64 543 2 Then right-click again on the array and select "Help"

-from the menu. The window that opens is the table.pd help document.

-;

-#X text 45 148 All of this is true in Pd \, except that arrays in Pd

-can only hold floating point data. (other data types in Pd are called

-"lists" or "anythings" and require different tools to manipulate them.)

-;

-#X text 45 378 The array above is actually only the horizontal line!

-The rectangle surrounding the array is called a "graph". These two

-objects are separate \, but Pd creates both simoultaneously for purposes

-of convenience. These two objects together are called a "table". To

-see what I mean by all of this:;

-#X restore 43 42 pd What_is_an_array_in_PD;

-#N canvas 118 1 608 615 How_to_manipulate_arrays_in_PD 0;

-#X text 13 5 HOW TO MANIPULATE ARRAYS IN Pd;

-#N canvas 0 0 452 302 graph28 0;

-#X array exampleArray 67 float 0;

-#X coords 0 2 67 -2 200 140 1;

-#X restore 369 451 graph;

-#N canvas 2 29 722 269 Setting_the_size_of_an_array 0;

-#X msg 44 88 \; exampleArray resize \$1;

-#X floatatom 44 66 5 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 16 18 1 The size of an array can be set using the array's dialogue

-box. Or with a [send] message like below.;

-#X text 15 65 2;

-#X text 231 91 same as;

-#X floatatom 305 66 5 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X obj 305 114 s exampleArray;

-#X msg 305 88 resize \$1;

-#X text 19 158 Note that new elements always have a default value of

-zero when you make an array larger. Also note that if you make arrays

-smaller \, you may lose data as each element is deleted from the end

-of the array.;

-#X connect 1 0 0 0;

-#X connect 5 0 7 0;

-#X connect 7 0 6 0;

-#X restore 24 270 pd Setting_the_size_of_an_array;

-#N canvas 4 30 720 447 Concatenate_two_arrays 0;

-#X text 19 10 This example assumes that we already know the size of

-the two arrays which will be concatenated. This process will fill NewArray

-with the contents of exampleArray and concatArray.;

-#N canvas 0 0 450 300 graph33 0;

-#X array concatArray 15 float 1;

-#A 0 -0.700355 -0.371783 -0.443212 -0.700355 -0.714641 -0.386069 0.0425035

-0.399647 0.513933 0.399647 0.128218 -0.128925 -0.21464 -0.0289252 -0.700355

-;

-#X coords 0 1 14 -1 200 140 1;

-#X restore 492 25 graph;

-#N canvas 0 0 450 300 graph34 0;

-#X array NewArray 82 float 0;

-#X coords 0 1 81 -1 300 140 1;

-#X restore 389 267 graph;

-#X obj 125 66 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Bang_me 18 7 0 8 -262144

--1 -1;

-#X obj 28 96 until;

-#X obj 28 171 f;

-#X obj 58 171 + 1;

-#X obj 28 286 tabread exampleArray;

-#X obj 28 340 tabwrite NewArray;

-#X obj 141 311 tabread concatArray;

-#X text 372 194 This example is much more interesting if;

-#X text 373 212 you draw new values into each array with;

-#X text 373 230 your mouse - then reset and bang again.;

-#X obj 150 134 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X obj 125 163 arraysize concatArray;

-#X obj 125 188 +;

-#X msg 178 241 \; NewArray resize \$1;

-#X text 28 75 loop;

-#X obj 28 219 moses;

-#X obj 141 254 -;

-#X obj 125 85 t b b b;

-#X obj 125 212 t f f;

-#X msg 47 144 0;

-#X obj 176 109 s clr1;

-#X obj 47 119 r clr1;

-#X connect 3 0 20 0;

-#X connect 4 0 5 0;

-#X connect 5 0 6 0;

-#X connect 5 0 18 0;

-#X connect 5 0 8 1;

-#X connect 6 0 5 1;

-#X connect 7 0 8 0;

-#X connect 9 0 8 0;

-#X connect 13 0 15 1;

-#X connect 13 0 19 1;

-#X connect 13 0 18 1;

-#X connect 14 0 15 0;

-#X connect 15 0 21 0;

-#X connect 18 0 7 0;

-#X connect 18 1 19 0;

-#X connect 19 0 9 0;

-#X connect 20 0 14 0;

-#X connect 20 1 13 0;

-#X connect 20 2 23 0;

-#X connect 21 0 4 0;

-#X connect 21 1 16 0;

-#X connect 22 0 5 1;

-#X connect 24 0 22 0;

-#X restore 24 371 pd Concatenate_two_arrays;

-#N canvas 4 30 735 395 Join_array_elements_into_a_list 0;

-#X text 16 12 JOIN ARRAY ELEMENTS INTO A LIST;

-#X obj 22 163 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Bang_me 18 7 0 8 -24198 -1

--1;

-#X obj 23 241 until;

-#X obj 24 320 tabread exampleArray;

-#X obj 216 235 pack s f;

-#X obj 216 183 t b f;

-#X obj 24 292 f;

-#X obj 58 292 + 1;

-#X obj 24 348 s \$1-value;

-#X obj 216 157 r \$1-value;

-#X obj 216 261 route list;

-#X obj 519 210 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X obj 519 229 savepanel;

-#X msg 519 252 \; exampleArray write \$1;

-#X obj 283 353 print;

-#X text 289 330 store the list;

-#X obj 283 312 textfile;

-#X msg 345 285 rewind;

-#X obj 216 209 symbol add2;

-#X obj 310 240 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty THEN_Print_the_list 18 7

-0 8 -24198 -1 -1;

-#X text 451 308 can be achieved by saving the;

-#X text 451 324 array elements to a text file;

-#X text 452 341 using the savepanel and write;

-#X text 453 357 message.;

-#X text 452 292 Alternatively \, a similar result;

-#X obj 22 183 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X msg 129 261 clear;

-#X obj 310 261 t b b;

-#X msg 74 260 0;

-#X text 29 37 In some other programming environments \, including Visual

-Basic and Java (among others) \, there are functions which join all

-elements of an array into a list. This example shows how this functionality

-can be duplicated in Pd. This example uses the elements of exampleArray

-from the previous help window. The list can either be printed to the

-terminal window \, or it can be saved to a text file.;

-#X obj 23 214 t f b;

-#X connect 1 0 25 0;

-#X connect 2 0 6 0;

-#X connect 3 0 8 0;

-#X connect 4 0 10 0;

-#X connect 5 0 18 0;

-#X connect 5 1 4 1;

-#X connect 6 0 7 0;

-#X connect 6 0 3 0;

-#X connect 7 0 6 1;

-#X connect 9 0 5 0;

-#X connect 10 0 16 0;

-#X connect 11 0 12 0;

-#X connect 12 0 13 0;

-#X connect 16 0 14 0;

-#X connect 17 0 16 0;

-#X connect 18 0 4 0;

-#X connect 19 0 27 0;

-#X connect 25 0 30 0;

-#X connect 26 0 16 0;

-#X connect 27 0 16 0;

-#X connect 27 1 17 0;

-#X connect 28 0 6 1;

-#X connect 30 0 2 0;

-#X connect 30 1 28 0;

-#X connect 30 1 26 0;

-#X restore 24 397 pd Join_array_elements_into_a_list;

-#N canvas 2 29 719 337 Getting_the_size_of_an_array 0;

-#X text 15 11 GETTING THE SIZE OF AN ARRAY;

-#X text 34 34 If you deal with arrays often \, you will want to download

-the [arraysize] external written by PIX. Pd lacks a native object for

-this purpose and I'm afraid that without this external this functionality

-is impossible in Pd.;

-#X obj 38 127 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X obj 38 107 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X floatatom 38 152 5 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 35 183 Having said that...PD arrays accept a "print" command

-which will output important array information to the terminal window.

-Like below:;

-#X msg 40 258 \; exampleArray print;

-#X connect 2 0 4 0;

-#X connect 3 0 2 0;

-#X restore 24 320 pd Getting_the_size_of_an_array;

-#N canvas 0 31 721 390 Reversing_an_array 0;

-#X text 20 15 REVERSING AN ARRAY;

-#X text 23 35 When an array is reversed \, as the name implies the

-first element becomes the last and the last becomes the first. When

-viewing this example \, please be sure you can see the "exampleArray"

-in the previous window.;

-#X obj 110 109 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Reverse_me 18 7 0 8 -262144

--1 -1;

-#X obj 110 128 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X obj 110 200 until;

-#X obj 176 228 + 1;

-#X obj 144 228 f;

-#X obj 135 176 s \$1-length;

-#X obj 169 281 tabread exampleArray;

-#X obj 313 342 table tempArray;

-#X obj 110 152 t f f f;

-#X obj 234 196 s tempArray;

-#X msg 234 172 resize \$1;

-#X obj 65 308 tabwrite tempArray;

-#X obj 510 41 sel;

-#X obj 586 31 - 1;

-#X obj 586 7 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 144 254 t f f f;

-#X obj 57 278 s \$1-eof;

-#X obj 510 8 r \$1-eof;

-#X obj 510 113 until;

-#X obj 510 88 f;

-#X obj 510 161 f;

-#X obj 542 161 - 1;

-#X obj 561 108 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 529 64 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 510 213 tabread tempArray;

-#X obj 510 345 tabwrite exampleArray;

-#X obj 574 265 f;

-#X obj 593 241 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 574 314 mod;

-#X obj 593 289 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 604 265 + 1;

-#X obj 510 186 t f b;

-#X obj 561 131 - 1;

-#X text 13 346 Copies array to a temporary location.;

-#X msg 327 124 0;

-#X obj 327 148 s clr2;

-#X obj 443 150 r clr2;

-#X obj 163 200 r clr2;

-#X connect 2 0 3 0;

-#X connect 2 0 36 0;

-#X connect 3 0 10 0;

-#X connect 4 0 6 0;

-#X connect 5 0 6 1;

-#X connect 6 0 5 0;

-#X connect 6 0 17 0;

-#X connect 8 0 13 0;

-#X connect 10 0 4 0;

-#X connect 10 1 7 0;

-#X connect 10 2 12 0;

-#X connect 12 0 11 0;

-#X connect 14 0 21 0;

-#X connect 15 0 14 1;

-#X connect 16 0 15 0;

-#X connect 17 0 18 0;

-#X connect 17 1 8 0;

-#X connect 17 2 13 1;

-#X connect 19 0 14 0;

-#X connect 20 0 22 0;

-#X connect 21 0 20 0;

-#X connect 22 0 23 0;

-#X connect 22 0 33 0;

-#X connect 23 0 22 1;

-#X connect 24 0 34 0;

-#X connect 25 0 21 1;

-#X connect 26 0 27 0;

-#X connect 28 0 30 0;

-#X connect 28 0 32 0;

-#X connect 29 0 28 1;

-#X connect 30 0 27 1;

-#X connect 31 0 30 1;

-#X connect 32 0 28 1;

-#X connect 33 0 26 0;

-#X connect 33 1 28 0;

-#X connect 34 0 22 1;

-#X connect 36 0 37 0;

-#X connect 38 0 22 1;

-#X connect 39 0 6 1;

-#X restore 24 474 pd Reversing_an_array;

-#N canvas 2 30 719 390 Popping_and_Pushing_arrays 0;

-#X obj 62 181 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Pop_me -18 -6 0 8 -262144

--1 -1;

-#X obj 134 199 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X obj 134 294 tabread exampleArray;

-#X floatatom 134 318 0 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X obj 99 173 t b b;

-#X obj 51 320 - 1;

-#X msg 51 346 \; exampleArray resize \$1;

-#X floatatom 158 223 0 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 175 318 value of last element;

-#X obj 458 188 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Push_me 18 7 0 8 -262144

--1 -1;

-#X text 31 33 I got this idea from Java \, which provides a method

-to "pop" an array. The "pop" method will remove the last element in

-the array and return its value. The interesting thing about this in

-PD is that we need to know the length of the array before we start

-(hence another situation where [arraysize] is an essential tool). "Pushing"

-is the opposite effect and also a tool provided in Java. When an array

-is pushed \, an element is added to the array and the new size is returned.

-;

-#X obj 458 208 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X obj 458 232 + 1;

-#X msg 458 292 \; exampleArray resize \$1;

-#X floatatom 476 258 0 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 521 258 new size;

-#X text 16 12 POPPING AND PUSHING AN ARRAY;

-#X obj 158 246 - 1;

-#X text 197 223 # of total elements;

-#X floatatom 158 271 0 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 198 273 new size;

-#X connect 0 0 4 0;

-#X connect 1 0 2 0;

-#X connect 1 0 5 0;

-#X connect 1 0 7 0;

-#X connect 2 0 3 0;

-#X connect 4 0 5 0;

-#X connect 4 1 1 0;

-#X connect 5 0 6 0;

-#X connect 7 0 17 0;

-#X connect 9 0 11 0;

-#X connect 11 0 12 0;

-#X connect 12 0 13 0;

-#X connect 12 0 14 0;

-#X connect 17 0 19 0;

-#X restore 24 423 pd Popping_and_Pushing_arrays;

-#N canvas 2 30 722 391 Shifting_an_array 0;

-#X obj 30 90 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Shift_me 18 7 0 8 -24198 -1

--1;

-#X text 16 12 SHIFTING AN ARRAY;

-#X text 20 32 The shift method \, in Java \, will remove the first

-element of the array and return its value. This is opposite of the

-"Pop" method which removes the last element.;

-#X obj 30 272 tabread exampleArray;

-#X obj 30 354 tabwrite tempArray2;

-#X obj 551 11 table tempArray2;

-#X obj 30 110 arraysize exampleArray;

-#X msg 225 160 \; tempArray2 resize \$1;

-#X obj 30 163 until;

-#X obj 30 215 f;

-#X obj 62 215 + 1;

-#X obj 30 136 t f f f;

-#X obj 129 167 s \$1-length;

-#X obj 160 301 spigot;

-#X obj 203 276 < 1;

-#X floatatom 160 328 5 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X text 209 327 First value.;

-#X text 208 345 ...to be deleted.;

-#X obj 304 239 - 1;

-#X obj 304 212 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 30 239 t f f f f;

-#X obj 285 263 sel;

-#X obj 285 288 s \$2-eof;

-#X obj 427 71 r \$2-eof;

-#X obj 427 95 t b b;

-#X msg 419 304 \; tempArray2 resize \$1 \; exampleArray resize \$1

-;

-#X obj 401 256 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 401 280 - 1;

-#X obj 382 304 f;

-#X obj 497 128 until;

-#X obj 497 102 f;

-#X obj 551 69 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 529 155 + 1;

-#X obj 574 156 r \$1-length;

-#X obj 497 184 mod;

-#X obj 497 155 f 1;

-#X obj 497 209 t f f;

-#X obj 497 257 tabread tempArray2;

-#X obj 497 281 tabwrite exampleArray;

-#X obj 551 93 - 1;

-#X obj 574 179 - 1;

-#X obj 497 234 + 1;

-#X msg 223 105 0;

-#X msg 588 118 1;

-#X obj 223 129 s clr;

-#X obj 588 94 r clr;

-#X obj 49 188 r clr;

-#X connect 0 0 6 0;

-#X connect 0 0 42 0;

-#X connect 3 0 4 0;

-#X connect 3 0 13 0;

-#X connect 6 0 11 0;

-#X connect 8 0 9 0;

-#X connect 9 0 10 0;

-#X connect 9 0 20 0;

-#X connect 10 0 9 1;

-#X connect 11 0 8 0;

-#X connect 11 1 12 0;

-#X connect 11 2 7 0;

-#X connect 13 0 15 0;

-#X connect 14 0 13 1;

-#X connect 18 0 21 1;

-#X connect 19 0 18 0;

-#X connect 20 0 3 0;

-#X connect 20 1 4 1;

-#X connect 20 2 14 0;

-#X connect 20 3 21 0;

-#X connect 21 0 22 0;

-#X connect 23 0 24 0;

-#X connect 24 0 28 0;

-#X connect 24 1 30 0;

-#X connect 26 0 27 0;

-#X connect 27 0 28 1;

-#X connect 28 0 25 0;

-#X connect 29 0 35 0;

-#X connect 30 0 29 0;

-#X connect 31 0 39 0;

-#X connect 32 0 35 1;

-#X connect 33 0 40 0;

-#X connect 34 0 36 0;

-#X connect 35 0 32 0;

-#X connect 35 0 34 0;

-#X connect 36 0 41 0;

-#X connect 36 1 38 1;

-#X connect 37 0 38 0;

-#X connect 39 0 30 1;

-#X connect 40 0 34 1;

-#X connect 41 0 37 0;

-#X connect 42 0 44 0;

-#X connect 43 0 35 1;

-#X connect 45 0 43 0;

-#X connect 46 0 9 1;

-#X restore 24 449 pd Shifting_an_array;

-#X text 25 32 Arrays in Pd are different than the arrays in other languages

-primarily because \, in Pd \, they are designed to be displayed graphically

-on screen. This is due to the nature of audio synthesis - we want to

-see our wave forms and visually understand the data. That's why arrays

-in Pd are complicated by other objects like tables \, graphs and widgets.

-PD uses these objects to provide a graphic representation of the array

-data. If you're not interested in seeing the array data within your

-PD patch \, you can use the [table] object to store the array and corresponding

-table in a sub-window. Note that [table]s are more CPU friendly than

-their graphical counterpart.;

-#X text 26 230 Like all programming languages \, Pd provides numerous

-tools to manipulate arrays and their data.;

-#N canvas 3 32 718 310 Setting_a_constant_array_value 0;

-#X floatatom 26 151 0 0 0 0 - - -;

-#X obj 26 185 / 100;

-#X msg 26 215 \; exampleArray const \$1;

-#X text 18 16 SETTING A CONSTANT ARRAY VALUE;

-#X text 27 46 By default \, all array element values are zero. However

-\, Pd allows you to change that using the "CONST" message.;

-#X text 26 88 This feature is useful to reset all values in an array

-\, or with a little creativity can be used to "delete" a slice \, or

-create silence in audio samples.;

-#X connect 0 0 1 0;

-#X connect 1 0 2 0;

-#X restore 24 345 pd Setting_a_constant_array_value;

-#N canvas 3 26 727 395 Higher_math_using_arrays 0;

-#X text -7 12 HIGHER MATH USING ARRAYS;

-#X text -3 226 Normalize;

-#X text 78 227 (arg: renormer...a number by which all array values

-will be normalized);

-#X msg 6 278 \; exampleArray normalize \$1;

-#X floatatom 6 256 5 0 0 0 - - -;

-#N canvas 5 55 710 432 sine_waves 0;

-#X text 34 188 Sinesum;

-#X text 98 190 (arg 1: Number of Points - arg 2: list of partial strengths)

-;

-#X msg 40 293 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1 0 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.15;

-#X msg 40 251 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1 0.5 0.38 0.3 0.28 0.25 0.2

-;

-#X msg 40 210 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1;

-#X text 26 7 SINE WAVES;

-#X text 29 30 comment;

-#X text 45 29 When the "sinesum" message is sent to the array \, Pd

-will want to know two things:;

-#X text 58 65 1 How many samples (array elements) should be used? The

-higher the number is \, the higher the resolution of the wave form.

-;

-#X text 58 122 2 What is the relative strength of each "partial" or

-"overtone" in the sound? For more info about this \, please lookup

-"overtones" or "harmonics" or "partials" on the internet.;

-#X text 250 220 a pure sine wave!;

-#X text 479 259 a triangle wave;

-#X text 412 303 a square wave;

-#X text 33 346 Note that these waves aren't exactly triangular or square...instead

-they are "smoothed" by the sinesum function to more accurately produce

-these wave forms as analog instruments do.;

-#X restore 7 42 pd sine_waves;

-#X text 141 26 Audio signals in a digital realm are created using a

-series of samples. It is digitally possible to create extremely angular

-wave forms using Pd arrays \, but the aural result is sometimes distorted

-and unpleasant. Hence \, higher math functions help our digital tools

-to produce data which can effectively be converted to analog signals

-similar to those of our electronic and mechanical predecessors. The

-first and one of the most important mathematic functions in digital

-synthesis is undoubtebly "sinesum". Pd provides an easy method for

-us to integrate these higher math functions in our arrays.;

-#N canvas 0 195 750 302 cosine_waves 0;

-#X text 11 22 Cosinesum;

-#X text 91 22 (arg 1: Number of Points - arg 2: list of partial strengths)

-;

-#X text 273 84 pure cosine wave!;

-#X msg 23 117 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 0 -0.5 0 -0.2 0.1 0;

-#X msg 24 76 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 0 1;

-#X msg 22 159 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 -0.15 0.2 0.15 -0.15 0.1

-0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.35 -0.25 -0.1 0.1 0.199;

-#X restore 6 73 pd cosine_waves;

-#X text 222 257 To normalize an audio signal means to alter the average

-amplitude of the signal. For the sake of clear \, undistored sounds

-\, Pd would like all of your audio signals to never exceed 1 or -1

-The first step in achieving this is "normalization" \, but can be assisted

-by more drastic tools like compressors \, limiters \, gain multipliers

-\, etc.;

-#X connect 4 0 3 0;

-#X restore 24 499 pd Higher_math_using_arrays;

-#N canvas 2 31 727 416 Files_and_arrays 0;

-#X text 24 14 OTHER IMPORTANT STUFF;

-#X obj 225 91 savepanel;

-#X obj 225 70 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X msg 225 117 \; exampleArray write \$1;

-#X obj 475 70 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X obj 475 89 openpanel;

-#X msg 475 113 \; exampleArray read \$1;

-#X text 26 29 Using text files can be helpful in saving or loading

-arrays in Pd. Note that the "read" message does not resize your array

-automatically.;

-#X text 29 160 Audio files can be treated in similar ways by incorporating

-the [soundfiler] object. The soundfiler object provides Pd with tools

-to automatically resize arrays \, and read/write audio files in a variety

-of formats.;

-#X obj 77 231 openpanel;

-#X obj 52 232 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X obj 4 280 symbol read;

-#X obj 54 380 soundfiler;

-#X obj 54 355 route list;

-#X obj 54 332 pack s s s s;

-#X obj 100 280 symbol -resize;

-#X obj 78 254 t b b s b;

-#X obj 145 305 symbol exampleArray;

-#X obj 373 231 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1

--1;

-#X obj 375 378 soundfiler;

-#X obj 375 353 route list;

-#X obj 375 330 pack s s s s;

-#X obj 399 253 t b b s b;

-#X obj 466 303 symbol exampleArray;

-#X obj 398 230 savepanel;

-#X obj 317 278 symbol write;

-#X obj 421 278 symbol -aiff;

-#X connect 1 0 3 0;

-#X connect 2 0 1 0;

-#X connect 4 0 5 0;

-#X connect 5 0 6 0;

-#X connect 9 0 16 0;

-#X connect 10 0 9 0;

-#X connect 11 0 14 0;

-#X connect 13 0 12 0;

-#X connect 14 0 13 0;

-#X connect 15 0 14 1;

-#X connect 16 0 11 0;

-#X connect 16 1 15 0;

-#X connect 16 2 14 2;

-#X connect 16 3 17 0;

-#X connect 17 0 14 3;

-#X connect 18 0 24 0;

-#X connect 20 0 19 0;

-#X connect 21 0 20 0;

-#X connect 22 0 25 0;

-#X connect 22 1 26 0;

-#X connect 22 2 21 2;

-#X connect 22 3 23 0;

-#X connect 23 0 21 3;

-#X connect 24 0 22 0;

-#X connect 25 0 21 0;

-#X connect 26 0 21 1;

-#X restore 24 526 pd Files_and_arrays;

-#N canvas 0 0 719 423 Additional_tools 0;

-#X text 18 14 ADDITIONAL TOOLS;

-#X text 29 38 The "array" object in Pd accepts special messages to

-alter the appearance of the array on screen.;

-#X text 19 81 Arrays can be renamed:;

-#X msg 203 78 \; exampleArray rename george;

-#X msg 431 78 \; george rename exampleArray;

-#X msg 303 173 \; exampleArray bounds 0 1 67 -1;

-#X text 20 129 You can set the bounds of the rectangle: (the arguments

-are:;

-#X text 353 146 low x \, high y \, high x \, low y);

-#X msg 58 173 \; exampleArray bounds 0 2 67 -2;

-#X text 18 219 Array graphs can be given "ticks" on both the x and

-y axis to help you visually measure your data. The tick messages require

-3 values: (the index or value of the FIRST large tick \, then the interval

-between ticks \, then finally the number of ticks overall per large

-tick).;

-#X msg 488 243 \; exampleArray xticks 0 5 3;

-#X msg 471 290 \; exampleArray yticks 0 0.5 4;

-#X msg 354 369 \; exampleArray ylabel -5 -2 -1.5 -1 1 1.5 2;

-#X msg 26 369 \; exampleArray xlabel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60;

-#X text 17 325 Arrays can be given labels to describe the x and y axis.

-Give a y value and a bunch of x values or vice versa:;

-#X restore 24 553 pd Additional_tools;

-#N canvas 4 29 717 375 Populating_an_array 0;

-#X text 27 12 POPULATING AN ARRAY;

-#X text 41 37 An array in Pd is primarily a storage device for numbers.

-The result is a series of numbers that you can do with whatever you

-wish...but how does one populate an array?;

-#X text 53 185 list element 1 = array[0];

-#X text 53 201 list element 2 = array[1];

-#X text 39 94 Advanced techniques using text or audio files is described

-later \, but for now it's important to know that you can send an array

-a list. Each element in the list will be assigned to the corresponding

-element in the array. Note that the first index in an array is always

-zero!;

-#X msg 39 303 \; exampleArray 0 -1 1 -1 0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.2 -0.2

-0.1 -0.1 0;

-#X text 37 232 Note that if your array is larger than your list \,

-then only the first elements will be effected. If your array is smaller

-than your list \, then your list will be truncated.;

-#X restore 24 295 pd Populating_an_array;

-#X restore 41 173 pd How_to_manipulate_arrays_in_PD;

-#N canvas 132 0 587 609 How_to_create_an_array_in_PD 0;

-#X text 22 9 1 Select "array" from the "Put" menu above.;

-#X text 21 288 4 If you want Pd to create a new graph for this array

-\, then select "in new graph". If you have another location in mind

--- for example if you want to overlap two arrays in a single graph

-\, then select "in last graph".;

-#X text 19 361 5 Then click "OK" and place the new array anywhere in

-this window.;

-#X text 19 403 6 Note: if you do not want to see the graph in this

-window \, then you can use the [table] object instead...the array will

-then be created inside the [table] object and will be seen only if

-you manually open the table.;

-#X text 22 31 2 A dialogue box appears where you can type the name

-of the array and the desired size. Names can be anything you want -

-if you want a localized array \, then name it something like \$1-dave

-(the dollar sign indicates that part of the name is a variable which

-is unique to this patch). The size of the array can be anything greater

-than 0 (zero). At a sample rate of 441000 khz \, an array of 882000

-will provide you with 2 seconds of audio data.;

-#X text 21 167 3 The "Save contents" checkbox will inform Pure Data

-that you want the array saved within the source code of this patch.

-This way \, you can ensure that the array will maintain its values

-each time you open this patch. This is recommended only for relatively

-small arrays...larger arrays should be saved to either a text file

-\, or an audio file.;

-#X restore 42 106 pd How_to_create_an_array_in_PD;

-#N canvas 133 1 646 607 Common_uses_for_arrays_in_PD 0;

-#X text 27 26 COMMON USES FOR ARRAYS IN Pd;

-#X text 49 60 Arrays are versatile. Their simple structure make them

-useful in countless situations. This page discusses perhaps the most

-common applications.;

-#X text 50 225 2 MIDI Sequencers: array values limited to a range between

-0 and 127 are suitable for MIDI output to be used as pitch \, velocity

-\, or controller numbers. Some MIDI information requires a much larger

-range \, such as pitch benders.;

-#X text 50 306 3 Envelopes: an array with four elements can be used

-effectively as an ADSR enveloper. There are numerous examples of this

-in other Pd help documents.;

-#X text 53 377 4 Math and conversion tables: arrays are an excellent

-visual tool when performing fourier analysis and other higher mathematic

-functions.;

-#X text 54 450 5 Wave editing: with proper manipulation of array data

-\, Pd can be fully functional wave editor \, complete with mouse-clickable

-cut-n-paste \, pitch-shift \, time expansion \, down/upsampling \,

-and other tools typically found in commercial wave editors.;

-#X text 49 128 1 Audio sample data: when an array's values are limited

-to a range between -1 and 1 \, the numbers are suitable for conversion

-to analog audio signal. These arrays are typically many thousands of

-elements and stored on hard disk in the form of aiff \, wav or pure

-text.;

-#X restore 40 239 pd Common_uses_for_arrays_in_PD;

-#X text 39 309 NOTE: I strongly recommend that you download the [arraysize]

-external to your "pd/extra" folder before continuing. Some of these

-examples are impossible without it -- I personally feel that [arraysize]

-should be considered for permanent inclusion in future Pd distributions.

-Check the CVS Repository or Pure-data.org for [arraysize].;

-#X text 40 459 This document is meant to supplement the help documentation

-for [table] \, [tabread] \, [tabwrite] \, [soundfiler] \, [tabsend~]

-\, [tabreceive~] \, [tabplay~] \, etc.;

+#N canvas 299 68 516 572 10;
+#N canvas 132 22 591 609 What_is_an_array_in_PD 0;
+#X text 27 17 WHAT IS AN ARRAY IN PURE DATA?;
+#X text 45 42 Arrays \, in most programming environments \, are considered
+to be "a sequence of objects all of which have the same variable type"
+wherein each object is called an element and the elements are numbered
+in a row 0 \, 1 \, 2 \, 3 \, etc. These numbers are called indices.
+Each index holds a corresponding value.;
+#X text 46 222 Arrays in Pd look like this:;
+#N canvas 0 22 450 300 graph18 0;
+#X array example_array 100 float 0;
+#X coords 0 1 99 -1 200 140 1;
+#X restore 277 225 graph;
+#X text 63 486 1 Right-click on the array and select "Properties" from
+the menu. Two dialogue boxes will open - one called "graph" and one
+called "array".;
+#X text 64 543 2 Then right-click again on the array and select "Help"
+from the menu. The window that opens is the table.pd help document.
+;
+#X text 45 148 All of this is true in Pd \, except that arrays in Pd
+can only hold floating point data. (other data types in Pd are called
+"lists" or "anythings" and require different tools to manipulate them.)
+;
+#X text 45 378 The array above is actually only the horizontal line!
+The rectangle surrounding the array is called a "graph". These two
+objects are separate \, but Pd creates both simoultaneously for purposes
+of convenience. These two objects together are called a "table". To
+see what I mean by all of this:;
+#X restore 43 42 pd What_is_an_array_in_PD;
+#N canvas 148 160 612 619 How_to_manipulate_arrays_in_PD 0;
+#X text 13 5 HOW TO MANIPULATE ARRAYS IN Pd;
+#N canvas 0 22 452 302 graph28 0;
+#X array exampleArray 67 float 0;
+#X coords 0 2 67 -2 200 140 1;
+#X restore 369 451 graph;
+#N canvas 2 29 722 269 Setting_the_size_of_an_array 0;
+#X msg 44 88 \; exampleArray resize \$1;
+#X floatatom 44 66 5 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 16 18 1 The size of an array can be set using the array's dialogue
+box. Or with a [send] message like below.;
+#X text 15 65 2;
+#X text 231 91 same as;
+#X floatatom 305 66 5 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X obj 305 114 s exampleArray;
+#X msg 305 88 resize \$1;
+#X text 19 158 Note that new elements always have a default value of
+zero when you make an array larger. Also note that if you make arrays
+smaller \, you may lose data as each element is deleted from the end
+of the array.;
+#X connect 1 0 0 0;
+#X connect 5 0 7 0;
+#X connect 7 0 6 0;
+#X restore 24 270 pd Setting_the_size_of_an_array;
+#N canvas 4 30 720 447 Concatenate_two_arrays 0;
+#X text 19 10 This example assumes that we already know the size of
+the two arrays which will be concatenated. This process will fill NewArray
+with the contents of exampleArray and concatArray.;
+#N canvas 0 22 450 300 graph33 0;
+#X array concatArray 15 float 1;
+#A 0 -0.700355 -0.371783 -0.443212 -0.700355 -0.714641 -0.386069 0.0425035
+0.399647 0.513933 0.399647 0.128218 -0.128925 -0.21464 -0.0289252 -0.700355
+;
+#X coords 0 1 14 -1 200 140 1;
+#X restore 492 25 graph;
+#N canvas 0 22 450 300 graph34 0;
+#X array NewArray 82 float 0;
+#X coords 0 1 81 -1 300 140 1;
+#X restore 389 267 graph;
+#X obj 125 66 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Bang_me 18 7 0 8 -262144
+-1 -1;
+#X obj 28 96 until;
+#X obj 28 171 f;
+#X obj 58 171 + 1;
+#X obj 28 286 tabread exampleArray;
+#X obj 28 340 tabwrite NewArray;
+#X obj 141 311 tabread concatArray;
+#X text 372 194 This example is much more interesting if;
+#X text 373 212 you draw new values into each array with;
+#X text 373 230 your mouse - then reset and bang again.;
+#X obj 150 134 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 125 163 arraysize concatArray;
+#X obj 125 188 +;
+#X msg 178 241 \; NewArray resize \$1;
+#X text 28 75 loop;
+#X obj 28 219 moses;
+#X obj 141 254 -;
+#X obj 125 85 t b b b;
+#X obj 125 212 t f f;
+#X msg 47 144 0;
+#X obj 176 109 s clr1;
+#X obj 47 119 r clr1;
+#X connect 3 0 20 0;
+#X connect 4 0 5 0;
+#X connect 5 0 6 0;
+#X connect 5 0 18 0;
+#X connect 5 0 8 1;
+#X connect 6 0 5 1;
+#X connect 7 0 8 0;
+#X connect 9 0 8 0;
+#X connect 13 0 15 1;
+#X connect 13 0 19 1;
+#X connect 13 0 18 1;
+#X connect 14 0 15 0;
+#X connect 15 0 21 0;
+#X connect 18 0 7 0;
+#X connect 18 1 19 0;
+#X connect 19 0 9 0;
+#X connect 20 0 14 0;
+#X connect 20 1 13 0;
+#X connect 20 2 23 0;
+#X connect 21 0 4 0;
+#X connect 21 1 16 0;
+#X connect 22 0 5 1;
+#X connect 24 0 22 0;
+#X restore 24 371 pd Concatenate_two_arrays;
+#N canvas 4 30 735 395 Join_array_elements_into_a_list 0;
+#X text 16 12 JOIN ARRAY ELEMENTS INTO A LIST;
+#X obj 22 163 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Bang_me 18 7 0 8 -24198 -1
+-1;
+#X obj 23 241 until;
+#X obj 24 320 tabread exampleArray;
+#X obj 216 235 pack s f;
+#X obj 216 183 t b f;
+#X obj 24 292 f;
+#X obj 58 292 + 1;
+#X obj 24 348 s \$1-value;
+#X obj 216 157 r \$1-value;
+#X obj 216 261 route list;
+#X obj 519 210 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X obj 519 229 savepanel;
+#X msg 519 252 \; exampleArray write \$1;
+#X obj 283 353 print;
+#X text 289 330 store the list;
+#X obj 283 312 textfile;
+#X msg 345 285 rewind;
+#X obj 216 209 symbol add2;
+#X obj 310 240 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty THEN_Print_the_list 18 7
+0 8 -24198 -1 -1;
+#X text 451 308 can be achieved by saving the;
+#X text 451 324 array elements to a text file;
+#X text 452 341 using the savepanel and write;
+#X text 453 357 message.;
+#X text 452 292 Alternatively \, a similar result;
+#X obj 22 183 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X msg 129 261 clear;
+#X obj 310 261 t b b;
+#X msg 74 260 0;
+#X text 29 37 In some other programming environments \, including Visual
+Basic and Java (among others) \, there are functions which join all
+elements of an array into a list. This example shows how this functionality
+can be duplicated in Pd. This example uses the elements of exampleArray
+from the previous help window. The list can either be printed to the
+terminal window \, or it can be saved to a text file.;
+#X obj 23 214 t f b;
+#X connect 1 0 25 0;
+#X connect 2 0 6 0;
+#X connect 3 0 8 0;
+#X connect 4 0 10 0;
+#X connect 5 0 18 0;
+#X connect 5 1 4 1;
+#X connect 6 0 7 0;
+#X connect 6 0 3 0;
+#X connect 7 0 6 1;
+#X connect 9 0 5 0;
+#X connect 10 0 16 0;
+#X connect 11 0 12 0;
+#X connect 12 0 13 0;
+#X connect 16 0 14 0;
+#X connect 17 0 16 0;
+#X connect 18 0 4 0;
+#X connect 19 0 27 0;
+#X connect 25 0 30 0;
+#X connect 26 0 16 0;
+#X connect 27 0 16 0;
+#X connect 27 1 17 0;
+#X connect 28 0 6 1;
+#X connect 30 0 2 0;
+#X connect 30 1 28 0;
+#X connect 30 1 26 0;
+#X restore 24 397 pd Join_array_elements_into_a_list;
+#N canvas 2 29 719 337 Getting_the_size_of_an_array 0;
+#X text 15 11 GETTING THE SIZE OF AN ARRAY;
+#X text 34 34 If you deal with arrays often \, you will want to download
+the [arraysize] external written by PIX. Pd lacks a native object for
+this purpose and I'm afraid that without this external this functionality
+is impossible in Pd.;
+#X obj 38 127 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 38 107 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X floatatom 38 152 5 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 35 183 Having said that...PD arrays accept a "print" command
+which will output important array information to the terminal window.
+Like below:;
+#X msg 40 258 \; exampleArray print;
+#X connect 2 0 4 0;
+#X connect 3 0 2 0;
+#X restore 24 320 pd Getting_the_size_of_an_array;
+#N canvas 0 31 721 390 Reversing_an_array 0;
+#X text 20 15 REVERSING AN ARRAY;
+#X text 23 35 When an array is reversed \, as the name implies the
+first element becomes the last and the last becomes the first. When
+viewing this example \, please be sure you can see the "exampleArray"
+in the previous window.;
+#X obj 110 109 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Reverse_me 18 7 0 8 -262144
+-1 -1;
+#X obj 110 128 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 110 200 until;
+#X obj 176 228 + 1;
+#X obj 144 228 f;
+#X obj 135 176 s \$1-length;
+#X obj 169 281 tabread exampleArray;
+#X obj 313 342 table tempArray;
+#X obj 110 152 t f f f;
+#X obj 234 196 s tempArray;
+#X msg 234 172 resize \$1;
+#X obj 65 308 tabwrite tempArray;
+#X obj 510 41 sel;
+#X obj 586 31 - 1;
+#X obj 586 7 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 144 254 t f f f;
+#X obj 57 278 s \$1-eof;
+#X obj 510 8 r \$1-eof;
+#X obj 510 113 until;
+#X obj 510 88 f;
+#X obj 510 161 f;
+#X obj 542 161 - 1;
+#X obj 561 108 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 529 64 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 510 213 tabread tempArray;
+#X obj 510 345 tabwrite exampleArray;
+#X obj 574 265 f;
+#X obj 593 241 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 574 314 mod;
+#X obj 593 289 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 604 265 + 1;
+#X obj 510 186 t f b;
+#X obj 561 131 - 1;
+#X text 13 346 Copies array to a temporary location.;
+#X msg 327 124 0;
+#X obj 327 148 s clr2;
+#X obj 443 150 r clr2;
+#X obj 163 200 r clr2;
+#X connect 2 0 3 0;
+#X connect 2 0 36 0;
+#X connect 3 0 10 0;
+#X connect 4 0 6 0;
+#X connect 5 0 6 1;
+#X connect 6 0 5 0;
+#X connect 6 0 17 0;
+#X connect 8 0 13 0;
+#X connect 10 0 4 0;
+#X connect 10 1 7 0;
+#X connect 10 2 12 0;
+#X connect 12 0 11 0;
+#X connect 14 0 21 0;
+#X connect 15 0 14 1;
+#X connect 16 0 15 0;
+#X connect 17 0 18 0;
+#X connect 17 1 8 0;
+#X connect 17 2 13 1;
+#X connect 19 0 14 0;
+#X connect 20 0 22 0;
+#X connect 21 0 20 0;
+#X connect 22 0 23 0;
+#X connect 22 0 33 0;
+#X connect 23 0 22 1;
+#X connect 24 0 34 0;
+#X connect 25 0 21 1;
+#X connect 26 0 27 0;
+#X connect 28 0 30 0;
+#X connect 28 0 32 0;
+#X connect 29 0 28 1;
+#X connect 30 0 27 1;
+#X connect 31 0 30 1;
+#X connect 32 0 28 1;
+#X connect 33 0 26 0;
+#X connect 33 1 28 0;
+#X connect 34 0 22 1;
+#X connect 36 0 37 0;
+#X connect 38 0 22 1;
+#X connect 39 0 6 1;
+#X restore 24 474 pd Reversing_an_array;
+#N canvas 2 30 719 390 Popping_and_Pushing_arrays 0;
+#X obj 62 181 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Pop_me -18 -6 0 8 -262144
+-1 -1;
+#X obj 134 199 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 134 294 tabread exampleArray;
+#X floatatom 134 318 0 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X obj 99 173 t b b;
+#X obj 51 320 - 1;
+#X msg 51 346 \; exampleArray resize \$1;
+#X floatatom 158 223 0 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 175 318 value of last element;
+#X obj 458 188 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Push_me 18 7 0 8 -262144
+-1 -1;
+#X text 31 33 I got this idea from Java \, which provides a method
+to "pop" an array. The "pop" method will remove the last element in
+the array and return its value. The interesting thing about this in
+PD is that we need to know the length of the array before we start
+(hence another situation where [arraysize] is an essential tool). "Pushing"
+is the opposite effect and also a tool provided in Java. When an array
+is pushed \, an element is added to the array and the new size is returned.
+;
+#X obj 458 208 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 458 232 + 1;
+#X msg 458 292 \; exampleArray resize \$1;
+#X floatatom 476 258 0 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 521 258 new size;
+#X text 16 12 POPPING AND PUSHING AN ARRAY;
+#X obj 158 246 - 1;
+#X text 197 223 # of total elements;
+#X floatatom 158 271 0 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 198 273 new size;
+#X connect 0 0 4 0;
+#X connect 1 0 2 0;
+#X connect 1 0 5 0;
+#X connect 1 0 7 0;
+#X connect 2 0 3 0;
+#X connect 4 0 5 0;
+#X connect 4 1 1 0;
+#X connect 5 0 6 0;
+#X connect 7 0 17 0;
+#X connect 9 0 11 0;
+#X connect 11 0 12 0;
+#X connect 12 0 13 0;
+#X connect 12 0 14 0;
+#X connect 17 0 19 0;
+#X restore 24 423 pd Popping_and_Pushing_arrays;
+#N canvas 2 30 722 391 Shifting_an_array 0;
+#X obj 30 90 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty Shift_me 18 7 0 8 -24198 -1
+-1;
+#X text 16 12 SHIFTING AN ARRAY;
+#X text 20 32 The shift method \, in Java \, will remove the first
+element of the array and return its value. This is opposite of the
+"Pop" method which removes the last element.;
+#X obj 30 272 tabread exampleArray;
+#X obj 30 354 tabwrite tempArray2;
+#X obj 551 11 table tempArray2;
+#X obj 30 110 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X msg 225 160 \; tempArray2 resize \$1;
+#X obj 30 163 until;
+#X obj 30 215 f;
+#X obj 62 215 + 1;
+#X obj 30 136 t f f f;
+#X obj 129 167 s \$1-length;
+#X obj 160 301 spigot;
+#X obj 203 276 < 1;
+#X floatatom 160 328 5 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X text 209 327 First value.;
+#X text 208 345 ...to be deleted.;
+#X obj 304 239 - 1;
+#X obj 304 212 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 30 239 t f f f f;
+#X obj 285 263 sel;
+#X obj 285 288 s \$2-eof;
+#X obj 427 71 r \$2-eof;
+#X obj 427 95 t b b;
+#X msg 419 304 \; tempArray2 resize \$1 \; exampleArray resize \$1
+;
+#X obj 401 256 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 401 280 - 1;
+#X obj 382 304 f;
+#X obj 497 128 until;
+#X obj 497 102 f;
+#X obj 551 69 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 529 155 + 1;
+#X obj 574 156 r \$1-length;
+#X obj 497 184 mod;
+#X obj 497 155 f 1;
+#X obj 497 209 t f f;
+#X obj 497 257 tabread tempArray2;
+#X obj 497 281 tabwrite exampleArray;
+#X obj 551 93 - 1;
+#X obj 574 179 - 1;
+#X obj 497 234 + 1;
+#X msg 223 105 0;
+#X msg 588 118 1;
+#X obj 223 129 s clr;
+#X obj 588 94 r clr;
+#X obj 49 188 r clr;
+#X connect 0 0 6 0;
+#X connect 0 0 42 0;
+#X connect 3 0 4 0;
+#X connect 3 0 13 0;
+#X connect 6 0 11 0;
+#X connect 8 0 9 0;
+#X connect 9 0 10 0;
+#X connect 9 0 20 0;
+#X connect 10 0 9 1;
+#X connect 11 0 8 0;
+#X connect 11 1 12 0;
+#X connect 11 2 7 0;
+#X connect 13 0 15 0;
+#X connect 14 0 13 1;
+#X connect 18 0 21 1;
+#X connect 19 0 18 0;
+#X connect 20 0 3 0;
+#X connect 20 1 4 1;
+#X connect 20 2 14 0;
+#X connect 20 3 21 0;
+#X connect 21 0 22 0;
+#X connect 23 0 24 0;
+#X connect 24 0 28 0;
+#X connect 24 1 30 0;
+#X connect 26 0 27 0;
+#X connect 27 0 28 1;
+#X connect 28 0 25 0;
+#X connect 29 0 35 0;
+#X connect 30 0 29 0;
+#X connect 31 0 39 0;
+#X connect 32 0 35 1;
+#X connect 33 0 40 0;
+#X connect 34 0 36 0;
+#X connect 35 0 32 0;
+#X connect 35 0 34 0;
+#X connect 36 0 41 0;
+#X connect 36 1 38 1;
+#X connect 37 0 38 0;
+#X connect 39 0 30 1;
+#X connect 40 0 34 1;
+#X connect 41 0 37 0;
+#X connect 42 0 44 0;
+#X connect 43 0 35 1;
+#X connect 45 0 43 0;
+#X connect 46 0 9 1;
+#X restore 24 449 pd Shifting_an_array;
+#X text 25 32 Arrays in Pd are different than the arrays in other languages
+primarily because \, in Pd \, they are designed to be displayed graphically
+on screen. This is due to the nature of audio synthesis - we want to
+see our wave forms and visually understand the data. That's why arrays
+in Pd are complicated by other objects like tables \, graphs and widgets.
+PD uses these objects to provide a graphic representation of the array
+data. If you're not interested in seeing the array data within your
+PD patch \, you can use the [table] object to store the array and corresponding
+table in a sub-window. Note that [table]s are more CPU friendly than
+their graphical counterpart.;
+#X text 26 230 Like all programming languages \, Pd provides numerous
+tools to manipulate arrays and their data.;
+#N canvas 3 32 718 310 Setting_a_constant_array_value 0;
+#X floatatom 26 151 0 0 0 0 - - -;
+#X obj 26 185 / 100;
+#X msg 26 215 \; exampleArray const \$1;
+#X text 18 16 SETTING A CONSTANT ARRAY VALUE;
+#X text 27 46 By default \, all array element values are zero. However
+\, Pd allows you to change that using the "CONST" message.;
+#X text 26 88 This feature is useful to reset all values in an array
+\, or with a little creativity can be used to "delete" a slice \, or
+create silence in audio samples.;
+#X connect 0 0 1 0;
+#X connect 1 0 2 0;
+#X restore 24 345 pd Setting_a_constant_array_value;
+#N canvas 3 26 727 395 Higher_math_using_arrays 0;
+#X text -7 12 HIGHER MATH USING ARRAYS;
+#X text -3 226 Normalize;
+#X text 78 227 (arg: renormer...a number by which all array values
+will be normalized);
+#X msg 6 278 \; exampleArray normalize \$1;
+#X floatatom 6 256 5 0 0 0 - - -;
+#N canvas 5 55 710 432 sine_waves 0;
+#X text 34 188 Sinesum;
+#X text 98 190 (arg 1: Number of Points - arg 2: list of partial strengths)
+;
+#X msg 40 293 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1 0 0.5 0 0.2 0 0.15;
+#X msg 40 251 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1 0.5 0.38 0.3 0.28 0.25 0.2
+;
+#X msg 40 210 \; exampleArray sinesum 64 1;
+#X text 26 7 SINE WAVES;
+#X text 29 30 comment;
+#X text 45 29 When the "sinesum" message is sent to the array \, Pd
+will want to know two things:;
+#X text 58 65 1 How many samples (array elements) should be used? The
+higher the number is \, the higher the resolution of the wave form.
+;
+#X text 58 122 2 What is the relative strength of each "partial" or
+"overtone" in the sound? For more info about this \, please lookup
+"overtones" or "harmonics" or "partials" on the internet.;
+#X text 250 220 a pure sine wave!;
+#X text 479 259 a triangle wave;
+#X text 412 303 a square wave;
+#X text 33 346 Note that these waves aren't exactly triangular or square...instead
+they are "smoothed" by the sinesum function to more accurately produce
+these wave forms as analog instruments do.;
+#X restore 7 42 pd sine_waves;
+#X text 141 26 Audio signals in a digital realm are created using a
+series of samples. It is digitally possible to create extremely angular
+wave forms using Pd arrays \, but the aural result is sometimes distorted
+and unpleasant. Hence \, higher math functions help our digital tools
+to produce data which can effectively be converted to analog signals
+similar to those of our electronic and mechanical predecessors. The
+first and one of the most important mathematic functions in digital
+synthesis is undoubtebly "sinesum". Pd provides an easy method for
+us to integrate these higher math functions in our arrays.;
+#N canvas 0 195 750 302 cosine_waves 0;
+#X text 11 22 Cosinesum;
+#X text 91 22 (arg 1: Number of Points - arg 2: list of partial strengths)
+;
+#X text 273 84 pure cosine wave!;
+#X msg 23 117 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 0 -0.5 0 -0.2 0.1 0;
+#X msg 24 76 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 0 1;
+#X msg 22 159 \; exampleArray cosinesum 64 -0.15 0.2 0.15 -0.15 0.1
+0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.35 -0.25 -0.1 0.1 0.199;
+#X restore 6 73 pd cosine_waves;
+#X text 222 257 To normalize an audio signal means to alter the average
+amplitude of the signal. For the sake of clear \, undistored sounds
+\, Pd would like all of your audio signals to never exceed 1 or -1
+The first step in achieving this is "normalization" \, but can be assisted
+by more drastic tools like compressors \, limiters \, gain multipliers
+\, etc.;
+#X connect 4 0 3 0;
+#X restore 24 499 pd Higher_math_using_arrays;
+#N canvas 2 31 727 416 Files_and_arrays 0;
+#X text 24 14 OTHER IMPORTANT STUFF;
+#X obj 225 91 savepanel;
+#X obj 225 70 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X msg 225 117 \; exampleArray write \$1;
+#X obj 475 70 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X obj 475 89 openpanel;
+#X msg 475 113 \; exampleArray read \$1;
+#X text 26 29 Using text files can be helpful in saving or loading
+arrays in Pd. Note that the "read" message does not resize your array
+automatically.;
+#X text 29 160 Audio files can be treated in similar ways by incorporating
+the [soundfiler] object. The soundfiler object provides Pd with tools
+to automatically resize arrays \, and read/write audio files in a variety
+of formats.;
+#X obj 77 231 openpanel;
+#X obj 52 232 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X obj 4 280 symbol read;
+#X obj 54 380 soundfiler;
+#X obj 54 355 route list;
+#X obj 54 332 pack s s s s;
+#X obj 100 280 symbol -resize;
+#X obj 78 254 t b b s b;
+#X obj 145 305 symbol exampleArray;
+#X obj 373 231 bng 15 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -262144 -1
+-1;
+#X obj 375 378 soundfiler;
+#X obj 375 353 route list;
+#X obj 375 330 pack s s s s;
+#X obj 399 253 t b b s b;
+#X obj 466 303 symbol exampleArray;
+#X obj 398 230 savepanel;
+#X obj 317 278 symbol write;
+#X obj 421 278 symbol -aiff;
+#X connect 1 0 3 0;
+#X connect 2 0 1 0;
+#X connect 4 0 5 0;
+#X connect 5 0 6 0;
+#X connect 9 0 16 0;
+#X connect 10 0 9 0;
+#X connect 11 0 14 0;
+#X connect 13 0 12 0;
+#X connect 14 0 13 0;
+#X connect 15 0 14 1;
+#X connect 16 0 11 0;
+#X connect 16 1 15 0;
+#X connect 16 2 14 2;
+#X connect 16 3 17 0;
+#X connect 17 0 14 3;
+#X connect 18 0 24 0;
+#X connect 20 0 19 0;
+#X connect 21 0 20 0;
+#X connect 22 0 25 0;
+#X connect 22 1 26 0;
+#X connect 22 2 21 2;
+#X connect 22 3 23 0;
+#X connect 23 0 21 3;
+#X connect 24 0 22 0;
+#X connect 25 0 21 0;
+#X connect 26 0 21 1;
+#X restore 24 526 pd Files_and_arrays;
+#N canvas 0 22 719 423 Additional_tools 0;
+#X text 18 14 ADDITIONAL TOOLS;
+#X text 29 38 The "array" object in Pd accepts special messages to
+alter the appearance of the array on screen.;
+#X text 19 81 Arrays can be renamed:;
+#X msg 203 78 \; exampleArray rename george;
+#X msg 431 78 \; george rename exampleArray;
+#X msg 303 173 \; exampleArray bounds 0 1 67 -1;
+#X text 20 129 You can set the bounds of the rectangle: (the arguments
+are:;
+#X text 353 146 low x \, high y \, high x \, low y);
+#X msg 58 173 \; exampleArray bounds 0 2 67 -2;
+#X text 18 219 Array graphs can be given "ticks" on both the x and
+y axis to help you visually measure your data. The tick messages require
+3 values: (the index or value of the FIRST large tick \, then the interval
+between ticks \, then finally the number of ticks overall per large
+tick).;
+#X msg 488 243 \; exampleArray xticks 0 5 3;
+#X msg 471 290 \; exampleArray yticks 0 0.5 4;
+#X msg 354 369 \; exampleArray ylabel -5 -2 -1.5 -1 1 1.5 2;
+#X msg 26 369 \; exampleArray xlabel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60;
+#X text 17 325 Arrays can be given labels to describe the x and y axis.
+Give a y value and a bunch of x values or vice versa:;
+#X restore 24 553 pd Additional_tools;
+#N canvas 375 65 671 598 Populating_an_array 0;
+#X text 27 12 POPULATING AN ARRAY;
+#X text 41 37 An array in Pd is primarily a storage device for numbers.
+The result is a series of numbers that you can do with whatever you
+wish...but how does one populate an array?;
+#X msg 39 333 \; exampleArray 0 -1 1 -1 0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.2 -0.2
+0.1 -0.1 0;
+#X text 39 522 Note that if your array is larger than your list \,
+then only the first elements will be effected. If your array is smaller
+than your list \, then your list will be truncated.;
+#X msg 38 381 \; exampleArray 9 -1 1 -1 0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.2 -0.2
+0.1 -0.1 0;
+#X msg 38 430 \; exampleArray 55 -1 1 -1 0.5 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.2 0.2
+0.1 -0.1 0;
+#N canvas 225 194 487 361 clearExampleArray 0;
+#X obj 199 91 arraysize exampleArray;
+#X obj 153 189 moses;
+#X obj 124 149 +;
+#X obj 162 149 f;
+#X msg 162 123 0;
+#X msg 123 123 1;
+#X obj 153 220 t b b f;
+#X obj 184 276 tabwrite exampleArray;
+#X msg 184 248 0;
+#X obj 55 170 bang;
+#X msg 33 92 0;
+#X obj 33 67 trigger bang bang;
+#X obj 234 168 bang;
+#X obj 33 26 inlet;
+#X connect 0 0 1 1;
+#X connect 1 0 6 0;
+#X connect 1 1 12 0;
+#X connect 2 0 3 0;
+#X connect 2 0 1 0;
+#X connect 3 0 2 1;
+#X connect 4 0 3 0;
+#X connect 5 0 2 0;
+#X connect 6 0 9 0;
+#X connect 6 1 8 0;
+#X connect 6 2 7 1;
+#X connect 8 0 7 0;
+#X connect 9 0 5 0;
+#X connect 10 0 2 0;
+#X connect 11 0 10 0;
+#X connect 11 1 0 0;
+#X connect 12 0 4 0;
+#X connect 13 0 11 0;
+#X restore 441 483 pd clearExampleArray;
+#X obj 419 483 bng 19 250 50 0 empty empty empty 0 -6 0 8 -62784 -1
+-1;
+#X text 39 94 Advanced techniques using text or audio files is described
+later \, but for now it's important to know that you can send an array
+a list. Each element in the list will be assigned to the corresponding
+element in the array. Note that the first position in an array is always
+zero!;
+#X text 39 235 These messages below populate exampleArray on the parent
+patch with some values. The first element is the name of the array
+to populate. The second element is the position to start at. The rest
+of the elements are values to add to the array sequentially.;
+#X text 53 185 first position in array = array[0];
+#X text 53 201 second position in array = array[1];
+#X connect 7 0 6 0;
+#X restore 24 295 pd Populating_an_array;
+#X restore 41 173 pd How_to_manipulate_arrays_in_PD;
+#N canvas 132 22 587 609 How_to_create_an_array_in_PD 0;
+#X text 22 9 1 Select "array" from the "Put" menu above.;
+#X text 21 288 4 If you want Pd to create a new graph for this array
+\, then select "in new graph". If you have another location in mind
+-- for example if you want to overlap two arrays in a single graph
+\, then select "in last graph".;
+#X text 19 361 5 Then click "OK" and place the new array anywhere in
+this window.;
+#X text 19 403 6 Note: if you do not want to see the graph in this
+window \, then you can use the [table] object instead...the array will
+then be created inside the [table] object and will be seen only if
+you manually open the table.;
+#X text 22 31 2 A dialogue box appears where you can type the name
+of the array and the desired size. Names can be anything you want -
+if you want a localized array \, then name it something like \$1-dave
+(the dollar sign indicates that part of the name is a variable which
+is unique to this patch). The size of the array can be anything greater
+than 0 (zero). At a sample rate of 441000 khz \, an array of 882000
+will provide you with 2 seconds of audio data.;
+#X text 21 167 3 The "Save contents" checkbox will inform Pure Data
+that you want the array saved within the source code of this patch.
+This way \, you can ensure that the array will maintain its values
+each time you open this patch. This is recommended only for relatively
+small arrays...larger arrays should be saved to either a text file
+\, or an audio file.;
+#X restore 42 106 pd How_to_create_an_array_in_PD;
+#N canvas 133 22 646 607 Common_uses_for_arrays_in_PD 0;
+#X text 27 26 COMMON USES FOR ARRAYS IN Pd;
+#X text 49 60 Arrays are versatile. Their simple structure make them
+useful in countless situations. This page discusses perhaps the most
+common applications.;
+#X text 50 225 2 MIDI Sequencers: array values limited to a range between
+0 and 127 are suitable for MIDI output to be used as pitch \, velocity
+\, or controller numbers. Some MIDI information requires a much larger
+range \, such as pitch benders.;
+#X text 50 306 3 Envelopes: an array with four elements can be used
+effectively as an ADSR enveloper. There are numerous examples of this
+in other Pd help documents.;
+#X text 53 377 4 Math and conversion tables: arrays are an excellent
+visual tool when performing fourier analysis and other higher mathematic
+functions.;
+#X text 54 450 5 Wave editing: with proper manipulation of array data
+\, Pd can be fully functional wave editor \, complete with mouse-clickable
+cut-n-paste \, pitch-shift \, time expansion \, down/upsampling \,
+and other tools typically found in commercial wave editors.;
+#X text 49 128 1 Audio sample data: when an array's values are limited
+to a range between -1 and 1 \, the numbers are suitable for conversion
+to analog audio signal. These arrays are typically many thousands of
+elements and stored on hard disk in the form of aiff \, wav or pure
+text.;
+#X restore 40 239 pd Common_uses_for_arrays_in_PD;
+#X text 39 309 NOTE: I strongly recommend that you download the [arraysize]
+external to your "pd/extra" folder before continuing. Some of these
+examples are impossible without it -- I personally feel that [arraysize]
+should be considered for permanent inclusion in future Pd distributions.
+Check the CVS Repository or Pure-data.org for [arraysize].;
+#X text 40 459 This document is meant to supplement the help documentation
+for [table] \, [tabread] \, [tabwrite] \, [soundfiler] \, [tabsend~]
+\, [tabreceive~] \, [tabplay~] \, etc.;
+#X obj 4 4 cnv 15 500 20 empty empty all_about_arrays 20 10 1 18 -233017
+-66577 0;
+#X obj 471 5 pddp;
+#X text 316 528 updated for Pd 0.38-2;